Psych 101 - chapter 12

Throughout history and ongoing today, there are cultures where men are routinely violent to loved ones and strangers alike. Yet, their progeny may be raised in a different culture and be gentle and kind. This example illustrates that behaviors are:

a combination of genetic and social.

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.

Because of cataracts, a neighbor was deprived of visual experiences during early childhood. Last year, her vision was restored by surgery but she is having difficulty in dealing with the visual world. This is probably because:

brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses.

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

sex

in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

gender

in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman.

Recent research on babies has shown that babies prefer honest people over dishonest ones. This research is consistent with other findings showing that children globally have:

the same basic morality.

A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half of the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year?

The rats in the enriched environment will have significantly larger cerebral cortexes.

intersex

a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

gender role

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females.

norm

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior.

teach kids a new language during

early childhood

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are at very high risk for physical abuse. This is because the hyperactivity is a(n) _____ trait.

evocative

People with autism spectrum disorder have a tendency to be aloof, so that they keep a distance from others that feels emotionally manageable to them. In this case, aloofness is a(n) _____ trait.

evocative

Because he believes that crying is a feminine trait, 14-year-old George has difficulty admitting that a movie makes him tearful. His experience BEST illustrates dynamics highlighted by:

gender schema theory.

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

A recent ad for toy cars stated: "Your son will feel ten feet tall today. He will be able to explore his world. He will be able to create cities. He will be able to drive his imagination to new places." This is an example of a gender:

role.

When 6-year-old Sara imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Sara's learning of gender-linked behaviors is BEST explained by _____ theory.

social learning

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

spermarche [sper-MAR-key]

the first ejaculation.

menarche [meh-NAR-key]

the first menstrual period.

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.