PSYCH 165 Final Exam
What does transmitters does alcohol enhance?
It enhances GABA (a neurotransmitter that decreases anxiety) and suppresses glutamate function (neurotransmitter for memory)
What does ADHD medication decrease?
It has 75% decrease in error and 65% decrease in reaction times
What makes a drug schedule 1?
It has a high potential for abuse Not currently acceptable for medical used in the US Lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision
Independent variable
a variable whose variation does not depend on another--the one being controlled
As the number of noisy measurements increases, their mean will tend to approach what?
the true population mean
What does demand elasticity mean?
How bad do people want the substance It means that you cannot change the price without affecting the demand (increased the price = decreased demand) (decreased price = increased demand) Drugs tend to be inelastic
What are the chronic effects of marijuana?
IQ decline, decline in short term memory, dependence, (no physical dependence but people get addicted through habit), and higher tendency towards mental health problems
What is the Deterrence Theory?
If we want to know why people do anything we must quantify the good and the bad and multiply the probability that either will occur - Legal sanctions add to bad - Use should be affected by changes to good or bad - Not much evidence that has a big effect - Probability of punishment doesn't have clear effect
Kefauver Harris Act
Investigation exemption for new drugs Must prove that the drug is effective 6,000 drugs removed
Where does Prop 64 not apply?
It does not apply on federal property, national parks
What is overdose "good samaritan" law?
It encourages people to seek out medical attention for overdose or for follow-up after naloxone has been administered
What makes a drug schedule 2?
It has a high potential for abuse Currently accepted for medical use Abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
What order of kinetic does alcohol have?
It has zero-order kinetics When alcohol is metabolized it metabolizes at a fixed rate of however much alcohol levels go down over a period of time (quadratically)
What is Marinol?
It is a man-made form of cannabis used to treat loss of appetite in people with aids; treats nausea and vomitting in cancer chemotherapy Appetite stimulator
What is a naloxone kit?
It is a medication kit that quickly reverses the effects of an overdose from heroin, methadone, fentanyl and morphine (lasts for 30 minutes)
What is sinsemilla?
It is a method of growing more potent marijuana without seeds Highly potent from female plants since they are kept seedless to prevent pollination
Why does behavior appear to be relatively insensitive to greater severity of punishment?
It is already negative w/o punishment; punishment is irrelevant Changes are often not perceived Punishment delayed Nonusers wouldn't use even if legal
What is motivational interviewing?
It is client centered and non judgmental; the client determines their own goals and sets their own pace Ask open-ended questions Work in partnership rather than heirarchy
What is Modafinil?
It is licensed in the UK and used to treat sleep disorders (i.e. excessive sleepiness). It helps regulate normal wakefulness. Do NOT use if you have anxiety or psychotic disorders It is schedule 4
What are the freezing and heating methods of distillation?
Distillation purifies alcohol (began in 800 AD) Heating ferments liquids
What is the #1 cause of death in the US?
Drug over dose (100 people die every day from an overdose)
What are the 3 parts of memory enhancement?
Encoding: processing of current sensory input for storage Consolidation: processing of past input, altering (and increasing) storage Retrieval: Usually refers to bring stored memories into attention
What is the positive functional approach to what counts as a performance enhancement?
Enhancement used in bioethics to characterize interventions designed to make one perform beyond what is necessary
What is the role of yeast in fermentation?
Fermentation: Production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts Converts sugars into alcohol Lowers alcohol content beverages Yeast die at 13% alcohol
The potency of drugs taken orally is often lower than other routes because of this type of metabolism...
First-pass metabolism
What is CB2?
Found in immune system
What are zero sum goods?
Goods for which the sum total over all participants is fixed What is good for one would be another's loss
What are non-zero sum goods?
Goods or which the sum total over participants varies A gain for one is NOT a loss for another (i.e. good health)
Name schedule 1 drugs
Heroin, Marijuana, and MDMA (ecstasy) (Alcohol and Caffeine are exempt because they are not controlled substances)
Physical dependence is closely tied to this very general concept that is central to biology..
Homeostasis
What is Rimonabant?
It is opposite of THC and blocks the CB1 receptor which decreases our desire for food Endocannabis blocker; not legal in US and is a synthetic CB1 antagonist
What is consolidation of memory?
It is processing of past input, altering (and increasing storage)
How does nicotine effect the body?
It is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and easily crosses the blood brain barrier It causes restricted blood flow, impaired breathing, and respiratory disease
What schedule and class is LSD?
It is schedule 1 and class A
What is the gateway hypothesis?
It proposes that marijuana serves as a gateway drug for harder substances. Evidence to support that kids who some marijuana in middle school vs those that don't High schoolers who used marijuana are on opiods while others are (30% vs. 0)
What is alcohol myopia?
It refers to the tendency of alcohol to increase a person's concentration upon immediate events and reduce the awareness of events which are distant Ex. People are more likely to participate in unsafe sex when drunk discounting possibility of pregnancy
What was the 21st amendment?
It reversed the 18th amendment
Dopamine neurons projecting from the VTA to this region are thought to be important for "teaching signals" and incentive....
Nucleus Accumbens
Name schedule 4 drugs
Alprazolam (Xanax), Fenfluramine, Zolpidem (Ambien)
On a normal curve, the center of the range of scores is called what?
The mean
Dependent Variable
Variable whose value depends on that of another--One being tested
The ______ of a distribution is a way to quantify its spread...
Variance/standard deviation
What is Anandamide?
Very similar to THC; cannabinoid molecule (isolated in 1993) It binds to CB1 receptors Means bliss
What is the impact of US drug policy on Mexico and drug cartels?
When the US puts policies in place to prohibit drugs the demand does not disappear which causes: 1). Price to increase thus increasing Mexican cartels profit (INELASTIC) 2). Higher murder rates of local Mexican citizens When a drug is legalized in the US it reduces the profitability of the drug and Mexican cartels stop producing it (ELASTIC) Legalizing marijuana in the US could potentially increase availability of safer marijuana for mexican citizens (INELASTIC)
What is CB1?
A receptor found in the brain
The name of drugs are thought to create a calming effect by slowing the functions of the CNS
Depressesants
What are the 3 main categories in which psychoactive substances are sorted by society?
1). Criminal (ex. cocaine) 2). Recreational (ex. caffeine) 3). Medical (ex. aderall)
What is the therapeutic index of LSD?
1,000 1/1,000,000 micrograms to get high (POTENT)
The percentage of the US that thinks alcohol use is unacceptable according the a 2013 research study...
16%
What year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act created?
1906
What year was the Harrison Act passed?
1914
When did the Prohibition and Volstead Act pass?
1919
When was the repeal of Prohibition?
1933; took into effect 1920
When was the Marijuana Tax Act?
1937
When was the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act passed?
1938
When was the Kefauver Harris Act passed?
1962
When was the California Prop 36 passed?
2000
The year that support for the legalization of marijuana in the US reached over 50% of the population...
2012 or 2013
What is the amount of genes you share with your full biological grandparents while computing genetic loading for addiction?
25%
What was the 18th amendment?
A ban on alcoholic beverages (prohibition)
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
A federal law that requires pharmaceutical industry to maintain physical security and strict record keeping for certain drugs It helped create the DEA (Drug enforcement agency) Got rid of mandatory minimal penalties and death penalties--becomes more liberal 5 schedules of drugs were established
The Anti Saloon League
A group of men that wanted prohibition that is still around today. They wanted people to stop drinking alcohol
A simple graph that we have discussed which can be used for showing the distribution of a single variable is what?
A histogram
What is the Rational Actor Model?
A primary decision maker is a rational person making an optimal choice based on calculated expected benefits guided by personal values Their knowledge about their preferences is used to explain the choices their make This approach assumes that the main actor is rational and reliable to make informed and calculated decisions Ex. if the punishment of using the drug went from 1 year to 10 years in prison (multiplying the negative by 10) has no effect on people's behavior then the rational actor does not apply. Person clearly is not rational.
What is the Delphi method?
A structed communication method originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts who answer questionnaires in 2 or more rounds. Experts are asked how harmful they thought certain substances were; each come us with 9 categories independently Alcohol was judged 5th of 20 psychoactive substances in harm potential
Harrison Act
A tax act that regulated and taxed the production, importation, and distribution of opiates and narcotics. Proposed by representative Francis Burton Harrison Narcotics were legal if prescribed by a physician
The racial/ethnic group whose members are most likely to be smoking menthol cigarettes in the US...
African Americans
How do we get harder alcohol?
Alcohol freezes and boils at a lower temp than water Boiling it makes it less toxic
California Proposition 36
Allowing qualifying defendants convicted of nonviolent drug possession offenses to recieve probation after incarceration Issued nonviolent first time offenders to receive treatment over jail time Alcohol users CANNOT use Prop 36 to get out of jail because it is more dangerous to allow someone with a history of DUI to drive instead of jail
Histograms
An accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable (qualitative variable)
Name schedule 3 drugs
Anabolic steroids, Most barbiturates, Dronabinol (THC)
How does the libertarian approach work in terms of drug use?
Arguments for self-medication Support all policies that respect individual liberty
What are the three categories of cognitive enhancements?
Attention: helps you focus on a task Memory: can either diminish or enhance Creativity
What are explicit attitudes?
Attitudes at a conscious level; deliberately formed and easy to self-report
What are implicit attitudes?
Attitudes on an unconscious level that are involuntarily formed and are typically unknown to us
What part of the neuron is responsible for the "output" and what part is responsible for the "input"?
Axon: output Dendrite: input
In the 1980s, the smokable form of this drug became a major health and social concern in the US...
Crack cocaine
What does BAC stand for?
Blood alcohol content California cut off is 0.08% and 0.01% if under 21
This technique was first used by Olds and Miler in the 1950s to identify regions thought to be important in neuroscience of reward and pleasure
Brain stimulation
The two main ingredients of marijuana that are at the center of the debate on its medical use...
CBD and THC
Name schedule 2 drugs
Cocaine, Morphine, and Methamphetamine
How does the Paternalistic approach work in terms of drug use?
Coercive paternalism violates peoples rights Paternalistic interference with people's medical choices is also likely to have bad consequences on balance because most people know whether a choice is in their best interest rather than a physician
What is the history of nicotine?
Columbus discovered it in the caribbean It moved to Russia, China, and America in 1700s 1650s people made it into power to inhale Cigarettes in 19th century created to reduce cost; US made a ton of money
What is the correlated liabilities alternative model?
It suggests that there are other things that put people at a higher risk.
When was THC isolated and how?
It was isolated in 1964 by Dr. Raphael Mechoulman who tested it on dogs. He found that it was most concentrated in resin and flower tops rather than in leaves
Prohibition and Volstead Act
It was to carry out the 18th amendment which prohibited the sales of alcohol in the US
What is the Titration hypothesis about nicotine?
It will be easier to quit if you don't switch to lower nicotine cigarettes because you will only smoke more to compensate
What is bicycle day?
LSD day where a chemist experienced LSD He got on a bike and struggled riding home but was interested. Extremely potent and always an intense experience; low addiction potential and tolerance develops within 3-4 days
What did California Proposition 64 do?
Legalizes possession/use of up to one ounce of marijuana and personal cultivation of up to 6 plants per residence by adults 21 and over Reduces penalties for illegal cultivation, sale, transport, and possession for sale with possible exceptions for repeat of violent offenders Allows prior offenders to file to have their criminal records changed to what would have been if prop 64 was in effect Establishes a licensed regulation system for commercial production and sale beginning Jan 1., 2018 Exempts medical marijuana patients with state-issued ID cards from the 7.25%+ tax Legalizes agricultural production of industrial hemp
What are the acute effects of marijuana?
Less speech when high, appetite intake, increased heart rate, reddening of eyes, dryness of mouth and throat, speeds up internal clock Video in class showed violence when high but that is not true
P-values for null hypothesis
Less than 5% means that you can reject the null and your hypothesis holds Statistical significance
What is LD50?
Lethal Dose that kills 50% of population The BAC is 0.40% It is linked to gender and body fat vs. muscle Woman metabolize it slower and men have a high BAC faster.
What is the toxic effects of alcohol consumption?
Liver disease, heart disease, brain tissue loss, and cancer risk
What makes a drug schedule 4
Low potential for abuse relative to 3 Currently accepted for medical use Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to 3
What makes a drug schedule 5?
Low potential for abuse relative to 4 Currently accepted for medical use Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to 4
Marijuana Tax Act
Marijuana was being treated like other narcotics meaning someone had to be registered and pay a tax in order to import, sell, and/or buy marijuana Harry Anslinger created this after reading a newspaper that linked marijuana to crime Marijuana was considered a narcotic drug under federal law until 1970
Who were the sources of the temperance movement (critical of alcohol intoxication)
Medical: push from physicians with the inqury into the effects of ardent spirits Religious: Religious commitments against behavior caused by alcohol Suffragettes: egalitarian treatment of women tied to domestic abuse
Name schedule 5 drugs
Mixtures having small amounts of codeine or opium
What is the name of the opioid antagonist given to reverse heroin overdoses?
Naloxone
What are the two FDA-approved medications that are able to treat alcoholism?
