Psych 101 FINALS (ch 8-11) review

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. A. Asch B. majority C. Milgram

A. Asch

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________. A. Five Factor Model B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) C. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A. Five Factor Model (OCEAN)

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians? A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex. B. Neo-Freudians theorized about personality while Sigmund Freud did not. C. Sigmund Freud did not emphasize childhood sexuality while the neo-Freudians did. D. Sigmund Freud was a feminist while the neo-Freudians were not.

A. Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

By about age 7, those who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language. This illustrates the importance of ________ for language acquisition. A critical period B. An outcome simulation C. The availability heuristic D. Emotional intelligence

A. critical period

Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability B. extroversion/stability; introversion/neuroticism C. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic D. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine

A. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

A. fixed interval

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-edto indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language. A. grammar B. lexicon C. syntax D. thesaurus

A. grammar

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________. A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images B. that employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards C. that is designed to be culturally relevant to minority groups D. that is similar to a word association test

A. in which people are presented with ambiguous images

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

A. negative reinforcement

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________. A. a dependent personality B. an external locus of control C. an internal locus of control D. low self-efficacy

B. an external locus of control

The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called A. An algorithm B. Telegraphic speech C. Grammar D. A heuristic

C. Grammar

Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups? A. assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task B. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task C. having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group D. keeping intergroup contact to a minimum

B. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. positive reinforcement

B. negative reinforcement

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. A. latent B. observational C. Pavlovian D. vicarious

B. observational

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? A. reaction formation B. regression C. repression D. sublimation

B. regression

Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________. A. racist B. sexist C. typical D. xenophobic

B. sexist

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________. A. Conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

B. stimulus discrimination

Those who learn sign language as teens never become as fluent as children exposed to sign language from birth. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for mastering language. A. Heuristics B. Telegraphic speech C. A critical period D. Universal grammar

C. A critical period

Who proposed the locus of control concept? A. Albert Bandura B. Carl Jung C. Julian Rotter D. Walter Mischel

C. Julian Rotter

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. A. dogma B. just-deserts C. just-world D. karma

C. Just-world

The linguist who claimed that all languages share a universal grammar is: A. BF Skinner B. Wolfgang Kohler C. Noam Chomsky D. Howard Gardner

C. Noam Chomsky

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism? A. Emotions are cognitive processes with behavioral antecedents. B. How we cope with anxiety reflects our personality. C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other. D. Our defense mechanisms are formed in childhood.

C. Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Two-year-old Dirk's sentences—"Daddy come," "Mommy laugh," and "Truck gone"—are examples of A. Babbling B. Receptive language C. Telegraphic speech D. Universal grammar

C. Telegraphic speech

Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? A. avoiding the development of any contingency plans. B. having the group leader make his position known before discussion begins C. seeking outside opinions on group decisions D. voting publicly in front of group members

C. seeking outside opinions on group decisions

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A. latent acquisition B. latent punishment C. vicarious punishment D. vicarious reinforcement

C. vicarious punishment

At what age can babies only discriminate among those sounds that are used in the language(s) in their environments? A. 1 - 30 days old B. 2 - 3 months old C. 4 - 6 months old D. 10 - 12 months old

D. 10-12 months

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using two-word sentences such as "I see." A. 0 to 5 B. 6 to 11 C. 12 to 17 D. 18 to 24

D. 18 to 24

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

D. John B. Watson

What is the main idea of social learning theory A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Noam Chomsky attributed children's ability to pick up language so readily to A. trial-and-error problem solving B. the availability heuristic C. emotional intelligence D. a built-in readiness to learn grammar rules

D. a built-in readiness to learn grammar rules

Noam Chomsky has argued that children's readiness to learn language is a(n) A. algorithm B. heuristic C. universal grammar D. biological predisposition

D. biological predisposition

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. stimulus generalization

Who developed social-cognitive theory? A. Abraham Maslow B. Albert Bandura C. Carl Rogers D. Erik Erikson

b. Albert Bandura

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. A. aggressive discord B. cognitive dissonance C. perceptive deception D. peripheral dissension

b. cognitive dissonance

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________. A. aggression B. discrimination C. prejudice D. stereotype

b. discrimination

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. acquisition B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex

b. extinction

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language? A. grammar B. lexicon C. morpheme D. phoneme

b. lexicon

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory? A. observation learning B. reaction formation C. reciprocal determinism D. self-efficacy

b. reaction formation

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________. A. aggression B. cognitive dissonance C. diffusion of responsibility D. prosocial behavior

c. diffusion of responsibility

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

c. extinction

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________. A. racism B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. self-serving bias D. social loafing

c. self-serving bias

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? A. interpretation B. language C. semantics D. syntax

c. semantics

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. A. cognitive dissonance B. diffusion of responsibility C. social exchange D. stereotypes

d. stereotypes

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________. A. central attitude shift B. central attribution error C. fundamental attitude shift D. fundamental attribution error

d. the fundamental attribution error

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. A. character B. Jungian C. Rorschach D. trait

d. trait

Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________. A. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother B. the way Janeka's frustration with her mother led her to do poorly on her exam C. which situational factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam D. which dispositional factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam

A. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother

Noam Chomsky suggested that all human languages share a(n) A. universal grammar B. neural network C. outcome simulation D. algorithm

A. universal grammar

Which question was central to the marshmallow test? A. Do you think you could accomplish great things even when the fates are against you? B. Is your life more like a marshmallow or more like a rock? C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later? D. Would you make the same decisions your parent would make?

C. Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

What is the just-world hypothesis? A. a belief common in the United States that rejects the idea that people get the outcomes they deserve. B. a belief common in the United States that we will be rewarded in the afterlife. C. an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. D. an ideology common in the United States that the rich are bad people who will eventually be punished.

C. an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? A. dysfunction B. dysgraphia C. dyslexia D. aphasia

C. dyslexia

A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. A. attitude B. cognition C. feeling D. sense

A. attitude

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. A. collective unconscious B. gestalt C. id D. ideal self

A. collective unconscious

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________. A. an external locus on control B. an internal locus of control C. good self-regulation D. poor self-regulation

B. an internal locus of control

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. A. congruent; incongruent B. external; internal C. internal; external D. real; ideal

B. external; internal

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? A. being conditioned not to laugh at hats B. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats C. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats