Psych 1B, quiz Chapter 3
A Type I error is known as which of the following?
A false postitive
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following?
A measured variable
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced-I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Why should Anton NOT interrogate the internal validity of the study?
Because the claim is an association claim
To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities?
Construct validity and external validity
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following rules of causation?
The third-variable rule
Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious. (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in either a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, in the stressed condition, the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. Which of the following is a variable in this study?
the amount of stress
What is the name for the measured variable in an experiment?
the dependent variable
Which of the following is an association claim?
"Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction."
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Refer to Research Study 3.2 to answer the following three questions. Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making?
Causal claim
Which of the following is an example of a causal claim?
Ice applied to a twisted ankle prevents swelling.
In most experiments, tradeoffs are made between validities because it is not possible to achieve all four at once. What is the most common tradeoff?
Increased internal validity results in decreased external validity.
An independent variable is one that:
Is manipulated
When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the:
Margin of error estimate
Which of the following is NOT true of variables?
Variables are the same as constants.
For an association claim, you should interrogate all of the following validities EXCEPT __________.
internal
Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants are randomly assigned to study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. The use of random assignment of participants increases which of the following?
internal validity of the study
Which of the following questions addresses construct validity?
How well has the researcher measured or manipulated the variables in the study?
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline?
2
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment?
Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another.
What Kind of a claim is the following headline making? "You Gotta Have Friends? Most have Just Two True Pals".
Frequency Claim
Professor Lee is curious if there is any pattern to who earns extra credit in her course. She examines this question by graphing a scatterplot of her students' exam grades and the number of extra credit points earned. She finds that the students with the lowest exam grades tend to have the most extra credit points. What type of association is this?
Negative
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?
Positive association
Marvin reads a journalist report of a research study and asks, "how strong was the effect? which validity is Marvin asking about?
Statistical Validity
Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims?
Strong positive associations & Strong negative associations
Which of the following criteria is NOT required for a causal claim?
The correlation between the independent variable and dependent variable is zero.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study?
The emotional or neutral word list
Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?
The external validity of the study
There is a negative association between exercise and obesity. Which of the following would a researcher need to demonstrate in order to make the claim that a lack of exercise causes obesity?
The lack of exercise came before the obesity.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline?
The sex of the participants
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline?
The sex of the role model
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced-I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following?
The study's construct validity
RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced-I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Refer to Research Study 3.3 to answer the following five questions. Manish's concern is addressing which of the following?
The study's statistical validity
It has been reported that half of Americans show road rage. For this claim to have strong external validity, which of the following would have been the best sample for the researcher to have used?
a cross-section of American drivers representing men and women; people from the city, suburbs, and farms; of all ages
Jenny reads the headline, "Tea Party Supporters Have Slipped To 20 Percent." She asks, "What is the margin of error of the estimate?" What validity is she interrogating?
statistical validity
Reading the news on the Internet, Johan comes across the headline, When Stress is Increased, Men Rush Ahead, Women More Cautious. (This headline is based on a study conducted by Lighthall et al., 2011.) In this study, men and women were asked to perform a decision task as many times as possible in a set period, in either a stressed or unstressed condition. In the unstressed condition, men and women performed similarly. However, in the stressed condition, the number of decision tasks performed by men increased while the number performed by women decreased. Which of the following is a constant in this study?
the amount of time to perform the decision task
Professor Nakum designs a memory experiment to test the effect of word familiarity on memory. Three lists of words are created: common words, uncommon words, and made-up words. Participants study one of the lists of 30 words for 5 minutes, do math problems for 5 minutes, then write all the words they recall from the list. Their score is the number of words correctly recalled. How were the words for each list selected?
to operationalize different levels of the independent variable "familiarity"
Phuong is conducting an experiment on proofreading. All participants are asked to read a passage with several typos and correct the errors. However, one group proofreads by reading silently, a second group proofreads by reading aloud, and a third group proofreads by reading the passage silently backward. The researcher calculates the average number of errors found in each group and finds that both the reading silently and reading aloud groups found more errors than the reading silently backward group. What are the variables in this study?
type of proofreading and number of errors found