Naltrexone and Disulfiram
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
New drug applications Over the counter distinction Drugs had to be safe
Pure Food and Drugs Act
No adultered or mislabeled drugs Must indicate alcohol, opium, cocaine, etc. Just wanted labels to be correct Does not require the drug to be safe
How does the needle exchange program differ from 12-step?
Not sobriety based; acknowledge risky behavior and help maintain safe practices There is treatment on demand and easily accessible services which minimize barriers, incentive participation (provide housing without having to do the program or get treatment)
Cannabis Sativa
One type of cannabis Head high From hemp THC dominant
What makes a drug schedule 3?
Potential for abuse less than 1 or 2 Currently accepted for medical use Abuse may lead to moderate physical or high psychological dependence
What are the stages of change?
Precontemplation: person doesn't recognize negative effects of drug use (denial, rationalization, minimization) Contemplation: Ambivalence--state of having mixed feelings Preparation Action Maintenance
The religious reform movement, physicians and suffragette movement all had a hand in bringing about this change...
Prohibition
What does proof mean?
The alcohol content of a beverage Double alcohol percentage (80 proof = 40% alcohol)
How does the US rank in incarceration rate compared to other drugs?
Ranked #1 in incarceration rate in the world 50% of federal incarcerations are related to drug arrests
Amotivational syndrome
Refers to the lack if desire to complete tasks, a sense of apathy about the future, poor concentration, and decreased interest in social activities
What is the difference between Regulation and Laissez Faire when it comes to drug use?
Regulation: The government should interfere in drug prevention Laissez Faire: The government should be hands off Heroin--even if heroin was legal, most people would still not use it
What are some performance enhancers?
Roids, Aderall, HGH
What is the difference between schedule 1 and schedule 2 drugs?
Schedule 1 has a high potential for abuse and is not accepted for medical use (Heroin, Marijuana, LSD) Schedule 2 has a high potential for abuse but some medical use with severe restrictions (Cocaine, Morphine, Methamphetamine)
Name the neurotransmitter most relevant to MDMA (ecstasy)
Serotonin
What are the 3 main uses of LSD?
Smoking cessation: use it for therapy; increase in smoking abstinence, confidence, improved concentration Anixiety treatment: treats mental disorders like PTSD, reduces anxiety in terminally ill patients Spirituality enhancer: Cognitive/meaning enhancer; reduces depression in terminally ill people and spiritually connects them to the universe
What does Prop 64 prohibit?
Smoking or consumption of marijuana in any public place or while driving Possession on school grounds Possession of an open container of marijuana while driving or riding in a car
The name of drugs that are thought t cause an increase in heart rate and elevation in mood...
Stimulants
THC vs. CBD
THC is what makes you hallucinate; recreational CBD relieves pain; medical serotonin and vanilloid receptors
What is around all capillaries that separates circulating blood from entering the brain?
The blood brain barrier
What is the Biphasic effect of alcohol?
The body experiences an energizing, positive component followed by the introduction of the depressant, negative effects
A statistic that describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two continuous variable is called what?
The correlation coefficient
Null Hypothesis
The hypothesis has no significant difference between specified populations and any observed difference being due to sampling and experimental error Oppositive of your hypothesis
What impact did prohibition have on the patients with cirrhosis?
The rate of patients with severe liver damage decreased by 50%
What were the psychological results of psilocybin-assisted smoking cessation treatments?
The results show increase in smoke abstinence, self efficacy, confidence, purpose Decreases in withdrawal related anxiety, craving, temptation, desire, intention to smoke
What is the therapeutic index of alcohol?
The therapeutic index is 10
This concept, in ratio form, can be defined as the amount of a drug that is needed to have a desired effect, compared to the amount that will cause overdose...
Therapeutic index/window
What are the limitations on assessment of performance enhancement for creativity?
There is no scientific measurement of how creative someone is
Why is it hard to determine if enhancement drugs help performance on important tests like the SAT?
These drugs make it easier to do "boring" tasks but are hard to have an influence on something like the SAT because it is high impact
What is the "meet them where they are" approach?
They meet the client where they live; find them rather than them finding you
What are the behaviors that show an enhancement effect of Ritalin?
increased physical ability; increased confidence Makes learning more interesting Increased creativity More social Increased self analysis Decreased appetite Diuretic--causes increased passing of urine Sniffing is more recreational than orally injesting
Volstead Act
provided enforcement for the 18th amendment by prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
