PSYCH 101 online EXAM 1
hindsight bias
"I knew it all along"
Most cannot recall much from before the age of 4
"Infantile amnesia"
People tend to vastly underestimate the amount of change they will experience in a 10 year period. Dan Gilbert refers to this as the ______ illusion
"end of history"
Postconventional
- adolescence and beyond - actions reflect beliefs in basic rights and self defined ethical principles
Conventional
- early adolescence - upholds laws to get approval and maintain social order
stage 1 of sleep
-Light sleep -The brain emits alpha waves--> consistent with a relaxed state of wakefulness
In a study described in the textbook, a male and a female each approached strangers of the other sex on a college campus. Approximately _____ percent of the women who were approached agreed to sleep with the male, and _____ percent of the men who were approached agreed to sleep with the female that night.
0;70
how many women admit to drinking alcohol while pregnant?
1/10
What percent of babies walk by 11 months?
25%
Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than five years since 1960 to:
29 for men, 27 for women
Gender-role stereotypes are MOST apparent around the age of _____ years.
5-6
left brain
CONTROLS SPEECH, math, reasoning and understanding
A student knows the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development and is recalling the name of the second one. They are communicating their knowledge by writing "preoperational" in a blank on a test paper. Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to all the mental activities involved in thinking.
Cognition
stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by:
Erikson's psychosocial development theory
_____ is NOT a psychoactive drug.
Ibuprofen
Emily has epilepsy. Based on the textbook's discussion of neurotransmitters, Emily should avoid foods containing _____.
MSG
According to evolutionary psychologists, there are clear differences between male and female behaviors related to reproduction. Imagine a study in which a woman approaches a man in a bar and starts a casual conversation with him. What will observers of this interaction think?
Many men watching this scenario will perceive the woman's friendliness as sexual interest.
conservation
Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
Why are teenage girls at an increased risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
They have both an immature anatomy and lower levels of protective antibodies.
Alec is a male. His genetic sex is:
XY
Selective inattention
a cognitive process that allows us to concentrate on one aspect of the environment
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:
a theory of mind
women account for about what percentage of all medical students?
about 50%
Which expression BEST captures the proportion of transgender Americans who report having experienced verbal harassment in the past year?
about half
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Social and emotional learning competencies (SEL) have various components. Which one is NOT part of the SEL? -self management -self and social awareness -decision making skills -analytical skills
analytical skills
Sexually active teens are more likely to use contraceptives if they:
are in an exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication.
Kelly is 11 months of age and just began crawling. This is likely a result of Kelly sleeping on her:
back
Sarah's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Seconal (a depressant drug that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation). Seconal is classified as a(n):
barbiturate
Joan is concerned because she often feels like she is going to fall over when she is walking. When she visits the doctor, she is diagnosed with a tumor in the:
cerebellum
A thin layer of tissue called the _____ covers the brain's two hemispheres, collectively known as the _____.
cerebral cortex; cerebellum
Plasticity refers to the brain's ability to:
change function and structure
Neuroplasticity is greatest during:
childhood
Which of these psychoactive drugs produces a quick and very powerful rush of euphoria?
cocaine
At age 7, Levi's dreams tend to be about monsters and other imaginary creatures, while at age 28, Wei's dreams tend to feature more real-world fears about crime. The different content of these dreams BEST reflects which theory?
cognitive development theory
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes is called:
cognitive neuroscience
A child judges the liquid as changing when it switches containers, which demonstrates:
concept of conservation
schema
concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences
Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the _____ period.
concrete operational
Authoritative
confrontative - rules give children the space to thrive
Those in which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking believe that laws are needed to maintain social order?
conventional
cerebellum and pons
coordinates movement
cerebellum
coordinates movement and balance
stage 3 and 4 of sleep
delta waves, deep sleep
Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.
developmental
_____ psychologists investigate the influence of multiple factors on how people change physically, mentally, and socially at every stage of life.
developmental
An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?
developmental psychology
hallucinogens
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (LSD, acid, marijuana)
When Marcia goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth under his eyelids. The child is also lying very still. It is likely that he is:
dreaming
Activation-synthesis theory=
dreams are brain's attempt to synthesize random neural activity
Information- processing perspective
dreams help sift, sort, and fix memories from the day into our memory
Neuroadaptation is MOST likely to contribute to which of these?
drug tolerance
Which statement is true with respect to historical trends in drug use by North American youth?
drug use by north american youths was highest in the late 70s
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
The simultaneous processing of information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is called:
dual processing
When Brad was first learning to drive a car, he had to focus on how far he was turning the wheel and how hard he was pushing the gas pedal. Now, after many years of driving, the skill has become automatic. Brad can now talk to his passengers or listen to music while driving. Brad's experience best exemplifies the psychological phenomenon of:
dual processing
Which term is matched with the correct social development concept?
easy - temperament
hypothalamus
eating, drinking, regulating temp, helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland; linked to emotion and reward
This drug became popular in the 1990s in nightclubs and all-night raves.
ecstasy
What is considered a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen?
ecstasy
At the beginning of the third week after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):
embryo
It is now 6 weeks since Jennifer conceived. At this point, the human organism she is carrying is called a(n) _____; at the third month it will be called a(n) _____.
embryo; fetus
A person "in between" adolescence and adulthood, who is no longer a teen but has yet to assume the full range of "grown-up" responsibilities, is in the phase of life known as:
emerging adulthood
Randall is a 25-year-old gay man who wonders why he is gay and his two brothers are not. A partial explanation might be that he was exposed prenatally to levels of the hormone _____ that are typically experienced by female fetuses.
estrogen
Which religious group is NOT among those with extremely low rates of drug use?
