PSYCH 110 Ch. 7

unconditioned response

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ is salivation.

He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.

yler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used the drug. Why?

discrimination

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. Miguel's response best illustrates:

Unconditioned response

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into one's eye is a(n):

Crying

Diana takes her 1-year-old daughter, Lucille, for a walk. Lucille reaches out to touch an orange flower and is stung by a bumblebee. The next day, Lucille's dad brings home some orange flowers. He takes a flower from the arrangement over to the baby to smell. Lucille cries loudly when she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?

conditioned stimulus

Edelia had cancer and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just entering the waiting room made her nauseous. The waiting room became the:

US and CS

Eduardo drinks two energy drinks every afternoon. Often Eduardo experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he take the first sip of his energy drink, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the drink to reach significant levels in his bloodstream. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the taste of the energy drink has become a(n) _____ that elicits the _____ of alertness.

associative learning

Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:

associative

Every time Maureen opens the cabinet where she stores her dog's treats, her dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of _____ learning.

classical conditioning

Five-year-old Destiny is frightened by the noise thunder makes. Thus, when Destiny sees lightning, she often cries in anticipation of the thunder. This is an example of:

Discrimination

Four-year-old Clay developed a fear of going down steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandparents' house, he was not afraid of going down the steps from their front door. Unlike Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white furry things, Clay was demonstrating:

generalization

Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going up steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house, he was fearful of climbing the steps to her front door. Much like Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white furry things, Tommy was demonstrating:

fear

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR).

classical conditioning

John has been a coffee drinker since he started college three years ago. Now he finds that anytime he smells coffee when he enters a nearby Starbucks, he starts to feel more alert and awake even before he takes his first sip of coffee. This is an example of:

habitual behavior

John just started his vacation and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of:

classical

Lightning is associated with thunder because it precedes it. Thus, when a child sees lightning, the child anticipates hearing thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

chemotheropy

Loretta had cancer and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just entering the waiting room made her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.

In order to reduce her cravings, Marcia should avoid places where she usually smoked.

Marcia is in therapy to get help in her efforts to stop smoking. Her therapist made a series of suggestions to help reduce her cravings. Which of the therapist's suggestions is based on Pavlov's research on classical conditioning?

classical conditioning

Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later he became ill and spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A month later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:

waiting room

Morris had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent 18 months of treatment, just walking into the waiting room made him nauseous. The _____ became the conditioned stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus

Nate had cancer as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, just walking into the waiting room made him nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

...

Operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

operant

Pamela wanted to train her dog, Zorro, to come to her when called. Every time Pamela called Zorro and he came, Pamela would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Zorro would come every time he was called. Pamela used _____ conditioning to train Zorro.

extinction

Parinita drinks several cups of coffee a day. Often Parinita experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when she smells a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes after the first sip for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in her bloodstream. She decides, with the encouragement of her doctor, to quit drinking coffee. At first she still experiences the alertness when she smells coffee, but after about 10 days she no longer experiences the effect. The lack of alertness when she smells coffee is an example of _____.

observational

Penny's cat learned to press a lever so more food would be poured into her food bowl. Penny's roommate's kitten watched the cat perform this behavior. Within a month the kitten was performing it as well. This is an example of _____ learning.

bee sting

Renata takes her young daughter, Crystal, outside for a walk. When Crystal touches a red flower, she gets a bee sting. The next day, Crystal's grandmother brings over some red flowers. She shows the arrangement to Crystal, who runs away the moment she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.

food

Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior after they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of these is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

spontaneous recovery

This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

discrimination

Three-year-old Antoinette is waiting with her older brother in her pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room, her older brother screams and cries. This frightens Antoinette, and she begins to scream and cry. The next week when Antoinette goes for her first dentist appointment, her mother is afraid that she will cry and scream. However, when the dental assistant enters wearing a white uniform, Antoinette shows no sign of fear. Antoinette's lack of a fear response to the white uniform worn by the dentist assistant in the dentist office is an example of:

observational

Tim and Martina had some friends over for a meal. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year old son, Logan, who was playing with Tim and Martina's 3-year-old-son, Tony. Logan noticed some cookies on the table and requested one. His parents refused, which caused Logan to throw a tantrum. His parents gave him a cookie so he would stop the tantrum. Tony was watching. The next day Tim was preparing dinner, and Tony requested a cookie. He was told that he could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Tony then threw a tantrum, which he had never done before. Tony's behavior is an example of _____ learning.

After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the smell and taste of coffee have become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response of alertness.

Victor drinks two cups of coffee every morning. Often Victor experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he sips a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in his bloodstream. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon?

Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat?

classical

When Giorgio was a child he was attacked by a swarm of bees in a park. Now every time he hears the sound of buzzing insects he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

operant

Zach wants to train his dog to sit and lay down on command. Zach should use _____ conditioning to train his dog.

operant

_____ conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

generalization

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

latent

_____ learning is learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.