PSYCH 1001 - Exam 4*

b. major life events

David Holmes and colleagues developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to _________. Select one: a. natural disasters b. major life events c. social difficulties d. negative life events

b. deindividuation.

Devoid of any retribution, , thousands of fans at a football game swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. This behavior of normally mild-mannered citizens is known as Select one: a. individuation. b. deindividuation. c. demoralization. d. demonification.

b. Homeopathic medicine

Dr. Jones is treating Danielle's illness by giving her a diluted dose of an illness-producing substance. What is Dr. Jones is using? Select one: a. Acupressure b. Homeopathic medicine c. Alternative medicine d. Complementary medicine

...

Dr. Samuels is using his students in a live demonstration of the visual system. He has placed several students in a line and has asked each student to jump up and down ONLY when a specific hand motion is given. He then assigns different hand signals to each student. What aspect of the visual system might Dr. Samuels be demonstrating? Select one: a. Feature detection CorrectCorrect. Feature detectors are neurons that fire only in response to specific patterns, such as lines and edges, or to other types of perceptual information, including complex shapes and moving objects (like a hand signal). b. Transduction c. Priming of the visual cortex d. Pattern recognition

...

Drugs that decrease the effect of neurotransmitters in the synapse by blocking the receptors in the post-synaptic cell are called: Select one: a. agonists. b. antagonists. Correct c. excitatory. d. reuptake blockers.

c. the experimental approach

Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines Select one: a. the testing approach b. the survey approach c. the experimental approach d. naturalistic observation

c. phobia.

Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her Select one: a. depression. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. phobia. d. psychopathic personality.

...

The "Flynn effect" refers to Select one: a. the finding that IQ scores have stayed the same over the last decade. b. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade. Correct c. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over the last decade. d. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels.

a. give himself credit for being so smart.

The Actor-Observer bias predicts that when Lou does well on his Psy 1001 Final he will_______________________. Select one: a. give himself credit for being so smart. b. he will attribute his success to the useful study aids provided by the Psy 1001 team. c. he will be disappointed because he will feel that he could have done even better. d. he will assume that everyone has done just as well as him because the test was easy.

d. immune system

The purpose of the ________ is to protect the body against the invasion of bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other illness-producing organisms. Select one: a. antigens b. lymphocytes c. phagocytes d. immune system

c. Corpus callosum

The split brain effect is demonstrated in patients who have undergone surgery on their ______________. Select one: a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Corpus callosum d. Cerebellum

c. conformity.

The tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure is called Select one: a. obedience. b. attribution. c. conformity. d. social comparison.

b. Walter Cannon

The term fight-or-flight response was first described by American psychologist, __________. Select one: a. William James b. Walter Cannon c. Francis Sumner d. Mary Carver

b. transduction

The term used for the process by which physical energy is converted to a nerve impulse in a sensory organ is _________________. Select one: a. perception b. transduction c. feature detection d. fixation

...

The term used for the process by which physical energy is converted to a nerve impulse in a sensory organ is _________________. Select one: a. perception b. transduction Correct c. feature detection d. fixation

...

The two most basic divisions of the nervous system are the Select one: a. sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division b. central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system Correct c. somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system d. brain and the spinal cord

b. resting potential.

The voltage of -60 millivolts is known as the neuron's Select one: a. postsynaptic potential. b. resting potential. c. action potential. d. graded potential.

b. peripheral route.

There are two alternative pathways to persuading others. One leads us to respond to persuasive arguments on the basis of snap judgments. This is known as the Select one: a. central route. b. peripheral route. c. afferent route. d. efferent route.

b. homeopathy.

"Like cures like" is the foundation of Select one: a. alternative medicine. b. homeopathy. c. complementary medicine. d. traditional medicine.

a. Occam's razor

"Oh my gosh, it's a UFO!" This scream came from the backyard of a suburban neighborhood home, after which several other people came out and agreed that they were all seeing a UFO. As it turns out, there was merely a weather balloon flying high in the sky after it had separated from its tethering cord. This simpler explanation for the sighting of a UFO is consistent with the conceptual principle of Select one: a. Occam's razor b. correlation versus causation c. falsifiability d. replicability

a. A behavior or thought that is used to reduce the distress caused by obsessions.

A compulsion is: Select one: a. A behavior or thought that is used to reduce the distress caused by obsessions. b. A persistent thought, idea, or impulse that is unwanted or inappropriate. c. What leads to obsessions. d. Something everyone engages in

c. Social loafer

A group of engineers was assigned the task to create a more useful dashboard for cars. All of the members, except for one, put forth quite a bit of effort. The individual who choose not to work very diligently knew that the other members of the group would pick up his slack. In the end, their hard work paid off. The group's new dashboard was named design of the month by the company. With that honor came a monetary bonus. Which of the following can be used to describe the one individual who seemed not to put forth any effort at all, but still reaped the rewards of everyone else's hard work? Select one: a. Compliant b. Conformist c. Social loafer d. Conscientious

...

A light that we perceive as red, one that we perceive as green, and one that we perceive as blue differ in ____________. Select one: a. amplitude b. complexity c. wavelength Correct d. purity

c. inclusive fitness, parental investment, eugenics

A man who donates sperm to a sperm bank is maximizing his __________________ while minimizing his _____________. By shopping through catalogues of sperm donors searching for the most desirable traits, a woman is practicing _____________. Select one: a. Intersexual selection, genetic determinism, kin selection b. intrasexual selection, inclusive fitness, parental investment c. inclusive fitness, parental investment, eugenics d. sexual fitness, altruism, parental investment.

b. resistance

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome has adapted to the presence of a stressor and is beginning to find ways to cope with it. Select one: a. alarm b. resistance c. exhaustion d. termination

c. Replicability

A researcher claimed that he had successfully cultured a type of bacteria that could generate heat from trash. However, no other researchers have been able to culture the same bacteria, even when they follow the same steps. So the claim made by this researcher violates which of the principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Falsifiability b. Occam's razor c. Replicability d. Correlation is not causation

...

A researcher claimed that he had successfully cultured a type of bacteria that could generate heat from trash. However, no other researchers have been able to culture the same bacteria, even when they follow the same steps. So the claim made by this researcher violates which of the principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Falsifiability b. Occam's razor c. Replicability Correct d. Correlation is not causation

...

A researcher studied the data from twenty five specific lakes in Minnesota and drew the general conclusion that Eurasian milfoil, a highly aggressive, non-native, aquatic plant, is causing serious environmental damage. As described in lecture, this researcher is using _____________________ to identify an issue of concern. Select one: a. a schema b. functional fixedness c. deductive reasoning d. inductive reasoning Correct

...

A right-handed split-brain patient is shown the image of a snow-covered pine tree in his left visual field and the image of chicken in his right visual field. When asked what he saw, the patient will respond: Select one: a. "I saw a snow-covered pine tree" b. "I didn't see anything" c. "I saw a snowy scene and a chicken" d. "I saw a chicken" Correct

ain, nausea, and loss of appetite.

A stomach ulcer is an Select one: a. inflamed lung that can cause difficulty breathing. b. inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. c. enlarged esophagus due to excessive eating. d. enlarged small intestines due to eating hot foods.

d. social anxiety disorder.

A strong intense fear of being in public or performing behaviors in public is characteristic of Select one: a. agoraphobia. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. panic disorder. d. social anxiety disorder.

b. an environmental toxin that affects fetal development.

A teratogen is Select one: a. an environmental toxin that suppresses development in children. b. an environmental toxin that affects fetal development. c. a genetic defect that affects fetal growth. d. a genetic defect that affects growth and development in children.

b. self-monitoring.

A trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviors reflect their true feelings and attitudes is called Select one: a. an excessive characteristic. b. self-monitoring. c. a belief. d. predictive.

c. frequency and strength

According to Albert Ellis, our vulnerability to psychological disturbance is a product of the __________ of our irrational beliefs. Select one: a. purpose and meaning b. length and strength c. frequency and strength d. frequency and weakness

d. a higher chance of becoming ill

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who has a higher score on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? Select one: a. more frequent changes of job b. a divorce c. commission of a crime d. a higher chance of becoming ill

a. primary appraisal

According to Lazarus and colleagues, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to assess whether the event is harmful to us. This evaluation is referred to as ______________. Select one: a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. stress-related decision d. hassle-related decision

c. have lower mortality rates than do those who do not have religious beliefs

According to studies, people who describe themselves as religious are more likely to ________. Select one: a. live a shorter life than are those who do not have religious beliefs b. lack a social support system c. have lower mortality rates than do those who do not have religious beliefs d. feel alone with their struggles

b. biopsychosocial

According to the ________ perspective, medical conditions (i.e., AIDS) depend on the interaction of genes, lifestyle, immunity, social support, and self-perceptions. Select one: a. psychophysiological b. biopsychosocial c. psychoneuroimmunology d. psychological

a. posttraumatic

According to the _________ model, cases of dissociative identity disorder arise from a history of severe abuse - physical, sexual, or both - during early childhood. Select one: a. posttraumatic b. psychoreactive c. repressed memory d. iatrogenic

b. Falsifiability

Acupuncture has been promoted as a way of restoring health, and the method behind this procedure is to release blockages of a "life force" or energy called qi. A problem with this theory, however, is that it is not possible to disprove that qi exists or that releasing it can improve health. This problem demonstrates which of the following concepts from this chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Falsifiability c. Extraordinary claims d. Occam's Razor

a. optimism.

Adena looks on the bright side of life. When a situation is not going well, she is able to bring to light something positive. This is known as Select one: a. optimism. b. pessimism. c. rumination. d. self-enhancement.

c. extinction. Extinction occurs when the CS no longer predicts the CR and the organism no longer responds to the stimulus.

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called ________. Select one: a. acquisition b. testing c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery

c. Occam's Razor

After a couple of cars were broken into, neighbors began to believe that there was a crime spree occurring in their neighborhood. In fact, many were reporting minor dings and scratches on their cars to the police, claiming that criminals had tried to break in and steal their cars. The police believed that the original crimes were isolated incidents carried out by teenagers as nothing was stolen. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking does this example best fit? Select one: a. Extraordinary claims b. Replicability c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

...

After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the CS by itself, without the UCS. Which of the following is likely to occur? Select one: a. extinction Correct b. acquisition c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus generalization

b. rumination

After he asked Rachel to be his girlfriend and she declined his request, Trey spent the next several days recounting the rejection in his mind. He thought about different ways he might have asked, reasons why she might have said no, and felt sure that everyone would be talking about him behind his back. Each time he thought of these unpleasant things he got a little more upset. Trey is engaging in a practice called ________. Select one: a. meditation b. rumination c. CAM-ing d. initialing

a. constructing an anxiety hierarchy.

After learning how to relax, Herman begins his systematic desensitization treatment for his claustrophobia by Select one: a. constructing an anxiety hierarchy. b. being exposed to tight spaces with no means of escape. c. deconstructing an anxiety hierarchy. d. trying to recall how he developed this fear as a child.

c. functional fixedness

After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________. Select one: a. memory distortion b. linguistic determination c. functional fixedness d. confirmation bias

...

After the Valdez oil spill, a hair dresser suggested the practical solution of using bags of cut hair to soak up the oil. This suggestion is a real world example in which someone has overcome ______________________. Select one: a. memory distortion b. linguistic determination c. functional fixedness Correct d. confirmation bias

d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____. Select one: a. cried when he saw his pet white rat. b. did not cry when he saw men with brown or black beards. c. no longer cried when he saw his pet white rat. d. cried when he saw a white rabbit.

...

After using the techniques of classical conditioning to train sweet amiable Little Albert to be fearful of his pet white rat, J. B. Watson demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus generalization when Little Albert_____. Select one: a. cried when he saw his pet white rat. b. did not cry when he saw men with brown or black beards. c. no longer cried when he saw his pet white rat. d. cried when he saw a white rabbit. Correct

b. secondary appraisal

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it. This process is called ________. Select one: a. primary appraisal b. secondary appraisal c. tertiary appraisal d. distress-eustress dichotomy

...

Allport was a personality researcher who subscribed to the: Select one: a. idiographic approach Correct b. behavioral genetic approach c. monothetic approach d. humanistic approach

a. schema

An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal. Select one: a. schema b. heuristic c. algorithm d. syllogism

...

An American accustomed to eating meals in a standard sequence of appetizers, salad, entree and dessert may be confused when trying to order a meal at an Italian restaurant where the menu contains l'antipasto, il primo, il secondo, il contorno and il dolce. The diner's confusion is caused by his or her unconscious knowledge structure or mental model , or ______________, of the sequence of a meal. Select one: a. schema Correct b. heuristic c. algorithm d. syllogism

...

An expert problem-solver finds herself unable to explain how she solves problems. Researchers who study problem solving refer to this as ____________. Select one: a. the paradox of expertise Correct b. weak problem solving. c. pseudo-expertise. d. insight learning

a. personal stories about specific incidents and experiences

Anecdotal evidence consists of Select one: a. personal stories about specific incidents and experiences b. general information that has little direct bearing on the issue under consideration c. statistical information that has been altered to support a specific point of view d. information that is gathered from a variety of sources

...

Anecdotal evidence consists of Select one: a. personal stories about specific incidents and experiences Correct b. general information that has little direct bearing on the issue under consideration c. statistical information that has been altered to support a specific point of view d. information that is gathered from a variety of sources

a. amygdala

As described in lectures on emotion, the primary motive system of defensiveness is associated with the __________________ in the brain. Select one: a. amygdala b. somatosensory cortex c. nucleus accumbens d. pre-frontal cortex

...

As discussed in lecture, neurons are similar to other cells in which one of the following ways? Select one: a. neurons conduct electrical signals b. neurons communicate through the synapse c. neurons have a long process d. neurons have organelles Correct

...

As discussed in lecture, the appetitive motive system in the brain is associated with behaviors such as: Select one: a. eating, drinking, reproduction, nurturing young. Correct b. escaping from threats, displays of strength, aggression. c. sociability, risk-taking, assertiveness d. goal-setting, status seeking

a. dopamine

As discussed in lecture, the neurotransmitter released by rewarding stimuli is ________________. Select one: a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. GABA d. DCS

...

As discussed in lecture, the neurotransmitter released by rewarding stimuli is ________________. Select one: a. dopamine Correct b. norepinephrine c. GABA d. DCS

b. The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages.

As discussed in lectures, "Universal Adaptability" refers to what ? Select one: a. The behavior of people who score high on a measure of Openness to Experience b. The finding that babies of eight months or less can discriminate among all speech sounds in all languages. c. The cognitive schema mastered by the end of Piaget's Concrete Operations stage. d. The discovery that infants of reactive mothers who are cross-fostered with calm mothers develop into healthy children.

d. conservation

As shown in a video during lecture, younger children think that a quantity of water in a tall, narrow beaker is greater than the quantity of liquid in the wide, flat beaker because they concentrate on a single dimension of the situation (the height of the container.) Older children understand that the quantity of liquid remains the same despite changes in appearance. This demonstration is the classic test of : Select one: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. assimilation d. conservation

...

As shown in a video during lecture, younger children think that a quantity of water in a tall, narrow beaker is greater than the quantity of liquid in the wide, flat beaker because they concentrate on a single dimension of the situation (the height of the container.) Older children understand that the quantity of liquid remains the same despite changes in appearance. This demonstration is the classic test of : Select one: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. assimilation d. conservation Correct

b. aversion therapies

As these therapies may involve unpleasant techniques, the decision to implement _________________ should be made only after carefully weighing the costs and benefits relative to alternative approaches. Select one: a. token therapies b. aversion therapies c. assertion therapies d. modeling therapies

...

As these therapies may involve unpleasant techniques, the decision to implement____should be made only after carefully weighing the costs and benefits relative to alternative approaches. Select one: a. Token therapies b. Aversion therapies Correct c. Assertion therapies d. Modeling therapies

c. diffusion of responsibility.

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as Select one: a. pluralistic ignorance. b. social loafing. c. diffusion of responsibility. d. evaluation apprehension.

c. diffusion of responsibility

At a crowded park, Kayla sees an old man clutching his heart and stumbling. If Kayla assumes that someone else will help the old man, she is experiencing the phenomenon known as Select one: a. pluralistic ignorance b. social loafing c. diffusion of responsibility d. evaluation apprehension

...

At the end of lecture one day, you are completely confused by what your professor has been trying to teach you. When the professor asks whether anyone has questions about the material, you notice that no one else raises their hands. You assume everyone else has understood the lecture perfectly, and you dont want to appear dumb by asking some simple questions. But, when talking to your friends after class, you realize that they had been just as confused. This situation is likely the result of Select one: a. diffusion of responsibility b. evaluation apprehension c. the bystander effect d. pluralistic ignorance Correct

a. dimensional classification

Average blood pressure is 120/80, but blood pressure readings can range much higher or lower. Typically someone is diagnosed with hypertension--high blood pressure--only when the blood pressure values are 140/90 or higher. However, any value greater than 120/80 increases the patient's risk of heart attack or stroke. Finding that people have blood pressure values across the full range of the normal curve is consistent with _____________________. Select one: a. dimensional classification b. categorical classification c. continual classification d. medical classification

...

Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term _______________. Select one: a. crystallized intelligence. Correct Correct. Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire over time. b. fluid intelligence. c. general intelligence. d. multiple intelligence.

...

Before Katie leaves her dorm room each morning, she looks out the window to check the weather. If the sky is overcast, she puts an umbrella in her backpack. If it is sunny, she leaves her umbrella in the closet. For Katie, the sky's appearance is acting as a ___________ for carrying an umbrella. Select one: a. discriminative stimulus Correct b. conditioned stimulus c. conditioned response d. heuristic

c. prosocial behavior.

Behavior that is intended to help others is often referred to as Select one: a. bystander behavior. b. compliant behavior. c. prosocial behavior. d. obedient behavior.

c. chiropractic manipulations.

Bob is going to the doctor for treatment of a painful back condition. The doctor regularly manipulates Bob's spine as part of the treatment. Bob's doctor is practicing Select one: a. alternative medicine. b. homeopathy. c. chiropractic manipulations. d. conventional medicine.

c. chiropractic manipulations.

Bob is going to the doctor for treatment of a painful back condition. The doctor regularly manipulates Bob's spine as part of the treatment. Bob's doctor is practicing Select one: a. alternative medicine. b. homeopathy. c. chiropractic manipulations. d. conventional medicine.

a. dividing weight in pounds by height in inches squared

Body mass index (BMI) is calculated by ________ and multiplying by a conversion factor of 703. Select one: a. dividing weight in pounds by height in inches squared b. multiplying weight in pounds by height in inches squared c. dividing height in inches squared by weight in pounds d. multiplying height in inches squared by weight in pounds

b. hassles

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. Select one: a. uplifts b. hassles c. downturns d. distress

d. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

Carlita has just come from her first therapy session. To better understand Carlita's generalized anxiety, the therapist asked her to talk about her childhood experiences and interactions with her parents and has asked her to keep a dream journal for the next several weeks. With which orientation is this orientation most consistent? Select one: a. Behavioral b. Eclectic c. Humanistic d. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

c. choose between alternative choices for action. d. mentally restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

Cognitive control is the ability to Select one: a. cognitively suppress and express emotions and thoughts. b. reduce the impact of stressful circumstances by actively doing something. c. choose between alternative choices for action. d. mentally restructure or think differently about negative emotions that stem from stressful events.

...

Compared to healthy individuals, an individual with unipolar depression may __________________. Select one: a. appear to be under chronic high stress. Correct b. have an enlarged hippocampus. c. have an underreactive HPA axis. d. shut down cortisol production when stress ends.

a. inability to produce speech

Damage to Broca's area may result in which of the following? Select one: a. inability to produce speech b. inability to comprehend speech c. inability to remember where things are in space d. emotional outbursts and loss of impulse control

...

Damage to Wernicke's area is likely to affect which of the following? Select one: a. ability to comprehend speech Correct b. ability to produce speech c. ability to read d. ability to identify where objects are

...

Dan recently watched a television program about rabies, and those animals that are typically vectors for the disease. Last night, when he stepped outside to call his cat, he saw a raccoon waddling across his yard. The animal acted strangely and came straight toward him. Dan immediately decided it must have rabies. He made his decision based on ________ Select one: a. exemplars. b. an algorithm. c. a representativeness heuristic. d. an availability heuristic CorrectCorrect. The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb that says that the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it is based on its availability in memory.

a. proactive coping.

Darci wants to go to medical school. She has a 4.0 in her undergraduate coursework, but she is stressed with having to take the MCAT. To reduce this stress, she is taking steps to minimize this stress by signing up for MCAT prep classes. Darci is engaging in Select one: a. proactive coping. b. reactive coping. c. academic coping. d. problem-focused coping.

...

Dave is a Red Sox fan. He intensely dislikes the Yankees. He celebrates with glee every time the Red Sox win and when the Yankees lose. This is an example of Select one: a. prejudice. b. adaptive conservatism. c. in-group bias. Correct d. discrimination.

...

During a break in one of her favorite TV shows, Kamala sees an ad for a shampoo that she hasn't tried before. She admires the luxurious, glossy locks of the beautiful models and decides, effortlessly and unconsciously, to buy that shampoo. In this case Kamala is using what type of processing? Select one: a. Automatic Correct b. Controlled c. Top-down d. Bottom-up

...

Ekman's research proposed that there are ________ distinct emotions across cultures. Select one: a. three b. four c. seven Correct d. nine

c. Hallucinations

Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around or no one is talking to you) would be examples of what symptom of schizophrenia? Select one: a. Compulsions b. Delusions c. Hallucinations d. Obsessions

a. equally as much as

Females benefit ________ males when receiving psychotherapy for their emotional or mental difficulties. Select one: a. equally as much as b. less than c. more than d. substantially more than

c. exhaustion

For the past six months, Jenna's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Jenna has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Jenna's is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. Select one: a. alarm b. collapse c. exhaustion d. resistance

...

Gerald hears voices inside his head that tell him that he needs to leave the hospital where he has been placed for treatment. Gerald's voices are an example of a ___________. Select one: a. hallucination Correct b. delusion c. compulsion d. obsession

a. monkeys

Harlow conducted his research on children's attachments to their mothers using ___________. Select one: a. monkeys b. turtles c. humans d. dogs

...

How does Renee Baillargeon's research on object permanence compare to Piaget's Select one: a. Baillargeon found that babies show object permanence earlier than Piaget hypothesized. Correct b. Piaget found that babies show object permanence earlier than Baillargeon hypothesized. c. Baillargeon and Piaget both reached the same conclusion about when babies show object permanence. d. Baillargeon didn't study object permanence.

b. is theoretical. Formal tests to measure it have not been developed.

Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences ______________________________. Select one: a. is a valid, reliable model that expands the construct of intelligence. b. is theoretical. Formal tests to measure it have not been developed. c. predicts that people who score high on one mental ability test will score high on other mental ability tests. d. proposes a hierarchy of mental abilities with a general factor, "g" at the top, shared by all.

a. trying to train his attention and awareness.

If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called meditation, he is most likely_______. Select one: a. trying to train his attention and awareness. b. using biofeedback equipment c. focusing on the sound of his breathing d. sleeping

a. availability heuristic.

If a person makes a judgment based on how easy it is for an instance to come to mind, he or she may fall victim to the Select one: a. availability heuristic. b. belief perseverance effect. c. hindsight bias. d. representativeness heuristic.

a. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures.

If the personality factor of Openness is represented by many more words in European languages than in other languages, what inference can you make about European culture, given the Lexical hypothesis? Select one: a. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures. b. European cultures value personal discipline and dependability more than other cultures. c. The test is biased towards European culture and may not be as 'real' as its advocates claim. d. The number of words for openness in European languages is just a coincidence and no inference can be made about European culture based on that coincidence.

...

If the personality factor of Openness is represented by many more words in European languages than in other languages, what inference can you make about European culture, given the Lexical hypothesis? Select one: a. The characteristics of Openness to Experience-curiosity, imagination, innovation-are more important to European culture than to other cultures. Correct b. European cultures value personal discipline and dependability more than other cultures. c. The test is biased towards European culture and may not be as 'real' as its advocates claim. d. The number of words for openness in European languages is just a coincidence and no inference can be made about European culture based on that coincidence.

...

If you were born without cones in your retina, which of the following would be most difficult for you? Select one: a. discriminating colors Correct b. seeing movement with your peripheral vision c. adapting to a darkened movie theatre d. dating a vampire.

b. Selecting line sizes

In the experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, what was the main task that subjects had to perform? Select one: a. Pretend they were prison guards b. Selecting line sizes c. Plunge their hands into buckets of water that were either ice cold or scalding hot d. Deliver electric shocks to helpless victims

b. parietal

In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located? Select one: a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

...

Imagine that a researcher wished to test the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis, and she knows that the Spanish language has a preposition, "en", that is translated in English as either "in" or "on." She recruits people who speak only English or only Spanish, and she shows participants a picture of a FROG IN a box. Then she asks the participants to indicate which of two other pictures is the most different from the picture of the FROG IN the box: A picture of a TURTLE IN a box or a picture of a FROG ON a box. The Linguistic Relativity hypothesis predicts that Spanish "en" speakers will not distinguish between "in" and "on" and that English speakers will. Given this, which of the following results would support the Linguistic Relativity hypothesis? Select one: a. English speakers and Spanish speakers both find the "frog on the box picture" the most different b. 50% of Spanish speakers say "turtle in the box" and 50% say "the frog on the box" but 100% of English speakers say "turtle in the box" Incorrect c. 50% of English speakers say "turtle in the box" and 50% say "the frog on the box" but 100% of the Spanish speakers say "turtle in the box" d. English speakers say "turtle in the box" and Spanish speakers say "the frog on the box"

a. would support the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Imagine that anthropologists found a language that had only two color words, "bright" and "dark". Researchers compared the speakers of this language and the speakers of a language that had many color words ("maroon," "gold", "umber" and so on.) If they found that the speakers of the two-color-word language perceived and remembered few colors, and speakers of the many-color-word language perceived and remembered many colors, their finding: Select one: a. would support the linguistic relativity hypothesis b. would be consistent with findings on functional fixedness c. would not support the linguistic relativity hypothesis. d. would support the availability heuristic

b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal

Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made __________. Select one: a. a primary appraisal only b. both a primary and a secondary appraisal c. a stress-related decision d. a hassle-related decision

a. disagreeing with authority

Important components that are considered when diagnosing abnormal behavior include all of the following except _______________________. Select one: a. disagreeing with authority b. a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning c. difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles d. behavior that is unacceptable to one's social group or culture

b. object permanence

In class we saw a video of Renée Baillargeon's research. She found that evidence that babies can remember a block that is out of their sight much earlier than Piaget theorized. Her research looks at the question of _______________. Select one: a. egocentrism b. object permanence c. centration d. reversibility

a. correlation does not equal causation.

In class, a psychology professor states that learned helplessness causes persons to make attributions that are internally focused, global in nature, and stable. A student who demonstrates critical thinking would raise his or her hand and remind the professor that Select one: a. correlation does not equal causation. b. extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. c. the research needs to still be replicated. d. such a claim is unfalsifiable.

...

In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is always Select one: a. similar to the unconditioned response. b. stronger than the unconditioned response. c. whatever the conditioned stimulus produces as a result of training. Correct d. whatever the conditioned stimulus produces prior to training.

d. both acquisition and extinction

In classical conditioning, which of the following involves learning? Select one: a. acquisition, but not extinction b. extinction, but not acquisition c. neither acquisition nor extinction d. both acquisition and extinction

b. the axon

In computers, when the print command is executed, a cable carries this signal from the computer to the printer. In comparing a computer to a neuron, the cable that carries the signal between the computer and the printer would be equivalent to Select one: a. a refractory potential b. the axon c. the dendrites d. the soma

d. Zimbardo

In his famous study, this researcher recruited college students to portray either guards or prisoners with some rather shocking results. Select one: a. Spears b. Milgram c. Asch d. Zimbardo

a. Correlation vs. causation

In humanistic therapies, some clients may first improve and then develop a stronger emotional bond with the therapist as a result of the therapy, while others may first develop a bond with the therapist and then improve. This demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Correlation vs. causation b. Falsifiability c. Replicability d. Occam's Razor

...

In lecture, we saw a video of researcher Janet Werker studying the capacity of infants to detect speech sounds. She trained them to turn their head at a sound change (such as "ba" to "pa"), then exposed them to speech sounds that do not exist in English. What were her findings? Select one: a. Infants have a preference for their mother's voice from birth b. Deaf infants begin babbling at the same age as hearing infants c. Children recognize only the sounds of their parents language d. Children exhibit universal adaptability. Correct

a. procedural

In long-term memory, the ________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information. Select one: a. procedural b. episodic c. visual-spatial d. prospective

...

In long-term memory, the ________ memory division does not require much effort or attention to recall information. Select one: a. procedural Correct b. episodic c. visual-spatial d. prospective

d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

In the Renaissance, the medical model brought some unusual treatments for those with mental disorders. These included bloodletting and tossing patients into a pit of snakes. Amazingly, some patients actually showed improvement! It is possible that these treatments worked, but it is also possible that this improvement was a result of the placebo effect. This interpretation of these historical events demonstrates which of the six principles mentioned in your chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Extraordinary claims c. Correlation vs. causation d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

a. improved; social facilitation.

Jacob is a very skilled basketball player. When his girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance ________ due to what Zajonc calls ____________. Select one: a. improved; social facilitation. b. improved; attribution c. got worse; prosocial interference d. got worse; social awareness

...

Jacob is a very skilled basketball player. When his girlfriend and her friends stopped by his house during a basketball game with his friends, Jacob's performance ________ due to what Zajonc calls ____________. Select one: a. improved; social facilitation. Correct b. improved; attribution c. got worse; prosocial interference d. got worse; social awareness

c. Falsifiability

James claims that he can read minds, but he refuses to tell anyone what he has learned so there is no way to test whether his claim is true or false. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking best describes this situation? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses b. Correlation versus Causation c. Falsifiability d. Occam's razor

...

James claims that he can read minds, but he refuses to tell anyone what he has learned so there is no way to test whether his claim is true or false. Which of the six principles of scientific thinking best describes this situation? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses b. Correlation versus Causation c. Falsifiability Correct d. Occam's razo

...

Janelle is a 23-year old woman who is living happily in the United States. She has a relative who recently developed the symptoms of schizophrenia. Janelle has the highest chance of developing the illness if that relative is Select one: a. Jameson, her 23-year old fraternal twin b. Jamie, her 52-year old biological mother c. Janette, her 23-year old identical twin Correct d. Jerivicious, her 75-year old grandmother

...

Jess is giving a class presentation on suicide. Which of the following is a point you are likely to hear her make? Select one: a. As depression lifts, the risk of suicide may increase rather than decrease. Correct b. One must be careful when talking with a depressed person about suicide because you might make her more likely to take her own life. c. People who talk about committing suicide are just looking for attention. d. There is seldom any warning given by those who commit suicide.

b. Type A personality.

John is the type of person who wants everything done perfectly the first time. When playing a game, he feels like he must win. He is easily provoked to anger, but he is also readily ambitious. Based on these traits, John must be a Select one: a. Type D personality. b. Type A personality. c. Type B personality. d. Type T personality.

d. proactive

Jorge recently learned that his son was going to need some supplemental instruction to help him be successful at school; however, the extra assistance would cost a lot of money and Jorge had not prepared for the expense. With two months to go before the extra bills would start coming in, Jorge started working 4 extra hours per week and saving the additional money to pay for the tutors. When the time came for the extra instruction to begin, Jorge had saved more than enough to pay for the help for his son. Jorge has used ________ coping to deal with the unexpected stress of new expenses. Select one: a. reactive b. informational c. decisional d. proactive

...

Jose suffers from bipolar disorder. His psychiatrist may prescribe: Select one: a. Prozac b. Thorazine c. Ritalin d. Lithium Correct

c. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Julie has a serious disorder of the immune system that is life-threatening and incurable. This is a condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks and damages the immune system. Julie has Select one: a. multiple sclerosis. b. Alzheimer's. c. acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). d. human papilloma virus (HPV).

b. Structural family therapy

Karen is a family therapist who has just arrived at her client family's home to have dinner with them and spend the evening. Her visit is not social, but rather will be an opportunity for her to see how the family interacts with one another. Karen is using which family therapy model? Select one: a. Stratified family therapy b. Structural family therapy c. Logical family intervention. d. Strategic family intervention.

b. Resistance

Kenisha has been in therapy with Dr. Williams for 3 months when she suddenly starts skipping appointments. Even when in session, she tends to stare blankly at the therapist. This is best explained by: Select one: a. Free association b. Resistance c. Transference d. Working through

...

Lauren knew all the rules of grammar--when to say "who" and when to say "whom--but she didn't bother to follow some of those rules when she actually spoke. The difference between the rules that Lauren knew she ought to follow and how she (and her friends) actually spoke is similar to the difference between _____________________. Select one: a. normative and descriptive approaches to problem solving. Correct b. algorithms and heuristics c. inductive versus deductive reasoning d. recall and recognition

c. the enlightenment effect.

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better. This is known as Select one: a. the bystander effect. b. the altruism effect. c. the enlightenment effect. d. the helping effect.

b. Bipolar disorder

Lithium is often used as an effective treatment for: Select one: a. Substance abuse b. Bipolar disorder c. OCD d. Autism

...

Looking through his college yearbook, Ussain sees a picture of himself crying for joy on the school's track after running a mile in less that 4 minutes. He can vividly recall every detail of that emotional day; the shoes he was wearing, the voice of the announcer, the cheer of the crowd, and the smell of the fireworks. Then Ussain turned the page and saw another photo of that day. He was surprised to see that there had been no crowd and no fireworks. This intense, yet imperfect, memory is an example of __________________. Select one: a. a flashbulb memory Correct b. the misinformation effect c. anterograde amnesia d. a source monitoring confusion

a. Exposure therapy

Louis is very scared of snakes, he cannot even look at pictures of snakes. Which type of the following would be most likely to help Louis? Select one: a. Exposure therapy b. Electroshock therapy c. Psychoanalytic therapy d. Biomedical (e.g., drug) therapy

a. a base rate

Many people avoid swimming in the ocean because they are frightened by the prospect of shark attacks, but in fact, shark attacks in the USA are rare; zero attacks were recorded in 2011, and since 1996, more people (16) have been killed by collapsing sand castles than by sharks (12). This kind of statistic--which records how frequent a behavior or event is in the general population--is known as ____________________. Select one: a. a base rate b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. confirmation bias

...

Many people avoid swimming in the ocean because they are frightened by the prospect of shark attacks, but in fact, shark attacks in the USA are rare; zero attacks were recorded in 2011, and since 1996, more people (16) have been killed by collapsing sand castles than by sharks (12). This kind of statistic--which records how frequent a behavior or event is in the general population--is known as ____________________. Select one: a. a base rate Correct b. the availability heuristic c. the representativeness heuristic d. confirmation bias

b. Extraordinary claims

Many people believe that the "power of positive thinking" can effectively counteract serious and potentially terminal diseases. While it is certainly true that positive thinking is essential in helping with recovery, there is no research that suggests that positive thinking can reverse illnesses like cancer. These facts demonstrate which concept from this chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Extraordinary claims c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

b. Extraordinary claims

Many people believe that the "power of positive thinking" can effectively counteract serious and potentially terminal diseases. While it is certainly true that positive thinking is essential in helping with recovery, there is no research that suggests that positive thinking can reverse illnesses like cancer. These facts demonstrate which concept from this chapter? Select one: a. Replicability b. Extraordinary claims c. Occam's Razor d. Ruling out rival hypotheses

b. Because schizophrenia literally means "split mind," people mistake it for "split personality" (or dissociative identity disorder).

Many people incorrectly assume that schizophrenia is a synonym for another commonly-discussed mental illness. Why does this mistake occur? Select one: a. Because the popular media has portrayed schizophrenic individuals as universally suffering from substance-related problems, people think that schizophrenia refers to an alcohol or drug addiction. b. Because schizophrenia literally means "split mind," people mistake it for "split personality" (or dissociative identity disorder). c. Because schizophrenia is an illness that we know virtually nothing about, people mistake it as a form of cancer. d. Because the illness has a similar sound to "mania," people think that it is the same as bipolar disorder.

c. decisional control

Mario has been struggling with his college classes as of late. He has been working many hours, taking care of his children, and trying to carry a full load of classes. This semester he wants to take classes that are known to be a bit easier, so he consults with his friends at the college to get an idea of which courses will be less challenging. Mario's plan of gathering information before selecting a class is a demonstration of __________. Select one: a. emotional control b. informational control c. decisional control d. behavioral control

c. Extraversion . Marques clearly has a very outgoing, or extraverted, nature.

Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors" would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? Select one: a. Neuroticism b. Conscientiousness c. Extraversion . Marques clearly has a very outgoing, or extraverted, nature. d. openness to new experiences

...

Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors" would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? Select one: a. Neuroticism b. Conscientiousness c. Extraversion CorrectCorrect. Marques clearly has a very outgoing, or extraverted, nature. d. openness to new experiences

...

Max remembers the location and function of Wernickes's area because Wernicke starts with a W, a letter near the end of the alphabet, and Wernicke's area is near the back of the brain, behind the ear. This mnemonic (back + ear) helps Max remember that Wernicke's area is associated with _________. Select one: a. language comprehension Correct b. language production c. linguistic analysis d. linguistic relativity

a. hardiness.

Melissa's mother was recently diagnosed with leukemia. As a result, Melissa is now required to take care of all of her mother's personal needs and manage her financial affairs. Melissa is already a full-time student, and is also the primary caregiver for her son. However, Melissa has an attitude that things could be worse. She is confident that she will get through this crisis. Thus, she is displaying Select one: a. hardiness. b. rumination. c. self-enhancement. d. self-confidence.

...

Melvin and Leigh are interviewing students at their campus to determine if the students agree or disagree with a proposed policy change. Melvin believes the proposed policy change is a good idea, but Leigh believes the change will be bad for students. Nearly all the students interviewed by Melvin supported the policy change, but nearly all the students interviewed by Leigh disapproved of the change. The differences in the results illustrate the potential impact of Select one: a. the placebo effect b. double-blind research studies c. confounded dependent variables d. experimenter bias Correct

c. a flashbulb memory

Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called ____________. Select one: a. sensory memory b. procedural memory c. a flashbulb memory d. a memory illusion

a. heuristics

Rather than carefully review policies, previous experience or public statements, for many voters just knowing that this candidate is endorsed by the Republican or Democratic party is sufficient for decision making. When this happens, party affiliation serves as the kind of shortcut to making decisions known as _______________. Select one: a. heuristics b. algorithms c. confirmation bias d. inductive reasoning

b. hassle

Monroe and his wife have to deal with the fact that her mother calls their house at least 10 times a day, usually with no important reason for the call. She is a lonely individual, and her calls seem to be about finding something to do. Monroe finds her calls bothersome, but he tries not to let them get to him because deep down he really does love his mother-in-law. In this case, Monroe's mother-in-law might be best described as aNo __________. Select one: a. stressor b. hassle c. major life event d. eustress inducer

c. hallucinations

Nick is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else could see anything near him. Nick's symptoms are known as ______. Select one: a. delusions b. obsessions c. hallucinations d. compulsions

d. there was an underlying general factor of intelligence (g)

Observing that intelligence test items with very different content all correlated, Spearman hypothesized that _____________. Select one: a. intelligence could be divided into fluid and crystallized intelligence b. intelligence tests did not measure intelligence at all c. intelligence tests were only good for measuring specific abilities d. there was an underlying general factor of intelligence (g)

c. greater; less

One of the key themes in Milgram's paradigm is the ________ the psychological distance between the teacher/participant and the experimenter, the ________ the obedience. Select one: a. less; less b. less; greater c. greater; less d. greater; greater

a. the placebo effect.

One reason that nearly any type of credible treatment may produce strong beneficial effects, is that people hope it will and want it to work. This idea is referred to as Select one: a. the placebo effect. b. regression to the mean. c. the self-serving bias. d. spontaneous remission.

a. subjective distress

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional discomfort or __________. Select one: a. subjective distress b. social deviance c. statistical rarity d. inability to function normally

...

One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional discomfort or __________. Select one: a. distress Correct b. deviance c. disfunction d. danger

...

One symptom of bipolar disorder is __________________. Select one: a. disorganized speech. b. pressure of speech, a flight of ideas Correct c. delusions d. hallucinations

d. salad

One symptom of schizophrenia is called a word _______, in which a person's verbalizations are so jumbled that they are virtually impossible to understand. Select one: a. frenzy b. neologism c. clang d. salad

...

One-year old Tommy is extremely distressed whenever his mother leaves him, yet resists her attempts to comfort him when she returns. Based on these behaviors, it seems that Tommy has ___________________ with his mother. Select one: a. not yet developed an attachment style b. secure attachment c. anxious-ambivalent (also called insecure) attachment Correct d. avoidant attachment

b. social anxiety disorder

People who have ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. Select one: a. agoraphobia b. social anxiety disorder c. a specific phobia d. an interactive phobia

a. Asians; Americans

People with low self-esteem are prone to conformity; however, research finds that ________ are also more likely to conform than ________. Select one: a. Asians; Americans b. Asians; African Americans c. Americans; Asians d. African Americans; Asians

a. cones

Pigeons are very good at discriminating differences in color, have good visual acuity and are most active during daylight. If scientists looked at the retina of a pigeon, they would be most likely to find ________. Select one: a. cones b. rods c. rhodopsin d. feature detectors

...

Pleasure centers in the brain appear to be concentrated most heavily in the Select one: a. endocrine system b. limbic system Correct c. corpus callosum d. brainstem

d. interpersonal

Psychologist James Coyne has proposed that depression symptoms may be sustained by ________ problems; that is, people who are depressed seek excessive reassurance from others, and this causes them to dislike and reject the depressed individual. As a result the depression can linger or worsen. Select one: a. sociological b. neurological c. cognitive d. interpersonal

b. he gave her a big smile

Randeep had been studying hard for a while in the Lind Hall library for an upcoming Psychology exam. When his friend Annelise came over and said hello, his heart rate decreased, he stretched back in his chair, he gave her a big smile, and said "I'm so happy to see you!" According to Dr. Gewirtz's definition, when Randeep's saw his friend, the somatic aspect of his emotional response is that _________________________. Select one: a. his heart rate decreased b. he gave her a big smile c. he said, "I am so happy to see you." d. he felt relief.

...

Rather than carefully review policies, previous experience or public statements, for many voters just knowing that this candidate is endorsed by the Republican or Democratic party is sufficient for decision making. When this happens, party affiliation serves as the kind of shortcut to making decisions known as _______________. Select one: a. heuristics Correct b. algorithms c. confirmation bias d. inductive reasoning

...

Research in the area of individual differences is typically based on Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. experimental methods c. correlational methods Correct d. case studies

d. contentment

Research indicates that, across cultures, people usually identify six basic emotions when looking at facial cues in photographs. Which of the following is NOT one of those six emotions? Select one: a. fear b. anger c. happiness d. contentment

a. little or no relationship

Research suggests that there is ________ between one's race and the outcome of therapy. Select one: a. little or no relationship b. a curvilinear relationship c. a positive relationship d. a negative relationship

...

Researcher Eric Kandel discovered that when he tapped a certain body spot Aplysia, a sea slug, one time, the slug would retract its gills in a defensive maneuver. However, when Kandel touched the same spot repeatedly, the slug would eventually ignore the stimulus. This change in response demonstrates _____. Select one: a. habituation Correct b. sensitization c. extinction d. acquisition

b. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25-year-old males who had been sleep deprived for either 24, 36, or 48 hours. In this study, the dependent variable would be Select one: a. the age of the research participants b. the physical coordination skills of the men in the study c. the length of time the participants had been sleep deprived d. the type of physical coordination task the researchers use

a. out-group homogeneity

Sai, who is from Japan, can easily tell whether another Asian person appears to be from China or Thailand. However, he has trouble distinguishing among White people and thinks they all look basically the same. This is due to what psychological tendency? Select one: a. out-group homogeneity b. in-group bias c. discrimination d. illusory correlation

b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time

Short-term memory: Select one: a. maintains information in a relatively pure, unanalyzed form b. holds analyzed information for brief periods of time c. is the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time d. has an unlimited storage capacity

...

Signals along the WHAT pathway from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe produces ________________________________. Select one: a. information about the identity of an object Correct b. information about where an object is in space c. inhibition or activation of an emotional response d. activation or inhibition of a motor response

c. people, groups, and the larger community.

Social support encompasses the social relations with Select one: a. people and groups. b. the larger community. c. people, groups, and the larger community. d. individual people.

...

Some characteristics of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are Select one: a. premature birth, hyperactivity, memory impairment b. small head, malformed face, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity Correct c. a lack of social skills, excessive self-stimulation, delayed language development d. low birthweight, mental retardation, lack of motor coordination

...

Some research has shown that stimulating parts of the temporal lobe can produce vivid autobiographical memories. Others have suggested that these are not true memories, but rather are more like hallucinations that do not reflect real past experiences. To date, the true answer has not yet been solidified. This uncertainty in research findings demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses CorrectCorrect. In this case, the true answer may come from disproving alternate answers. To date, however, this has not been accomplished. b. Correlation vs. causation c. Extraordinary claims d. Falsifiability

a. Ruling out rival hypotheses. In this case, the true answer may come from disproving alternate answers. To date, however, this has not been accomplished.

Some research has shown that stimulating parts of the temporal lobe can produce vivid autobiographical memories. Others have suggested that these are not true memories, but rather are more like hallucinations that do not reflect real past experiences. To date, the true answer has not yet been solidified. This uncertainty in research findings demonstrates which of the six principles of scientific thinking? Select one: a. Ruling out rival hypotheses. b. Correlation vs. causation c. Extraordinary claims d. Falsifiability

b. Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness.

Stacie is interested in researching the effects of catharsis on health. What will she likely find in the literature? Select one: a. Yelling, punching pillows, and throwing balls significantly reduce long-term stress. b. Catharsis can be harmful when it reinforces a sense of helplessness. c. Catharsis can be harmful when it involves problem solving and/or constructive means to make the stressful situation "right." d. Catharsis has been found to be universally negative, as it has physical effects that promote aggression, hostility, and anger.

c. grossly disorganized behavior

Symptoms of a major depressive episode include all the following EXCEPT _______________. Select one: a. Insomnia b. Lack of energy c. grossly disorganized behavior d. Inability to concentrate, make decisions

...

The Actor-Observer bias predicts that when Lou does well on his Psy 1001 Final he will_______________________. Select one: a. give himself credit for being so smart. Correct b. he will attribute his success to the useful study aids provided by the Psy 1001 team. c. he will be disappointed because he will feel that he could have done even better. d. he will assume that everyone has done just as well as him because the test was easy.

b. coronary heart disease

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. Select one: a. mental illness b. coronary heart disease c. cancer d. respiratory illnesses

...

The ________ is sometimes called the emergency center of the body. Select one: a. pineal gland b. pituitary gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland Correct

c. low-ball

The ________ technique involves having someone agree to a request and then revealing that there are additional hidden obligations. Select one: a. foot-in-the-door b. door-in-the-face c. low-ball d. bait-and-switch

c. 150.

The approximate number of people that each of us knows reasonably well is Select one: a. 50. b. 100. c. 150. d. 200.

a. the skin.

The body's first shield from foreign invaders is Select one: a. the skin. b. antigens. c. pathogens. d. white blood cells.

...

The body's first shield from foreign invaders is Select one: a. the skin. Correct b. antigens. c. pathogens. d. white blood cells.

c. extraordinary claims.

The case of Nadean Cool, who was purported to have more than a hundred different personalities, is an example of the critical thinking concept of Select one: a. correlation versus causation b. falsifiability c. extraordinary claims. d. replicability

d. attachment

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s) is called ________. Select one: a. maternal love b. paternality c. affective link d. attachment

d. obedience

The example of the actions of Lieutenant William Calley at My Lai in the Vietnam War was used by the textbook to demonstrate the dangers of which social psychological concept? Select one: a. persuasion b. conformity c. compliance d. obedience

b. deindividuation

The excitement was high and the crowd of fans was huge. After beating Iowa and taking back the Floyd the pig trophy, thousands of Gopher fans swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. To social psychologists, this behavior of normally mild-mannered UM students is an example of __________.
 Select one: a. individuation b. deindividuation c. demoralization. d. demonification.

...

The excitement was high and the crowd of fans was huge. After beating Iowa and taking back the Floyd the pig trophy, thousands of Gopher fans swarmed the field, climbing on the goal posts, yelling, screaming, and taking their clothes off. To social psychologists, this behavior of normally mild-mannered UM students is an example of __________.
 Select one: a. individuation b. deindividuation Correct c. demoralization. d. demonification.

c. Ruling out rival hypotheses

The fact that hassles can be used to predict psychological adjustment even when major life events are removed from the equation demonstrates which of the following concepts in this chapter? Select one: a. Correlation vs. causation b. Replicability c. Ruling out rival hypotheses d. Occam's Razor

b. Trichromatic theory

The fact that humans have three cone receptors, specialized for red, green and blue spectrum light waves, is consistent with which theory of color vision? Select one: a. Opponent process theory b. Trichromatic theory c. Gestalt psychology d. Bottom-up processing

c. behavioral medicine.

The field of psychology that integrates the behavioral sciences with the practice and science of medicine is known as ________. It is also called health psychology. Select one: a. behavioral integration. b. psychology integration. c. behavioral medicine. d. psychology medicine.

...

The form of memory that sustains sensations long enough for identification is known as __________________ memory. Select one: a. semantic b. working c. sensory Correct d. short-term

a. operant conditioning principles

The idea of rewarding people with stars or stickers that can be later used for a tangible reward is based on _______________________. Select one: a. operant conditioning principles b. classical conditioning principles c. avoidant conditioning principles d. indifferent conditioning principles

b. the legal system.

The idea that a person may be determined to be sane or insane is an issue that is most relevant to Select one: a. all mental health professionals. b. the legal system. c. medicine and psychiatry. d. psychiatrists, psychologists, and trial judges.

...

The largest and most complex part of the human brain is the ____________. Select one: a. medulla b. cerebrum Correct c. cerebellum d. limbic system

d. absolute threshold.

The lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect it half the time is called Select one: a. sense receptor. b. just noticeable difference. c. sensory adaptation. d. absolute threshold.

a. the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution

The median is Select one: a. the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution b. the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution c. the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution d. the difference between the largest and the smallest scores in a distribution

...

The name for the electrical current that passes along the axon and produces the release of neurotransmitters is Select one: a. nerve impulse Correct b. resting potential c. excitation d. the reflex

d. correlation versus causation

There is plenty of research that shows a relationship between stress levels and heart-damaging symptoms, such as high blood pressure and enlargement of the heart. It is possible, however, that some third factor may be responsible for both increases in stress as well as increases in heart-related symptoms. This fact utilizes which critical thinking concept? Select one: a. Occam's razor b. falsifiability c. replicability d. correlation versus causation

a. Meta-analysis

This is a statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature. Select one: a. Meta-analysis b. Beta-analysis c. Correlation d. Standard deviation

a. Diffusion of responsibility

This is the reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Select one: a. Diffusion of responsibility b. Contusion of responsibility c. Infusion of responsibility d. Illusion of responsibility

...

To determine whether or not a child has reached the stage of formal operations, a psychologist might test whether the child can Select one: a. understand that objects maintain certain properties despite changes in their shape. b. speak in complete sentences. c. understand that an object continues to exist even when it is out of sight. d. answer hypothetical and abstract questions. Correct

d. systematic desensitization

Trina attempts to overcome her fear of clowns by learning how to shift from a feeling of tension to one of calm and relaxation. Next she is asked to imagine different situations, each more anxiety-provoking than the previous. She only proceeds to the next situation if she can maintain her feeling of relaxation. Trina's therapist is using ________ to remove her fear. Select one: a. exposure therapy b. modeling c. person-centered therapy d. systematic desensitization

...

What category of psychological disorders is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavior patterns? Select one: a. Personality disorders Correct b. Anxiety disorders c. Dissociative disorders d. Schizophrenia

...

What did Harlow's research demonstrate about infants' attachments to their mothers?
 Select one: a. They are based on food supply. b. They rarely occur naturally. c. They are based on comfort and touch. Correct d. They are genetically programmed.

c. Culture-bound syndromes

What do psychologists call disorders that are found only in particular cultures? Select one: a. Restricted syndromes b. Naturalistic syndromes c. Culture-bound syndromes d. Sociocultural disorders

a. Average IQ increases with each generation.

What is the Flynn Effect? Select one: a. Average IQ increases with each generation. b. When given any personality feedback, people tend to think it describes them well. c. Moral emotions tend to be more powerful than other types of emotions. d. As hunger and thirst increase, higher order motivations become less powerful.

a. Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger.

What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and a phobic disorder? Select one: a. Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. b. Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger while phobic disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. c. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women and phobic disorder is more common in men. d. Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in men and phobic disorder is more common in women.

...

What is the moral or take-home message of Solomon Asch's series of experiments in which participants were asked to judge the lengths of lines? People will go to great lengths Select one: a. to please others on whom they depend. b. to fit in with others. Correct c. to assert their independence. d. to convince others of their points of view.

...

What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? Select one: a. Hypothalamus b. Thalamus Correct c. Pituitary gland d. Endocrine system

a. Cornea

What structure is primarily responsible for focusing light at the back of the eye? Select one: a. Cornea b. Fovea c. Pupil d. Retina

b. The peripheral route

When Sam went looking for a new car, he met a beautiful saleswoman who described the beauty of the car and the flashiness, and how good Sam would look driving it. She did not mention the poor gas mileage, the exorbitant price, and the poor road performance. Sam made a snap decision to buy the car from the persuasive saleswoman. Sam was using which alternative pathway in making a decision? Select one: a. The central route b. The peripheral route c. The afferent route d. The efferent route

a. Preoperational

When a child understands that the number of dots in a row is the same after the dots have been spaced farther apart, the child has left Piagets _______________ stage. Select one: a. Preoperational b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Sensorimotor

...

When an excitatory message reaches the dendrites, the cell becomes _________________ and the likelihood of a nerve impulse is ______________. Select one: a. more negative...increased b. less negative... increased Correct c. more negative...decreased d. less negative...decreased

b. civil

When an individual is institutionalized against his will because he poses a danger to himself or others, and he has committed no crime, this is called _________ commitment. Select one: a. criminal b. civil c. statutory d. regulatory

a. discriminative stimulus

When analyzing a behavioral event using the A-B-C model, something in "A" may signal that an organism should now behave ("B") in a certain way in order to receive reinforcement for its behavior ("C"). The term for this something in "A" is ____________________. Select one: a. discriminative stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. positive reinforcer

a. primary appraisal; secondary appraisal

When encountering a potentially threatening event, people first decide whether the event is harmful; this is known as ________. Then, aNo ________ is made about how well one can cope with that event. Select one: a. primary appraisal; secondary appraisal b. initial appraisal; general appraisal c. secondary appraisal; primary appraisal d. general appraisal; initial appraisal

b. correlational methods

When researchers are interested in studying the relationship between variables that cannot be manipulated they are likely to use which of the following methods? Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. correlational methods c. experimental methods d. case studies

...

When researchers are interested in studying the relationship between variables that cannot be manipulated they are likely to use which of the following methods? Select one: a. naturalistic observation b. correlational methods Correct c. experimental methods d. case studies

c. situational

When their friend Vincent was walking down the hall after a pleasant conversation, Neil and Michaela watched as he suddenly tripped and fell to the floor, scattering his schoolbooks all over the hallway. They ran over to him, helped him pick up his books, and commented, "I didn't know that the floor was so slippery in this part of the hall!" Neil and Michaela have made a __________ attribution to explain why Vincent fell over. Select one: a. dispositional b. assistive c. situational d. cooperative

...

When travelling in Europe or Africa, many native born Americans are surprised to discover that sinks there have hot water faucets on the right side and cold water on the left. In the USA, it is the opposite; hot water is dispensed from the left tap,and cold water is dispensed on the right. For some Americans, this discovery is disturbing because they "know" that hot water should be dispensed from the left and cold water on the right. The way that they "know" this is characteristic of which way of knowing? Select one: a. traditional Correct b. empirical c. intuition d. rational

b. attributions.

When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing Select one: a. impression management. b. attributions. c. the self-serving bias. d. behavior assignment.

d. cognitive dissonance.

When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are experiencing Select one: a. implicit egotism. b. maladaptive gullibility. c. self-monitoring. d. cognitive dissonance.

a. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses.

Which of the following best illustrates "the paradox of expertise"? Select one: a. Dr. Gregory House can diagnose patient ailments with extraordinary skill, but he cannot explain to his colleagues exactly how he reaches his brilliant diagnoses. b. Dr. House, while brilliant at diagnosing patient ailments, has made terrible decisions in his personal life, which is, as a result, a complete mess. c. The more expertise individuals develop, the less confidence they feel about their decisions. d. People who develop expertise in one domain show less curiosity and less interest in developing their knowledge of other domains.

b. Increased blood flow to the brain

Which of the following has been shown to be an outcome of using meditation? Select one: a. Increased blood pressure b. Increased blood flow to the brain c. Decrease in blood glucose levels d. Decreases in nightmares and night terror episodes

...

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting as a positive symptom of schizophrenia? Select one: a. When Artur talks, his language is so jumbled it is almost impossible to understand. He skips from topic to topic in a disjointed way Correct b. Claudia scarcely speaks at all. She uses few words and seems to have few thoughts. c. Joe seems to have no interest in the things that most people value--social relationships, work, hobbies--and he doesn't even seem to care that he has no "get up and go." d. Aram seems to take no pleasure in being around people. He spends most of his time by himself.

...

Which of the following individuals would be diagnosed with a panic disorder? Select one: a. Omar experiences repeated and unexpected bouts of fear that can last less than 30 minutes and involve sweating, dizziness, a racing heart and shortness of breath. Correct b. Rachel experiences such a marked fear of public appearance that she avoids attending discussion sections (where she will have to do group work.) c. Oda is a worrier. She worries so much about the small things in life--such as upcoming meetings or social events--that she has trouble sleeping. d. Frode is distressed by his persistent ideas, thoughts and inappropriate impulses. He is frightened of getting dirty or contaminated by germs.

a. the limbic system

Which of the following is a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in emotion, memory, and motivation? Select one: a. the limbic system b. the cerebellum c. the cerebral cortex d. the neocortex

...

Which of the following is a measure of central tendency? Select one: a. mode Correct b. variability c. range d. standard deviation

b. Fastening your seat belt stops the unpleasant alarm making it more likely that you will fasten your seat belt next time

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Select one: a. A teenager is grounded for missing curfew which makes her less likely to miss curfew again. b. Fastening your seat belt stops the unpleasant alarm making it more likely that you will fasten your seat belt next time. c. You get an extra-credit point for completing a mid-semester evaluation which makes it more likely that you will cooperate in the future. d. The 15-second banner ads on YouTube make you less likely to watch YouTube videos.

b. Solomon Asch

Which of the following researchers work was the most influential in shaping our understanding of conformity? Select one: a. Hans Eysenck b. Solomon Asch c. Martin Seligman d. Muzafer Sherif

c. "I'm sure we all agree on this."

Which of the following statements is most likely to contribute to groupthink? Select one: a. "Let's hear some differing opinions." b. "What do you think?" c. "I'm sure we all agree on this." d. "We need to look at all of the evidence."

c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming.

Which of the following statements is true about brainstorming? Select one: a. More heads are better than one. b. Brainstorming groups come up with better ideas than individuals. c. Group brainstorming generally results in ideas that are less creative than does individual brainstorming. d. Brainstorming results in confusion and hostility.

a. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes as many as 90% of stomach ulcers.

Which of the following statements regarding ulcers is true? Select one: a. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in stomach acid and causes as many as 90% of stomach ulcers. b. Stress is the primary cause of ulcers. c. Spicy foods and an unhealthy diet are the primary causes of ulcers. d. Ulcers are uniquely genetic and stress has nothing to do with the symptoms of ulcers.

d. eustress

Which of the following terms was coined to indicate the presence of positive, or adaptive, stress in a person's life? Select one: a. distress b. counterstress c. prostress d. eustress

d. Reduce unnecessary exercise

Which of the following would NOT be useful to help promote a healthy lifestyle? Select one: a. Stop smoking b. Curb alcohol consumption c. Lose weight d. Reduce unnecessary exercise

...

Which of the following would be an example of a compulsion? Select one: a. Mac is distressed because he just can't stop thinking about all the sins that he has committed. b. Jim taps 7 times on his textbook before opening it to study because this behavior makes him feel less anxious. Correct c. Lu regularly has conversations with her long dead grandmother. d. Matt is convinced that he has designed a star ship propulsion system that could break the speed of light although he has never taken a physics class.

b. inductive reasoning

While taking the SAT, Jack puzzled over verbal analogies such as "cow:barn as chicken:____________." To correctly solve these analogies, Jack must infer a relationship between a set of words and then apply his conclusion to another set of words. As described in lecture, this kind of reasoning, from specific examples to general rules, is known as: Select one: a. framing b. inductive reasoning c. heuristic reasoning d. deductive reasoning

c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia

Who is more likely to engage in physical aggression? Select one: a. Billy, who was raised in North Dakota b. Mao Lin, who was raised in Beijing, China c. Beau, who was raised in Savannah, Georgia d. Tanaka, who was raised in Tokyo, Japan

a. problem-focused coping

Working a second job to pay off your credit card bills is an example of __________. Select one: a. problem-focused coping b. emotion-focused coping c. distraction d. reappraisal

...

Yamka hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. Select one: a. chronic stress phase b. alarm phase Correct c. exhaustion phase d. resistance phase

...

You are in a debate with your friend, and he argues that people's behavior is much less consistent across situations than most personality theorists assumed. Whose theory of personality is your friend's argument MOST similar to? Select one: a. Carl Rogers b. Walter Mischel Correct c. Gordon Allport d. Francis Galton

d. echoic memory

You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory? Select one: a. iconic memory b. procedural memory c. episodic memory d. echoic memory

...

You are reading your psychology text. The radio is on in the background, but you are not paying attention to the newscaster. Suddenly, something snaps you to attention, "Whoa, what did that newscaster say?!??" Then, you are able to "replay" from memory the previous three seconds and "hear" as the newscaster announces that someone by your name won a $10 million lottery. This piece of good news was brought to you via which form of memory? Select one: a. iconic memory b. procedural memory c. episodic memory d. echoic memory Correct

a. Foot in the door technique

You are standing on the street and a person asks you for directions. Then they ask you to walk them part of the way. The next thing you know you have walked them all the way to their destination. This is an example of which persuasion technique? Select one: a. Foot in the door technique b. Door in the face technique c. cognitive dissonance technique d. cold calling

...

You are standing on the street and a person asks you for directions. Then they ask you to walk them part of the way. The next thing you know you have walked them all the way to their destination. This is an example of which persuasion technique? Select one: a. Foot in the door technique Correct b. Door in the face technique c. cognitive dissonance technique d. cold calling

b. pluralistic ignorance.

You are walking downtown one day and find a man wearing street clothes who is slumped on the sidewalk. You look around and see others walking and not paying attention. Thus, you decide to do the same thing. You have demonstrated Select one: a. monistic ignorance. b. pluralistic ignorance. c. singular ignorance. d. triangular ignorance.

...

You have been told that the average height of Psy 1001 students is 5'7". But the only Psy 1001 student you know personally is Alan who is 6'5" tall. Thus you assume the average height of Psy 1001 students must be wrong. What lesson from statistics have you failed to remember? Select one: a. "correlation does not equal causation" b. "birds of a feather flock together" c. You can't make inferences about groups based on an individual observation. Correct d. Be careful making inferences about individuals based on their group membership.

...

You may notice that the number of words in this item is just slightly different from that of the previous item. However, when you compare the first and second edition of your heavy psychology textbook, you won't detect a difference between them until the difference is thousands and thousands of words and many, many pages. Detecting the difference between the number of words in a short item and the number of words in your fat textbook is an example of _____________. Select one: a. Weber's Law Correct b. a false alarm c. a miss d. an absolute threshold

d. variable interval

You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brief time period between meteors, but sometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another one appears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement? Select one: a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

c. door-in-the-face technique.

Your friend asks you to borrow $50 from you. You tell him no. Then he asks for a mere $10, which you gladly give him. While you feel good to have helped him out, you may have just experienced the Select one: a. foot-in-the-mouth technique. b. foot-in-the-door technique. c. door-in-the-face technique. d. door-in-the-foot technique.

...

Your patient is presenting with the classic signs and symptoms of schizophrenia including delusions grossly disorganized behavior. What kind of drug are you likely to prescribe? Select one: a. an SSRI b. An antipsychotic Correct c. A mood stabilizer d. a psychostimulant

d. deindividuation.

Zimbardo concluded from his Stanford prison study that prisoners and guards adopted their designated roles more easily than anyone might have imagined because of Select one: a. conformity. b. obedience. c. influence. d. deindividuation.

a. Self-perception

______ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors. Select one: a. Self-perception b. Cognitive dissonance c. Impression management d. Implicit egotism

a. Spirituality

_______ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God. Select one: a. Spirituality b. Atheism c. Humanism d. Optimism

a. Psychophysiological

________ is the term used to describe illnesses in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical symptoms. Select one: a. Psychophysiological b. Biopsychosocial c. Psychoneuroimmunology d. Generalized anxiety

a. Alternative

________ medicine is health care practices and products that are used in place of conventional medicine. Select one: a. Alternative b. Complementary c. Integrative d. Conventional

a. Rogers's

________ nondirective, person-centered therapy centers on the patient's goals and ways of solving problems. Select one: a. Rogers's b. Freud's c. Perls's d. Ellis's

...

he ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy is the purpose of ________________. Select one: a. source monitoring Correct b. the misinformation effect. c. distributive practice. d. context-dependent learning.

d. adrenal gland

the ________ is sometimes called the emergency center of the body. Select one: a. pineal gland b. pituitary gland c. thyroid gland d. adrenal gland Correct

b. ruling out rival hypotheses.

the prevailing explanation for the relationship between stress and illness has been that increased levels of stress result in a decrease in the immune system's ability to protect the body from illness. On the other hand, it is possible that people who are experiencing stress engage in more health-damaging behaviors, this leads us to a greater likelihood of illness. This different explanation of the relationship demonstrates the importance of Select one: a. falsifiability b. ruling out rival hypotheses. c. replicability d. extraordinary claims