evangelical christians
The stage of sexual arousal marked by bodily changes occurring in anticipation of sexual interaction is called:
excitement
An androgynous individual:
exhibits behaviors associated with both genders
According to Jean Piaget, abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed during the _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
Christina is in the eighth grade and is taking pre-algebra. She is doing very well and will be studying algebra next year. Christina is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
formal operational
As compared with the average male, the average female lives:
four years longer
Hedonic Treadmill
good and bad events temporarily affect our happiness, but we quickly return to a normal state of well being
Which choice correctly pairs a category of psychoactive drug with an example?
hallucinogen - marijuana
Clarice's boss suggests that she might accelerate her career if she performed certain sexual acts. This suggestion is an example of sexual:
harassment
medulla
heartbeat and breathing
After suffering a trauma, people commonly report nightmares, which:
help reduce daytime fears
At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is MOST likely happening to Celia?
her frontal lobes are growing
Which term BEST describes the organization of the nervous system?
hierarchial
Sleep consolidates our memories by reactivating recent experiences stored in the _____ and then shifting them for permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex.
hippocampus
Neisser (1979) demonstrated _____ by showing that viewers who attended to basketball tosses among the players in a game usually failed to spot an umbrella-toting woman walking across the screen.
inattentional blindness
Scaffolding
learning from those older and more experienced
Research with split-brain patients suggests that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.
left cerebral hemisphere
Erika is experiencing her first menstrual period. This is known as:
menarche
Cognitive neuroscience is best described as the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with:
mental processes
Melissa's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in Down syndrome. This is an example of:
mutation
In adolescence the growth of _____, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions.
myelin
Bacteria that resist a hospital's antibiotics rapidly multiply as other bacteria die off. This best illustrates:
natural selection
plato
nature
identical twins are more similar on:
neuroticism and extraversion
This sleep disorder is characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified.
night terrors
John and Joe, identical twins raised together, both complete the NEO, a personality test based on the Big Five theory of personality. How alike are they likely to be on the trait "openness to experience"?
no more alike than siblings
aristotle
nurture
The beginning of adolescence is marked by:
physical signs of maturation
The _____ triggers ovaries and testes to release sex hormones.
pituitary gland
Scientists have discovered in studies with felines that damage to a brain structure called the _____ results in sleep difficulties.
pons
Mel was assigned female at birth but now identifies as male. He is considering "top surgery" to remove his breasts. Based on the text's discussion, top surgery should have _____ effects on Mel's mental health.
positive
Those in this stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral thinking would be likely to say something like, "People have a right to live":
postconventional morality
With respect to the basis of moral reasoning, Kohlberg's _____ thought is to self-interest as postconventional thought is to _____.
preconventional; self-defined ethical principles
The_____ enables judgment, planning, and processing of new memories.
prefrontal cortex
Which of these is a sexual dysfunction?
premature ejaculation
Preoperational children know that objects exist even when they are not visible. They can also:
pretend that one object is another
hippocampus
processes conscious, explicit memories
Marijuana is a hard drug to classify because it:
produces a mixture of effects
Jenna and Dan have been in a committed, monogamous relationship for years, while Siena and Michael just hooked up for the night. Jenna and Dan, after sex, are more likely to experience a surge in the hormone _____, while Siena and Michael will have less of a secretion of this hormone. This hormone is related to sexual satiety and satisfaction after orgasm with a loved one.
prolactin
The surge of the hormone _____ that follows orgasm is not as great when orgasm is achieved alone as opposed to with a loved one.
prolactin
According to cognitive neuroscientists, perception, memory, thinking, language, and attitudes all operate on two levels—a conscious, deliberate "high road" and an unconscious, automatic "low road." The high road is considered to be:
reflective
During the resolution phase of the sexual response cycle, men are unable to develop an erection for a while; this is the _____ period.
refractory
pons
regulates breathing and sleeping
Which of these is a framework for organizing and interpreting information?
schema
Our own concepts of masculinity and femininity that influence our comprehension of the world are called gender:
schemas
_____ consists of all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
self-concept
In Jean Piaget's account of the sensorimotor stage, children acquire a:
sense of object permanence
thalamus
sensory control center - hub through which traffic passes
Which of these is NOT a physiologically induced altered state of consciousness?
sensory deprivation
Nine-year-old Jared has one very good friend. The two boys spend a great deal of time playing one-on-one basketball, and often can be heard talking to each other about a wide range of personal topics. Compared with other boys his age, Jared's social behavior is:
somewhat unusual because most boys his age typically play in large groups and do not engage in intimate discussion.
6 months what develops?
specific attachment to caregivers
An automatic reflex such as a knee jerk or withdrawing a hand from a flame involves the:
spinal cord
"Daydreaming, drowsiness, and dreaming: The three D's of _____ altered states of consciousness."
spontaneous
About 28 percent of traffic accidents occur when people are:
talking or texting on the phone - 4x more likely to get into car accident
According to research conducted by Ellis and colleagues (2003), compared with girls living in father-absent families, girls with fathers present are less likely to experience:
teen pregnancies
Both religious engagement and participation in service-learning programs are predictors of:
teen sexual restraint
Which of these characteristics appears to be the MOST stable over time?
temperament
What occurs during the refractory period?
the neurons reestablishes the negative inside/positive outside charges
Giacomo uses cocaine. He finds that he needs a line or two to re-create the original effects of a bump. Which is the MOST specific term describing Giacomo's experience?
tolerance
Through continued usage, an individual's brain may adapt to compensate for the effects of a drug. This adaptation is called:
tolerance
Neglectful
uninvolved
Permissive
unrestraining
Cognitive neuroscientists believe that the visual system is a dual-processing system in which a _____enables us "to think about the world"—that is, to recognize things and to plan future actions.
visual perception task
Olivia and Abigail are sisters. Olivia began walking when she was 10 months old. Their mother can expect Abigail to begin walking at _____ months of age.
