PSYCH 135 UCLA MIDTERM

Plato

"ruler of the body, distinct from the body, and therefore can live on without the body" first example of dualism: body and mind are two separate things

• Immediate experience (pre-reflective consciousness)

- 'Stream of consciousness' (William James, 1890) - Perception driven by automatic construals - Seems like 'Reality' - Lots of simultaneous automatic processes

Reflective consciousness

- 'Thought' - Reflections on the stream of consciousness - Has the quality of aboutness - Controlled processes: we experience reflective consciousness as something we personally control - Only one controlled process at a time

Three situational factors we don't anticipate/perceive (Hyp-Reason 1b)

1. proximity 2. Power of Authority 3. "Slippery Slope" effect and our need to appear consistent w ourselves

Why primes affect ambiguous behavior more

Ambiguous situations/descriptions allow the situational construal to be moved around more

William James

I have as many selves as there are people who recognize me the self is regulated by the social enviornment.

Jean-Paul Sartre

I judge & evaluate others as "objects", so they must judge me based on this "object" nature of mine that I can't know - Anxiety • Anxiety, thus, is a fundamental component of any self that can be known & judged by others, but cannot be perfectly controlled by oneself If people are judging you and you can't see yourself as they see you it produced anxiety. Most of us avoid things that will cause anxiety.

Rene Descartes

I think therefore I am plagiarized the line from St AugustineCartesian dualism: mind and body are separate.

low discrepancy + ideal

JOY

Objective Self-Awareness

OSA makes us feel bad everyone fills out a self esteem questionaire looking in the mirror: low self esteem not looking in the mirror: higher self esteem looking at an old western movie: the highest self esteem

Why automaticity matters

Situations alter our subjective construals without our consentG

What do these situational factors do to subjects

They change the way the subjects makes sense of their choices - Subjective construal - Authority allows them to see self as not responsible - Slippery slope - compare one's next behavior to the last. Not thinking of absolute value of shock level

Democritus

We are all made of atoms (and nothing but atoms) • The soul is physical (and made of atoms)

Law of Craypid

We judge others with different perspectives more harshly than we should

Friedrich Nietzsche "generalized other"

Who benefits when you do vs. don't engage in selfcontrol - Those around you almost always benefit more when you are in control of your impulses

Empathy Gaps

You can't empathize with other group because you didn't have the same experience - aka "curse of knowledge"

generalized other

an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings - regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before

high discrepancy + ought

anxiety

controlled processes

are intentional involve awareness interfere with other processes require effort tend to be linguistic

Elevator Logic

from reflective processing and controlled processing just because something sounds reasonble does not mean that it is example: teachers logic about the franz building

Baumeister

historical view of the self we are defined by our hard choices1000 years ago we did not have selves no hard choices to make education relationships etcevidence in diaries autobiographies and writing linear increase in self reflective writingfirst painting where it includes the artist in the painting

John Locke

identity depends on the ability to remember •wrong because research shows that amnesia patients even though they don't remember their past they know themselves

Dionysion

intoxicated fusion with others and the unspecifiable (darkness) underbelly of life - Sex, drugs, and rock'n'roll - Distinction between self and other blurs

Friedrich Nietzsche: apollonian

light, restraint, language, individuation, categories - Distinction between self and others made clear - See objects and their features more clearly in the light - Distinctions = separation & detachment ("use your words" for kids) - Order at the expence of vitality

Johann Fichte

no being becomes aware of themselves without simultaneously being aware of others and linked the self with the social world. connection between recognizing ourselves an an entity and recognizing others as an entity. first social psych theory of self developmental psych supports this

Distrust of Unbiased Sources

not trusting sources because you believe they stand for the opposites of your beliefs

constructive model of seeing

objective reality --> (SITUATIONS)filters (construal, expectations, associations) --> biased perception beliefs

video recorder model of seeing

objective reality --> accurate perception beliefs

False Polarization

overestimation of the expected group score on a certain attribute in comparison.

