Psych 200 CH 1-6 Mindtap quizzes

Which of the following is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research?

A hypothesis

Which of the following best describes a synapse?

A neuronal junction where one neuron relays its message to another

The weakest level of a stimulus that is necessary to produce a sensation is the ________ threshold.

Absolute

Sarah has been affected by botulism, a rare disease that stems from food poisoning. Doctors say that the hippocampus in the brain has been affected as a result, and this has caused partial paralysis to the left side of her body. Eventually, as the muscles used for breathing stops functioning, Sarah will die of suffocation. Which of the following neurotransmitters is deficient in Sarah's case?

Acetylcholine

Alex volunteers for an experiment being conducted by a group of neurosurgeons. As part of the experiment, he is taken to a dark room and a part of his brain is activated with electricity. For a moment, Alex sees flashes of light even though the room is pretty dark. Which of the following best explains Alex's experience?

Alex's occipital lobe is artificially stimulated.

Terrence is watching television and starts to feel sleepy. He begins to relax and has his eyes closed, but he has not yet gone to sleep. In this state, which of the following is the low-amplitude brain wave that Terrence's brain is likely emitting?

Alpha waves

_____ is a characteristic cluster of withdrawal symptoms that results from sudden decrease in an addictive drug's level of usage.

An abstinence syndrome

Which of the following is a similarity between positive punishments and negative punishments?

Both are aversive events.

Which of the following is a difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning focuses on how organisms form anticipations about their environments, whereas operant conditioning focuses on what they do about them.

_____ suggest that people choose whether or not to imitate aggressive and other forms of conduct they observe, and that people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are consistent with their values

Cognitive psychologists

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence.

Which of the following groups of psychologists is likely to call themselves neoanalysts?

Contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud

_____ is a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities.

Counterconditioning

_____ extend like roots from the cell body to receive incoming messages from thousands of adjoining neurons.

Dendrites

Alcohol is classified as a(n) _____.

Depressant

Briana was born with an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. She has peculiar features with a round face, downward-sloping folds of skin at the inner corners of her eyes, and a protruding tongue. Briana also has several physical problems along with cognitive impairment. Which of the following conditions does Briana exhibit?

Down syndrome

The sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli is called _____ memory.

Echoic

Peter has occasional episodes of seizures. Dr. Lovell has affixed electrodes to Peter's scalp, which will record the electrical activity within Peter's brain and identify the neurological problem for the seizures. Which of the following techniques is Dr. Lovell using to assess Peter?

Electroencephalography

You are studying your geography notes and, in order to organize the names of the Great Lakes in your memory, you use the acronym H-O-M-E-S for Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior. You are attempting to modify this information about the Great Lakes and make it meaningful using the memory process of _____.

Encoding

Although it had been six months, Claire still remembered vivid details of her high school graduation, including the look of pride on her parents' faces and the excitement she had felt. These memories of her high school graduation are _____ memories.

Episodic

Which of the following parts of the body is most sensitive to touch?

Fingertips

Which of the following statements is true about Ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting?

Forgetting occurs most rapidly right after material is learned

Melvin is playing a game of chess. As part of an experiment, Sandy, an intern at a hospital, wants to use a technique to identify which parts of Melvin's brain are active when he is playing chess. Which of the following techniques should Sandy use?

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

_____, founded by William James, is a school of psychology that focuses on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness.

Functionalism

_____ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.

Generalization

In an experiment to determine whether marijuana abuse causes aggression, participants are given varying amounts of marijuana and its effects are measured. In this case, marijuana is a(n) _____ variable.

Independent

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?

It appears to enhance memory and attention.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of structuralism?

It attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations

Which of the following statements is true of biofeedback training (BFT)?

It helps combat stress, tension, and anxiety.

Which of the following is true of marijuana?

It increases the awareness of bodily sensations.

Which of the following statements is true of direct inner awareness?

It involves the consciousness of one's thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Which of the following statements is true of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

It is connected with the consolidation of learning and memory

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

It is most active during processes that involve spending body energy from stored reserves

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

It is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable behavior.

Which of the following best describes the term heredity?

It refers to the biological transmission of traits that have evolved from generation to generation.

Which of the following senses informs one about the position and motion of parts of the body?

Kinesthesis

From the behaviorist point of view, _____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

Learning

Check My Work Manny has been using a drug that gives him vivid, colorful hallucinations. He claims that the drug gives him flashbacks and great insights. However, he is unable to recall them once the drug has worn off. Which of the following drugs is Manny likely using?

Lysergic acid diethylamide

Eli is about to take an anatomy test on the 12 cranial nerves, so he keeps repeating their names to himself over and over again. Eli is trying to keep the names of the nerves in mind by using _____.

Maintenance Rehearsal

In the context of the effects of media violence, which of the following statements is true?

Media violence triggers aggressive ideas and memories

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

Veronica, a psychology student, is analyzing a person with dissociative identity disorder as part of her thesis. However, she is not allowed to interact with the subject as the individual tends to get very hostile. She is allowed to watch how the individual behaves and goes about his daily activities. Given the situation, which method of research would be most appropriate for Veronica?

Naturalistic observations

Which of the following is a difference between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal?

People who use elaborative rehearsal to remember things process information at a deeper level than people who use maintenance rehearsal.

_____ primarily identify and measure human traits and determine influences on human thought processes, feelings, and behavior.

Personality Psychologists

Which of the following brain imaging techniques forms a computer-generated image of the activity of parts of the brain by tracing the amount of glucose used by these parts?

Positron emission tomography

Which of the following types of memories are you utilizing as you shift gears using the clutch and stick shift in your car?

Procedural memory

Check My Work The school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior is called _____.

Psychoanalysis

_____ research is best described as research that is undertaken because a researcher is interested in a research topic and not because it provides any immediate solution to personal or social problems.

Pure

You are taking an introductory psychology course with approximately 200 other students. The professor explains on the first day that this semester, there will be five multiple choice tests given, each covering three chapters. Your memory for psychology concepts and theories in this course will primarily be measured using _____.

Recognition

Mella, a 10-year-old girl, suffers from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). She has a low attention span and struggles with academic work. She often gets aggressive and engages in disruptive behavior. Which of the following stimulants can help ease Mella's symptoms?

Ritalin

Which of the following is an aspect of consciousness that is a key to self-control?

Selective attention

You are taking the psychology final exam, and one of the fill-in-the-blank questions asks for the "name of the person who developed psychoanalysis." Answering this question requires _____ memory.

Semantic

_____ is the tendency to perceive an object as being the same form although the retinal image varies in form as it rotates.

Shape constancy

Jessica is teaching her dog to roll over four times in a row. First, she gives her dog a treat for lying on his side, then his back, and then rolling over once. Once he learns to do a complete rollover, she gives him a treat after he rolls over twice, three times, and finally, four times. In this scenario, Jessica is teaching her dog by _____.

Shaping

You are participating in a group study session when the group needs to do some online research. You pull out your laptop, and one member begins to spell a long medical term to you. You begin typing the letters into the computer when a glitch erases the letters you have just typed, and you tell the other group member to spell it again. The letters of the term you were typing resided in your _____ memory.

Short-term

_____ is a behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed.

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following structures is convoluted with ridges and valleys that is apparently connected with cognitive ability?

The cerebral cortex

_____ is best described as the method used by psychologists to investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another variable.

The correlational method

Tommy is a 12-year-old boy who is abnormally small for his age. His growth is extremely slow, and this worries his mother. She decides to take him to a pediatrician. It appears that Tommy has a deficiency of growth hormone. What should the doctor do to help Tommy?

The doctor should prescribe growth hormone to stimulate the pituitary gland.

Morrison was in a bike accident and was hospitalized three months ago. His helmet had not been properly fastened and did not protect his head from the force of the fall. Morrison fractured his hip, broke a leg, and severely injured his head. Since the accident, he has failed to respond to any treatment and has been in a coma. What is likely to have led to Morrison's condition?

The fall has injured the reticular formation in his brain

Which of the following is a difference between memory traces of auditory stimuli and visual stimuli?

The memory traces of auditory stimuli last longer than the traces of visual stimuli.

Roberto was looking at a green light for about 30 seconds after which the light was suddenly switched off. For a brief moment, Roberto saw an afterimage of a red light in the same place he saw the green light, although there was no red light present. Which of the following theories best explains Roberto's experience of the afterimage?

The opponent-process theory

As Carolyn is driving to work, an old song comes on the radio, which reminds her of driving around with her two best friends on a weekend decades ago. She thinks back to those long-ago, fun times and decides that tonight she will give both of her old friends a call. Which part of her brain allowed Carolyn to mentally travel back in time and re-experience her past as well as helped her focus on her plans to call her friends in the near future?

The prefrontal cortex

Which of the following stimulates the pineal gland to decrease its output of melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

Which of the following statements is true of the accuracy of long-term memories?

They are distorted by our biases and needs.

Which of the following is true of dichromats?

They are mostly males who are partially color blind.

Which of the following is a function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

They help arouse the body to cope with threats and stress.

Which of the following statements is true of discriminative stimuli?

They indicate whether behavior will be reinforced

Which of the following statements is true of taste aversions?

They may require only one association for conditioning to occur.

Which of the following statements is true of opiates?

They provide relief from pain

Fred is a regular user of marijuana, and his body is habituated to the drug. Lately, the initial dose of the drug is no longer enough for him, and he needs higher doses of the substance to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, which of the following is Fred displaying?

Tolerance

Which of the following statements is true of organization in long-term memory?

We tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.

_____ is composed of bundles of long, myelinated axons that carry messages to and from the brain.

White matter

Wilson is a senior manager in a multinational company. He has several organizational decisions to make and has to facilitate growth. However, Wilson thinks that he is not capable of efficiently managing his employees, especially during times of crisis. He wants to improve his problem-solving skills. Which of the following should Wilson do to deal with such situations?

Wilson should use the principles of critical thinking.

Dilation of the pupils is controlled by the _____.

autonomic nervous system

Seconal belongs to the category of depressants known as _____.

barbiturates

Patricia, a new elementary school teacher, has discovered that raising her voice does not decrease her students' misbehavior. Instead, it seems to increase misbehavior. Now, she practices a new method of reinforcing good behavior and ignoring bad behavior. In this scenario, Patricia is using a method called _____.

behavior modification

Psychologists with a _____ seek the relationships between the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution, on the one hand, and behavior and mental processes on the other.

biological perspective

Mary Ann, an 18-year-old, has been depressed since she lost her sister in a car accident. She has frequent depressive episodes; these episodes last for days. She often turns hostile. Her family has decided that she needs professional help. The professional who would be most appropriate for Mary Ann is a(n) ________ psychologist.

clinical

When Greta was five years old, she was pecked by one of the chickens in her grandparents' farm. The next year, Greta's mother took her to see chickens in a petting zoo. There, Greta was scared to go into the enclosure and started crying when she saw several chickens walking around the pen. In this scenario, the chicken is the _____.

conditioned stimulus

Rita's grandfather is almost 65 years old, and he finds it difficult to hear. Rita takes him to a doctor who tells him that his eardrums are damaged and the stapes are not functioning well enough to amplify the sound waves from his outer ear because of this age. The doctor suggests that Rita's grandfather must start using hearing aids to cope with _____.

conductive deafness

Shelly, a three-year-old girl, is told by her mother to wear a woolen sweater when she feels cold. She takes her mother's advice and wears a sweater. She observes that it makes her warm and stops her from shivering due to the cold. She repeats this every time she feels cold and observes that it makes her feel warmer each time. In this scenario, Shelly's behavior is reinforced using _____

continuous reinforcement

Light first passes through the transparent _____, which covers the front of the eye's surface.

cornea

The minimum difference in magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart is referred to as _____.

difference threshold

Abdul is an environmental researcher who is attending a conference on climate change. Even though he attended most of the talks at the conference, he realizes a month later that he is only able to recall the discussions that were pertinent to his own field of research. This is most likely because Abdul used _____ to store information.

elaborative rehearsal

Jill is studying operant conditioning in her psychology class. As her professor discusses the use of shaping, Jill remembers how she trained her own dog to perform various tricks by reinforcing him with treats for approximations of the final trick. Jill is connecting this new concept of shaping to her past experience of training her dog, which illustrates the use of _____.

elaborative rehearsal

Being left-handed appears to provide a somewhat greater-than-average probability of _____.

having language problems

Carly feared hypodermic needles because she associated them with pain. She associated nurses, doctors, and even clinics with needles. A few days later, Carly's father drove her to a grocery store that was in the same building as a clinic. She became fearful and refused to go inside the building. In this scenario, Carly's fear illustrates _____.

higher-order conditioning

Simon is a psychologist who believes that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit people to invent themselves and their ways of relating to the world as they progress through life. His belief is slightly cognitive, but it emphasizes the role of subjective experience. Based on the information given in this scenario, Simon is a _____.

humanist

The electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons is called _____

its resting potential

The enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation is referred to as _____.

long-term potentiation

Meryl's new house is right next to the subway station. In the beginning, she found it very disturbing whenever a train neared the station as it made a loud noise. However, gradually she got so used to the noise that she barely gave it a second thought. This process of becoming less sensitive to a stimulus is referred to as _____.

negative adaptation

David is always criticized for his poor performance at work. His boss, Tina, gives him bad feedback on a daily basis. Tina notices that David's work continues to be poor despite the bad feedback, and she stops criticizing his work. She observes that his work has improved after she has stopped disapproving of it. This scenario exemplifies the _____ of David's behavior.

negative reinforcement

Daniel, a 10-year-old boy, loves to cook. He has been watching his mother cook since he was very young and has learned to prepare many dishes. In this scenario, Daniel has acquired cooking skills though _____.

observational learning

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, psychologists may use deception in their experiments:

only when they believe the benefits of the research outweigh its potential harm

Michael helps his mother wash dishes after supper, and she praises his thoughtfulness. As a result, Michael continues to volunteer to help with the dishes. This scenario illustrates _____.

operant conditioning

The _____, sometimes referred to as the "command post" of hearing, is attached to the basilar membrane.

organ of Corti

The _____ transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony tube called the cochlea

oval window

Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way people integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes, and they attempted to identify the rules that govern these processes known as the laws of _____.

perceptual organization

Alice is standing near a huge twenty-floor building. Her mother points at an identical building that is almost a kilometer away. Although the two buildings are identical, Alice thinks that the other identical building is comparatively smaller than the one she is standing near. This phenomenon is known as _____.

perspective

The _____ of a sound is determined by its frequency.

pitch

The _____ holds that the pitch of a sound is sensed according to the place along the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to it.

place theory

Melinda is 43 years old and has always had good visual acuity. Since last week, she has been finding it difficult to read the newspapers. Her ophthalmologist tells her that the lenses of her eyes have become brittle because of her age. Melinda's condition is known as _____.

presbyopia

Derek was awakened by his father at 5:00 a.m. for a jog. Derek was very sleepy and hence did not want to go for the jog. He complained that he was in the midst of a wonderful dream before his father came and woke him. In this scenario, Derek was likely to have been in _____ sleep.

rapid eye movemen

According to the activation-synthesis model, the _____ stimulates parts of the cortex involved in memory and the cortex then synthesizes the sources of stimulation to yield the stuff of dreams.

reticular formation

Claire is a stage actor and is learning the lines of a new play she is going to star in. After a few days of practice, she realizes that she is unable to recall her lines from the previous play she had acted in. In this context, Claire is experiencing _____.

retroactive interference

The ________ theory suggests that the relationship between a physical stimulus and a sensory response is not fully mechanical.

signal-detection

Gerald is obese and has a habit of snoring. He usually wakes up suddenly at night gasping for breath. After he takes a few deep breaths, he goes back to sleep. However, his breathing periodically stops several times through the night. In the context of sleep disorders, Gerald is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

sleep apnea

Rehan had been suffering from severe epileptic seizures from a very young age. After undergoing an operation in which much of his corpus callosum was severed, the frequency of his seizures have reduced. Rehan had most likely undergone a(n) _____ operation.

split-brain

When Kyle was a young boy, he was chased by his neighbor's large dog. For a few years, Kyle was afraid of large dogs, but this fear gradually extinguished when his parents got him a puppy, which grew up to be a large dog. Later, when Kyle was riding his bike near the house his family used to live in, he saw a large dog running toward him. Kyle felt his old fear resurfacing, but the dog stopped and started wagging its tail. In this scenario, the momentary resurfacing of Kyle's old fear exemplifies _____.

spontaneous recovery

Researchers use a _____ so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.

stratified sample

Showing frames in rapid succession provides the illusion of movement. This illusion of is termed _____.

stroboscopic motion

Anne has to address a gathering at a university cultural event. As she walks to the podium to deliver the speech, she pushes away thoughts of the embarrassing speech she delivered at the event the previous year. In this scenario, Anne is using _____.

suppression

Two psychology students, Sam and Nilo, conducted an experiment on telepathy. For their experiment, Sam viewed some random photographs in one room, while Nilo, who was in another room with his eyes and ears closed, tried to mentally tune himself to Sam. After the session, Nilo was shown all the photographs and he tried to select the photograph transmitted by Sam. This method is known as _____.

the ganzfeld procedure

When Tanya is asked by a psychologist to recall events that occurred in her life prior to the age of three, she cannot remember any of them. Her memories up to age five are somewhat hazy as well. Tanya is most likely experiencing:

the normal occurrence of infantile amnesia.

You are taking an essay test in psychology. You have to list Erikson's eight psychosocial stages in your answer. You remember the first two stages and the last two stages clearly, but you mix up stages three to six. Your difficulty in remembering these middle stages illustrates _____.

the serial-position effect

Susan has adopted a relaxation method to help reduce her anxiety. She recites the word "Om" several times in a very slow pace. She feels that doing this lowers her heart rate and helps her realize the power of spirituality. In this scenario, Susan is practicing _____.

transcendental meditation

In Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning, when a dog is presented with meat powder, it salivates in response to doses of meat powder. In this scenario, the meat powder is a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus

Psychologists with a cognitive perspective are most likely to:

venture into the realm of mental processes to understand human nature.

According to the American Psychological Association's Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, psychologists may harm animals in their experiments:

when researchers believe that the benefits of the research justify the harm.