10 months
Dr. Donaldson is a physician. His annual salary is approximately $215,000, which is very nearly average for a male physician. His colleague Dr. Yan is female; she earns the average salary for a female physician. Dr. Yan's salary is approximately:
155,000
Approximately _____ percent of all Canadians 15 years of age or older use marijuana.
16
Pepe is an adult Canadia. All else being equal, there is an approximately _____ percent chance that Pepe uses marijuana.
16
Which of these people is MOST likely to abuse drugs?
17-year-old Jake, whose identical twin is abusing alcohol
All else being equal, which high school senior would have been MOST likely to say that marijuana use is very risky?
1991
Having drug-abusing biological parents increases the risk of drug abuse among adopted people by a factor of:
2
Stan has been diagnosed as having a substance use disorder. The therapist explains to Stan that the disorder severity is considered mild. Based on the criteria for rating levels of severity of substance use disorders, Stan would have _____ symptoms.
2 or 3
From ages _____, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes, thereby enabling rational planning.
3-6, frontal
what percent of babies walk within a week of their first birthday?
50%
In 1890, the average interval between a woman's first menstrual period and marriage, which typically marked a transition to adulthood, was about _____ years.
7
Bryn is a college student at a study session with some of his friends. They are discussing religion and spirituality. This is rather common as _____ percent of U.S. college and university students have similar discussions with their friends.
76
Beginning at around ___ months, many children greet strangers by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.
8
Gino claims that he never dreams. However, if Gino were awakened during REM sleep, he would MOST likely report being in the middle of a dream more than _____ percent of the time.
80
According to the FBI, ______ of homicides are committed by men.
90%
What percent of babies walk by 15 months?
90%
somatosensory cortex
A brain area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
Raina is 25 and happily married. However, she has been feeling much less interested in sexual activities since having her ovaries removed. Which factor might be causing this?
A drop in her testosterone level
amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
stage 2 of sleep
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."
Dr. Wilson, who generally is not very supportive of the theory that men and women have different mating preferences, was discussing the evolutionary perspective with an introductory psychology class last week. Which of these might be a reason for their objection to the evolutionary viewpoint? - It absolves people from taking ethical responsibility for their sexual behavior. - It starts with an effect and works backward to an explanation. - It underestimates cultural expectations and socialization. - All of these things can be cited as criticisms of the evolutionary perspective on mating.
All of these things can be cited as criticisms of the evolutionary perspective on mating.
In his program, Richard asserts that in toxic masculinity, one becomes a "real man" through: athletics having money. All the other answer choices are correct. objectifying women.
All the other answer choices are correct
The _____ areas of the cortex were the last cortical areas to develop.
Association
"Demanding, but responsive" is one way to summarize Baumrind's _____ parenting style.
Authoritative
Steve went to see his doctor with a complaint of erectile disorder. As part of his treatment, his doctor has him participate in a sleep disorder study. The cause of his erectile disorder was later determined to be psychological, not physiological. Why?
Because steve had a morning erection
Phoenix is awake. As they pass from an alert, focused state to a "chill," almost drowsy, state, Phoenix's electrical activity transitions from ______ waves to _____ waves.
Beta; alpha
Brad, a 24-year-old male, has an erection during about half of the time he is asleep at night. Given what you know about sleep, you would say that:
Brad is responding completely normal for someone his age
The textbook suggests that when a person performs a verbal or mathematical task, "a brain scan often reveals increased activity (brain waves, blood flow, and glucose consumption)" in the left hemisphere. Which technique would demonstrate this increase in activity by examining brain waves?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
_____ recordings provide evidence for the fact that the brain responds to sound stimuli during sleep.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Which of these is passed much more often from males to females than from females to males?
HIV infections
Who proposed that morality is rooted within moral intuitions?
Haidt
This famous experiment involving raising monkeys with two artificial mothers was conducted by:
Harry and Margaret Harlow
All of these psychologists are considered stage theorists EXCEPT: - Jean Piaget. - Lawrence Kohlberg. - Erik Erikson. - Marc Bornstein.
Marc Bornstein
Yun Hee is concerned about her daughter, who will be a year-old next week. The baby is not walking yet, and Yun Hee's family is starting to comment on it. Should she be worried?
No, she should not worry. Only 50 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday.
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?
Probably within a day, identical twins usually start walking within a few days of each other
A study discussed in the video found that children may learn more when they play with ______.
STEM toys designed for the opposite sex
The synapse was discovered and named by _____.
Sir Charles Sherrington
Your friend was in a car accident in which his heart stopped briefly and he had to be resuscitated. He informs you that he had a near-death experience. How likely are you to believe him?
Somewhat likely, because approximately 15% of people who experience cardiac arrest recall near death experiences
With respect to its function, sleep does NOT: -Facilitate memory consolidation -Spur the production of free radicals -Optimize athletic performance -Foster divergent thinking
Spur the production of free radicals
In prison, Richard started a program called ________, getting other inmates to question the idea of what it means to be a man.
Success Stories
In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that:
The men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel less guilty than those who did not think they were drinking alcohol, regardles of the true content of the beverage
A local high school is running an experiment with a colony of infant rats. Half the infant rats are isolated in barren cages and the other half live together in an enriched environment with lots of rat toys and exercise equipment. What would the expected outcome be at the end of the school year?
The rats in the enriched environment will have a significantly heavier and thicker cerebral cortex.
Nadiene suffers from insomnia. Which of these likely applies to Nadiene?
They overestimate how long it takes to fall asleep and underestimate how long they actually sleep
After the death of Romania's dictator, children from government-run orphanages were examined. Which of these did not apply to these children? - They were more likely to go to college. -They had lower intelligence scores. -They experienced abnormal stress responses. -They had high rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
They were more likely to go to college
Identical twins usually start walking on the same day T/F?
True
Which effect is NOT associated with stimulants?
a drop in respiration
In studies that followed hundreds of 5- to 18-year-old girls from New Zealand and the United States, _____ was linked to sexual activity before age 16.
a father's absence
An infant is most likely to be at risk for FAS if her mother is:
a heavy drinker
Which choice BEST expresses the proportion of early-twenty-first-century men who had finished school, left home, become financially independent, married, and had a child by age 30?
a minority
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
task switching
a rapid shifting of attention from one task to another and back again
Compared with men who do not have older brothers, men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to experience:
a same-sex sexual orientation
basic trust
a sense that the world and people in it are predictable and trustworthy
Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of transgender people who identify as nonbinary with respect to gender?
a substantial minority
Vygotsky viewed children as
a young apprentice
Which of these pairings can be MOST easily explained by evolutionary psychology?
a young woman marries a successful middle aged man
accomodate
adding new info when we learn
Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the middle of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:
adolescence
Research indicates that having an alcoholic parent makes people more likely to show higher neuroticism, psychiatric stress, and aggressive behavior in _________.
adolescence
_____ is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
adolescence
A firefighter wakes in the middle of the night to the sound of an alarm. It is likely that her _____ have released epinephrine and norepinephrine.
adrenal glands
With respect to the endocrine system, _____ gland is to epinephrine as _____ gland is to oxytocin.
adrenal; pituitary
Having 4 or more ACEs is associated with _______. -more than double the risk of -ischemic heart disease -2 and ½ times the risk of stroke -All the other answer choices are correct. -triple the risk of chronic lung disease
all the other answer choices are correct
A recent newspaper headline reads "Teenagers Use More Drugs If Their Friends Use Drugs." It implies that hanging out with drug-using friends can cause subsequent drug use in young people. What is the major problem with this assumption?
although it assumes the direction of causality, perhaps teenagers who are using drugs select friends who also use drugs
limbic system
amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus
It has been suggested that men in many cultures tend to marry women younger than themselves because men are genetically predisposed to seek female features associated with youthful fertility. This suggestion BEST illustrates:
an evolutionary perspective
Which guideline regarding animals in research is NOT mandated by the American Psychological Association?
animals cannot be used for psychological research experiments
Peter and Paul are identical twins who were raised by different families. However, they both have many similarities—for example, both are postal workers, avid book readers, and woodworkers, and both have two male children. Critics of Thomas Bouchard's work on separated identical twins would say that these similarities:
are no different than if two strangers spent hours comparing their lives
Ariel is drinking a can of beer. Barry is smoking a cigarette. Cord is smoking a marijuana cigarette. Who is using a psychoactive drug?
ariel, barry, cord
The regions of the parietal lobes that are involved in mathematical and spatial reasoning are known as:
association areas
Mary Ainsworth devised the strange situation to assess:
attachment
Garry's parents set firm rules, but they are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, and so on. Garry's parents have which type of parenting style?
authoritative
imprinting
automatic and instantaneous bond between mother and child can occur (in ducks)
Ari has been asked to give a brief lecture on neurons and action potential to a group of high school students. Which model would he use to describe the chemistry-to-electricity process of the action potential?
batteries generate electricity
Preconventional
before 9 - self-interest -obeys to avoid punishment
Estimates of the influence of heredity on personality traits are MOST directly associated with the research efforts of:
behavior geneticists
Studies of the relative impact of nature and nurture on human differences in aggressiveness BEST illustrate the research efforts of:
behavior geneticists
Regarding gender differences in behavior, which statement is MOST accurate?
behavior varies much more among individual men and women than between the average man and woman
Alison has developed an interest in how the brain controls the body's voluntary action. You suggest that she become a(n) _____ psychologist.
biological
Dr. Gonzales seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Gonzales is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
Kevitt was in a motorcycle accident that left him unable to recognize and discriminate objects visually. When his therapist tosses a crumpled piece of paper toward his head, he can move out of the way but he cannot identify the tossed object. Kevitt is demonstrating the phenomenon known as:
blindsight
_____ is a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.
blindsight
Brain scans have revealed that the brains of _____ appear to be wired to enable social relationships.
both men and women
Dr. Paivio studies the ways in which the endocrine system and the nervous system are similar. Which of these might he conclude?
both systems secrete molecules that activate receptors elsewhere
Neuroscientists study consciousness and its connection to:
brain activity
Activation-Synthesis Model
brain is responding to internally generated symbols and imposing a narrative meaning
What does mindful leaders training include?
breathing exercises
The packaging of the toys influenced how moms responded with their kids. They engaged in more _______ with the toys aimed at boys and more _______ with the toys aimed at girls.
building; reading
Shaurice has volunteered to participate in a psychology experiment. When she arrives, a lab assistant standing on the other side of a counter greets her. The lab assistant explains the informed consent procedure and asks Shaurice to sign a form. As the lab assistant reaches for the form he drops it behind the counter. He bends down behind the counter to pick it up, but another person stands up holding the form. After Shaurice signs it, she is asked if she noticed any difference. Shaurice replies that she did not. This phenomenon is known as:
change blindness
Andrew Wakefield's 1998 publication of fake data represented an especially harmful example of scientific fraud in psychology. The publication concerned the potential basis of:
childhood autism
Clarissa was assigned the sex of female at birth and identifies as being a female. Clarissa is considered:
cisgender
Todd's birth sex was male. Today, as an adult, he feels inside that he is a man; his gender identity is masculine. Todd is BEST described as:
cisgender
Crack is a form of _____ and is therefore a _____.
cocaine; stimulant
A person is at a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend about a romantic breakup, the person hears his name spoken from the other side of the room. He immediately looks in the direction of the voice and sees the person who spoke his name. This ability to detect one's name being spoken in this situation is an example of the _____ effect.
cocktail party
Authoritarian
coercive and rules driven
In physics, matter is a difficult concept to define. In psychology, the concept of _____ is similarly elusive.
consciousness
In psychology, _____ is defined as awareness of oneself and of one's environment.
consciousness
Professor Al emphasizes experience and learning. He sees development in terms of its:
continuity
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is MOST directly relevant to the issue of:
continuity and stages
Pharmaceutical studies sometimes test their experimental drugs against an already available medication to see if the experimental drug works the same or better than the existing medication. Those participants who get assigned to the existing-medication group would be in the:
control condition
Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.
conventional
Sandra is a 21-year-old college student who is unsure how their current relationship will be affected if they choose to wait until marriage to be sexually active. A psychology researcher would tell them:
couples who wait until they are deeply committed have the best sex lives.
Critics of evolutionary psychology are particularly likely to emphasize that gender differences in mate preferences can also be by-products of:
cultural practices
Which is a state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?
daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming
opiods
decrease neural functioning (heroine, meth, pain relievers)
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Which of these is an example of a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?
deirde has just entered a state of hypnosis with aid of a psychologist
Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. To which category of psychoactive drugs do they belong?
depressants
Annette works the night shift at a local factory. What is she likely to experience that may result in chronic fatigue, stomach problems, and heart disease?
desynchronyzation
Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:
development of the frontal lobe and its connections with the other parts of the brain
Most neurons have all of these parts EXCEPT:
don't have glia cells cuz those are non-neuronal
In research examining the contribution of genes and neurons to addiction, the neurotransmitter _____ appears to be involved.
dopamine
Long-term methamphetamine use can produce damage to the brain's:
dopamine system, leaving the user with depressed functioning
The textbook states that "after high school, those who enter the job market or go to college may be managing their own time and priorities. Yet they may be doing so from their parents' home, unable to afford their own place." These individuals are in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.
emerging
amygdala
enable aggression and fear
Collin often experiences a runner's high during his daily 3-mile run. Which neurotransmitter in his brain is MOST likely responsible for this experience?
endorphins
External influences on development make up the:
environment
_______ is the study of what can be inherited or passed down from a parent to a child biologically, but outside of the actual letters of someone's DNA.
epigenetics
In extreme cases, split-brain operations are used to treat:
epilepsy
Karin and Linda are adoptees in Sweden. Karin's biological parents abused drugs; she was adopted by a family that does not use drugs. Linda's biological parents did not use drugs, but her adoptive siblings do. All else being equal, Linda's risk of abusing drugs is _____ Karin's.
equal to
Since 1998, Viagra has been a highly successful treatment for:
erectile disorder
Which phase of the sexual response cycle is correctly described?
excitement - physical stages start becoming evident
reticular formation
extensive nerve network that controls waking up, filters stimulation, and relays info
stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that begins around 8 months
According to researcher Qazi Rahman (2015), "gay men appear, on average, more _____ in brain pattern responses and lesbian women are somewhat more _____."
female typical; male typical
How many components does the SEL Social and Emotional Learning Competencies include?
five
Women's sexual orientation can be described as more _____ than men's.
fluid
Coctail party effect
focused on one thing, not on surroundings.
A former NFL player is arrested after shooting two members of an ex's family. Friends and family remark that the athlete had become impulsive and irascible—quick to anger—in the past several years. "He'd had so many concussions when he played for the Seahawks," one acquaintance noted. The player MOST likely suffered damage to the _____ lobes.
frontal
Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the brain's _____ lobe.
frontal
Maria had a stroke last year. Although she can remember many things from her childhood, she is unable to remember what she just ate for breakfast. It is MOST likely that the stroke caused damage to her _____ lobes.
frontal
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?
frontal
Communication among distinct areas of the brain and neural networks is called:
functional connectivity
Your memory, language, attention, and social skills all result from:
functional connectivity
The school of psychology called _____ was MOST clearly concerned with the adaptive value of psychological processes.
functionalism
Which school of psychology was MOST clearly concerned with the adaptive value of psychological processes?
functionalism
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called:
gender typing
Epigenetics is the study of environmental influences on _____ that occur without a DNA change.
gene expression
Lester is 59. He has just celebrated his twenty-fifth anniversary at his company. He feels that his gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he balanced his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Lester is in the stage of development called _____ versus stagnation.
generativity
Erik Erikson proposed that during the _____ stage of development people discover a sense of contributing to the world or they develop a lack of purpose.
generativity vs stagnation
When Hassan celebrated his thirtieth anniversary at the company, he felt that the rare, autographed baseball he was given, while nice, was just a meaningless trinket. Hassan thought that his wife and children were much more important than the job. Hassan is in the stage of development called:
generativity vs stagnation
Jerome suffers from insomnia. Abigail, however, is a morning person. Their differing sleep patterns may be partly due to:
genetics
In the annual Blue versus Red football game, Justin initially bet against the Blue team, who eventually won. After the game, Justin claimed he knew Blue would be the winners. Justin's claim illustrates:
hindsight bias
Her boss tells Navi some news that disturbs her, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After Navi gets off the phone, she has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Navi is reacting to the continued effect of:
hormones
gender script
how society says someone is supposed to act because of her or his sex in a specific situation
Richard states that when he was in middle school, his peers thought that being a Black man meant being _________.
hyper violent and hyper masculine
Gabe goes to bed at his regular time, and as he begins to drift slowly off to sleep, he jumps up suddenly as he feels he is falling down the stairs. This is BEST explained by a(n) _____ sensation.
hypnagogic
Sixteen-year-old Jake is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by Jake's combinations of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. Jake's mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jake is in the stage of development called:
identity vs role confusion
According to research on the stability of temperament, which of these is the MOST stable over time?
impulsiveness
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic - conservation - egocentrism - symbolism and pretend play
sensorimoter stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities - lack of object permanence
Concrete Operational Stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events - understand change in form doesn't mean change in quantity - can reverse questions
Formal Operational Stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts - abstract thinking, hypothetical propositions
Josie intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the adjacent empty seat next to her. Her inability to notice the bird can be explained by:
inattentional blindness
Karly intently watches the live tennis match and does not realize that a bird has landed on the adjacent empty seat next to her. Her inability to notice the bird can be explained by:
inattentional blindness
Which of these is NOT one of the advantages well-rested athletes have?
increased release of speed hormone
Dr. Williams is researching the function of dreams in memory retention. She believes that dreams help people sort out the day's events and consolidate their memories. Dr. Williams is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.
information processing
An undersupply of the neurotransmitter GABA is related to:
insomnia, tremors, seizures
According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:
intimacy with others
Regarding status and power in our modern society, brute strength is generally becoming:
irrelevant
Janice has a job, a cat named Jake, and 33 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Janice is in the stage of development called intimacy versus _____.
isolation
Dan Gilbert discusses a study in which some people were asked to predict how much their values would change over the next 10 years. Other people were asked to report how much their values had changed over the last 10 years. The researchers found that while value change slows down as we age ______.
it did not slow as much as people predicted it would
A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. The child points to the rouge on the mirror's reflected image. From this example one can conclude that the child:
lacks self recognition
As compared to other people, a highly efficient computer engineer would MOST likely have:
larger parietal lobes
Matthew tries to finish the day's most important business by 1 in the afternoon. before his brain runs down. His graduate student Meghna claims that her brain comes alive at 10 at night. Matthew may be described as a(n) _____, whereas Meghna is better called a(n) _____.
lark; owl
Layla is deaf and fluent in American Sign Language. Meaningful signs are processed in the _____ hemisphere of Layla's brain because the signs are _____.
left; speech related
Research suggests that after 18-year-old Kevitt has looked at online images of sexually attractive women, he will be:
less likely to perceive his girlfriend as attractive
A feeling of extreme relaxation and lack of energy is called:
lethargy
The hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala are all parts of the brain's _____ system.
limbic
A study that follows and retests the same people over time is a(n) _____ study, whereas a study that compares people of different ages at the same point in time is a(n) _____ study.
longitudinal; cross-sectional
Carlos has been asked what caused the global pandemic related to COVID-19. Rather than state that he does not know the cause of COVID-19, he proceeded to provide an answer that happened to be incorrect. Researchers have called this phenomenon:
male answer syndrome
Based solely on this information, which person would be MOST likely to experience sleep apnea?
mark, an overweight 55 year old man
Mary and Bob are both drinking alcohol. Knowing that alcohol affects men and women differently, which statement is accurate?
mary will get drunk faster than bob
As is typical of infants and young children everywhere, Janae first produced one-word sentences, then two-word sentences, and, finally, sentences of several words. This orderly sequence of language acquisition reflects:
maturation
Like infants all over the world, Jonah could sit before he could stand, and stand before he could walk. This orderly sequence of motor milestones reflects:
maturation
The orderly sequence of biological growth is called:
maturation
Which of these is an example of an altered state of consciousness that is psychologically induced?
meditation (NOT daydreaming, dreaming, or orgasm)
A brain structure called the _____ may be considered the base of the brainstem.
medulla
In the brain, the _____ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing.
medulla
A manufacturing company installs bright lights in a plant in which many employees work the 11 P.M. to 7 A.M. shift. The lights simulate morning sun, helping the suprachiasmatic nucleus to reduce the production of the sleep-inducing hormone called:
melatonin
The amygdala is to emotion as the hippocampus is to:
memory
hippocampus
memory
The finding that men are more likely than women to initiate sexual activity applies to:
men in nearly all cultures
In a study on aggression, a group of college students are given an experimental task intended to be purposely frustrating. Then, the participants are given a task that forced them to administer (fake) electric shocks to another participant. Given what we know about gender differences and aggression, what should the research expect?
men will administer more painful electrical shocks
Gays and lesbians have been found to score midway between straight males and straight females on:
mental rotation tasks
With regard to gender roles in modern society, research indicates that gender roles are:
merging
If a gene has a lot of ______ groups attached to it, they can create problems with copying that gene, or it can keep the gene from doing what it is supposed to do.
methyl
The ____ connects the hindbrain and the forebrain.
midbrain
inattentional blindness
miss a sign cuz you're talking to someone
To most people, the abuse of others is so emotionally disturbing that they immediately recognize it as wrong and immoral. This demonstrates that moral judgments may reflect:
moral intuitions
Hernando is an early-maturing boy. Hernando is likely to be:
more self-assured, popular, independent
As compared with women, men think about sex _____ often and view _____ pornography.
more; more
In one study, 1000 participants report their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they occur in their daily lives using a smartphone app. Based on this information, the study is MOST likely as example of:
naturalistic observation
In debating the origins of knowledge, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of:
nature v nurture
In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of:
nature-nurture interactions
A researcher develops a self-report questionnaire assessing "morningness." High scores indicate the tendency toward being a lark, or morning person, whereas low scores indicate the tendency toward being a night owl. Based on the textbook's discussion, the researcher should find a _____ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of openness, and a _____ correlation between scores on this measure and scores on a measure of the Big Five trait of conscientiousness.
negative; positive
Information from the peripheral nervous system is carried to the central nervous system by neural cables called:
nerves
While listening to operatic solos, musicians process the lyrics and the tunes in separate brain areas. This MOST clearly illustrates the functioning of different:
neural networks
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of the ability to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes
In the study discussed in the video, the children showed _____ for toys branded for their own gender.
no preference
Vince really enjoys eating ice cream. The joy he receives from eating it comes from the dopamine reward center in which area of the brain (the area is located in front of the hypothalamus)?
nucleus accumbens
Among adults, the MOST common sleep disorder involves:
ongoing trouble falling or staying asleep
Sexual content and dreams:
only 1 in 10 dreams among young men and 1 in 30 young women had sexual content
Individuals who text while driving have a much higher risk of getting into a car accident. This is because our attention can focus:
only on one area at a time
Lou is worried that he will become addicted to the drug he has been taking to relieve his pain and anxiety. He is MOST likely taking a(n):
opiate
Ricardo has compound fractures of his arm and leg and a broken jaw due to an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has been taking morphine, a powerful painkiller. Which type of drug is Ricardo taking?
opiate
People all over the world react similarly when they are reunited with loved ones. For example, if you watch people greeting each other at family reunions, they tend to have the same joyful expressions on their faces, no matter what country they come from. This similarity can be attributed to:
our shared human genome
Mike and Carla find that the closer their relationship becomes, the more sexual satisfaction they experience. This is due to:
overlapping brain reward regions
opiates
pain killers
An individual whose sexual and romantic attraction is not restricted to any sex or gender identity is called _____.
pansexual
Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, they continue to check their phone and watch for people they know. Nevertheless, they seem able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what you are saying. This type of behavior is evidence of:
parallel processing
Which of these factors is probably LEAST important with respect to children's optimal social development?
parent's sexual orientation
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Right brain
perceptual tasks; makes inferences, modulates speech, orchestrates sense of self, and makes meaning clearer
The localization of function was first proposed by:
phrenology
Men are more likely to engage in _____ aggression than women.
physical
Jill and Thomas, who have been happily married for five years, both experience feelings of satisfaction and contentment after sex. Studies have found that unlike couples who hook up for one night, Jill and Thomas experience a surge of the hormone _____, which accounts for this feeling of satisfaction and contentment.
prolactin
Thirteen-year-old Abigail is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has made her mother very worried. Abigail is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Abigail's behavior?
pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development
At about age 11 in girls and age 12 in boys, a surge of sex hormones triggers the onset of:
puberty
____ is the time when we mature sexually.
puberty
To ensure he gets the most he can out of his cruise vacation, night after night Felix stays up late. He tries to sleep during the day, but his cabin is too noisy and he suffers from REM sleep deprivation. Felix can expect to experience REM _____ during his first several nights back home.
rebound
A possible additional side effect of the stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic may be:
reduced sleep quality and duration
Egocentricsm
refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view
A political candidate attempts to discredit an opponent through a "fake news" campaign accusing the opponent of serious crimes. This example illustrates _____ aggression.
relational
When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant has:
remembered the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different
The text cites research suggesting that deaf people who learned sign language before another language may have better-than-average motion detection (Bosworth& Dobkins, 1999; Shiell et al., 2014). According to the text, this advantage illustrates the process of _____ in the _____ lobe.
reorganization; temporal
In 1949, Moruzzi and Magoun severed a cat's _____ from higher brain regions; the cat lapsed into a permanent coma.
reticular formation - stimulating will wake the animal
A gender _____ is a set of expected behaviors for men on the one hand, and for women on the other.
role
The term "gender _____" refers to the collection of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits that a culture associates with masculinity or femininity.
role
When a baby's cheek is touched, they will turn toward the touch, then open their mouth in search of a nipple. This is known as the _____ reflex.
rooting
Nonreproductive sexual characteristics such as the deepened male voice and male facial hair are called:
secondary sex characteristics
Three-year-old Isaiah happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his parent is sitting nearby. However, if he goes up to the reception desk for a few moments, he will return to their side before going off to explore the toys again. Isaiah most clearly displays signs of:
secure attachment
Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
selective attention
Gerri ignores the sound of the television to focus on a telephone conversation. Gerri's experience BEST illustrates:
selective attention
Safani has noticed that her pet cat seems to come to her when its name is called. This is related to:
selective attention
The impact of genes on observable traits can vary in different environments. Thus, genes are said to be:
self-regulating
In puberty, the _____ of physical changes is far more predictable than their timing.
sequence
Processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time is called:
sequential processing
Although Naeem has no genital sensations, he is capable of an erection if his genitals are stimulated. Naeem's experience is MOST indicative of a:
severed spinal cord
Research on sex hormones and animal sexual behavior indicates that:
sexual receptivity in female mammals peaks at the time of ovulation.