Real Polarization

perceived differences become real differences

Forms of Automaticity

perceptual, semantic, social

Scar study

person thinks there is a scar on their head so the people they interact with will be judgemental self-fulfilling prophecy I think I will be judged so I act in a weird way so that those that converse with me will act weird priming: you are primed and ready to see your partners ambigious behavior as very tense and negative.

high discrepancy + ideal

sadness

low discrepancy + ought

satisfaction

Arthur Schopenhauer

self basic motivation to live, at the expense of other things: will=motivation+desire prereflective: hunger,sexual urges,etc. idea=thinking reflective the will degrades us and the idea saves us this sounds Freudian (id/superego)

Goldilocks Model of Automaticity

simple associations- too stupid freudian-too smart dynamic pattern completion-just right

St. Thomas Aquinas

tabula rasa •blank slate •experience influences who we are

Bias Blindspot

tendency for people to think that biases/ errors in judgments are more common in others than in themselves

Automaticity

the ability to process information with little or no effort

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response • shapes our construal • only affect construals when applicable to behaviors

Reflected appraisals

the idea that people's self-images arise primarily from the ways that others view them and from the many messages they have received from others about who they are

David Hume

the idea that we have a self is just an idea. It can never be accessed so how can we know its real? We do act as if we have a self and par of how we know is how others view us.

Situational Constraints

• "What would I do?" • Anyone who does what I think I would do is just doing the expected • Anyone worse than what I think I would do is cruel • Anyone worse than what I think I would do is cruel - Inaccurate estimate of what we would do

John Butler

• Being inconsiderate to your future self - Drinking vs. Hangover - Act as if someone else will wake up with hangover - Milkshake vs. Diet - Future self can't hurt me • Admitting you're wrong to significant other - "I would never do that and I never will" - "I'm sorry my past self did that to you" - Dis-identify with past self • Does the self have a duration? • Neural & behavioral data on past/future selves

Four Horsemen of Automaticity

• Doesn't require intention • Doesn't require awareness (of the process) • Doesn't interfere with others • Doesn't require effort

G.H. Mead

• Learn about self through reactions and feedback from others - see one's social "objectness" through their eyes • Reflected appraisals - the reflection of the self's attributes as seen from the perspective of others - 'what I think you think of me' affects what I think of me - Flashlight/Mirror problem • Self-knowledge not gained from introspection • Introspection is really a dialogue with the Generalized Other (like Freud's superego) • Most basic self-awareness is actually social in nature (you're never alone)

Dynamic Pattern Completion

• Lots of competing inputs (Constraints) • Some constraints harder than others • Constraint satisfaction resolves them • Pattern that satisfies most constraints usually wins • Largely happens automatically

Supraliminal

• Participants are aware of prime but not aware of prime's purpose • Larger effects • Easier to detect/counteract

Subliminal

• Prime is shown below conscious threshold (around 16 milliseconds) • Small effects • Harder to detect/counteract

Situations

• The immediate physical and social environment - Who and what are around you • The implied physical and social environment - What you believe others are thinking and how they might respond to you - The significance for you determines the meaning of the situation and is often invisible to observers or even to you • Your internal mental situation: Your own expectations, associations, and recent thoughts

Constraint Satisfaction

• The process of computationally trying to satisfy as many of the constraints as possible to reach the best global construal/pattern • Look for pattern that produces the least tension across all constraints

Where does automaticity come from?

• Unintentional/incidental practice - Cultural norms - Developing your native language as a child - Nonverbal communication • Intentional practice - Typing - Sports - Musical instrument - Study/dietary habits

Why do we misjudge others?

• wrong model of experience and perception • our mental representations perfectly reflect reality

Naïve realism

•disbelief in subjective construal and multiple perspectives as the fundamental nature of experiencing •the belief that what we see IS reality and takes no account of the construal processes. - Naïve realism IS an error - To believe my subjective construal is objective IS an erro • believe in the smart phone recorder model of seeing

Aristotle

•self and soul is an emergent quality of the physical body • violins sound is result of how is built

Subjective Construal

•the way each of us as an individual interprets what we see around us in the world •often automatic •Automatic construals don't feel like construals. Feel like perception of what is really there •not an error just a process