Dedalus Hyde of the Bay Area Trauma Center states that traumatic events in childhood are the memories most associated with_____, which makes it very difficult to talk about those experiences.
shame
Esha, a 3-month-old baby, is staring intently at a new person who just came and sat beside her. Why is Esha staring so intently?
she has a newborn interest in new stimuli and faces
_____ is a periodic, natural loss of consciousness.
sleep
Chuck has always been a chronic snorer, much to the dismay of his wife Elaine. For the last 3 months, he has been waking up in the middle of the night gasping for air. He MOST likely suffers from:
sleep apea
Which of these is NOT a purpose of sleep, according to your textbook?
sleep helps us create and maintain social connections
Anthony has signed up for a horticulture class. When he walks into the classroom on the first day, he realizes that all the students in the class, including the teacher, are women. He is aware of his:
social identity
James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only African American male in the store. He is aware of his:
social identity
_____ is the "we" aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group memberships.
social identity
Six-year-old John likes to help his dad fix things around the house. When his dad gets ready to start fixing something, John grabs his toy tools. Sometimes he even picks up a real screwdriver to try and help fix whatever is broken. John's imitation of his dad's behavior can be best explained by:
social learning theory
When Marissa imitates her mother, carefully wrapping and setting out presents for the holiday celebration, she is praised and given holiday cookies. Marissa's learning of gender-linked behaviors is best explained by:
social learning theory
Culturally modeled guides for how to act in various situations are:
social scripts
Years sometimes pass before old friends reconnect. When they reunite, they often remark that "it's like no time has passed!" With respect to the three major issues reviewed in the text, this scenario BEST supports the notion that the development of close friendships is characterized by:
stability
Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents the _____ side of the _____ developmental issue.
stability; stability and change
Ecstasy
stimulant and hallucinogen
Beginning at around 8 months of age, infants may become fearful around unfamiliar people. This is called _____ anxiety.
stranger
at 8 months what develops?
stranger anxiety and separation distress
Cognitive neuroscientists believe that consciousness generally arises from:
strong synchronized activity throughout the brain
phenology
studying bumps on the skull, could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits.
Strella feels socially disconnected from classmates and peers. This experience increases Strella's risk for:
substance abuse
Courtney finds she needs more and more methamphetamine to get as high as she did before. She has withdrawn from college and was fired from her part-time job. Still, she craves methamphetamine all the time. According to the American Psychiatric Association, Courtney's case illustrates:
substance abuse disorder
According to the CDC, men are 4 times more likely to die of _____ than women.
suicide
Exposure to sunlight and other bright light:
suppresses the production of melatonin.
Needles frighten Janice. As she awaits a flu shot, Janice's _____ nervous system is probably going into overdrive.
sympathetic
Santiago Ramón y Cajal referred to these as "protoplasmic kisses."
synaptic gaps
The areas of the motor cortex responsible for precise movements:
takes up a large part
_____ are agents (for example, chemicals and viruses) that can reach the embryo or fetus and do it harm.
teratogens
_____ are agents that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause it harm.
teratogens
The _____ is to sensory input as an old-fashioned switchboard is to telephone calls.
thalamus
Manifest content
the apparent and remembered story line
Larry has procrastinated and is cramming in an attempt to memorize a great deal of material for his final exams. Finished at last, he goes to bed. Unfortunately, his next-door neighbor has a noisy, barking dog. The barking interrupts Larry's sleep cycle, especially during REM sleep. The next day Larry does very poorly on the exams. According to the information-processing theory of dreams, one explanation for his poor performance (in addition to his study habits) is that:
the barking interfered with his REM sleep, which in turn interfered with his memory consolidation
plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
In a classic experiment with preschoolers, Walter Mischel gave children a choice to eat one marshmallow now or two marshmallows when he returned a few minutes later. Mischel was testing _____ in the children.
the capacity to delay gratification
Joanna just realized that she conceived a child about seven days ago and wants learn more about what is happening. Which of these occurs around the seventh day of pregnancy?
the cells of the zygote begin to differentiate
Why do we overestimate the amount of stability in our preferences, values, personality, etc.? According to Dan Gilbert, it is due to _______.
the ease of remembering vs the difficulty of imagining
Louisa, the sister of Gino, a gay man, is statistically likely to have more children than average. This BEST reflects:
the fertile female theory
Hailey is babysitting her 2-year-old nephew for the first time. While her back is turned, he touches his index finger to the pan she just took out of the oven. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why does it take longer for him to scream than to pull away his finger?
the hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, so it takes time before the information about pain reaches the brain
Which area of the limbic system has considerable influence on the secretion of hormones throughout the body?
the hypothalamus
Cognitive Neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating)
Margaret learned how to ride a bike when she was 5 years old, but when asked to explain how she balances the bike she is unable to do so. All of these explain why Margaret cannot explain this skill EXCEPT:
the skill of riding a bike is only accessed through conscious processing
Latent content
the unconscious drives and wishes
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
corpus callosum
the wide band of axon fibers connecting the two hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in another cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns, she is able to find the bear in the other cabinet where her brother had put it. This illustrates Shelly's development of:
theory of mind
_____ refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states; that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.
theory of mind
Imagine that 10-year-old children are shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What are the MOST likely results?
they forget all their classmates
Betty's metabolism has been irregular and she has been moody, tired, and weak. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland.
thyroid
barbituates
tranquilizers
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task, the one infants wrestle with, is:
trust vs mistrust
With respect to the nervous system, somatic is to autonomic as _____ is to _____.
voluntary is to involuntary
Which of these can be said regarding experiencing unfairness?
we seem to be hard wired to dislike unfairness
A withdrawal symptom from smoking not common:
weight loss
assimilate
what we view into what we know
REM stage of sleep
when dreaming occurs, characterized by "Rapid Eye Movements", accompanied by "atonia" (muscle paralysis), small and fast EEG
Men report that their MOST intimate and nurturing friendships tend to be:
with women
After an entire day without alcohol, Selena is sweaty and shaking. Selena's symptoms BEST reflect:
withdrawal
An example of a primary sex characteristic is a:
woman's ovaries
_____ tend to have a night owl sleep pattern.
young adults
