Psych 200 Mid Term Study Sheet

a. Broca's aphasia

. Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case? a. Broca's aphasia b. Epilepsy c. Retrograde amnesia d. Wernicke's aphasia

algorithm

A(n) _____ is a system of symbols along with rules that are used to manipulate the symbols.

The gate theory

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?

correlation

An association among variables is known as__________.

vestibular sense

Andy is a professional skydiver. During his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the _____.

generalization

Bethany taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called _____.

successive approximations

Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he only gives them treats when they near the hoop. Later, he waits until they jump through the hoop before giving them treats. In this scenario, Carl reinforces _____ of the goal.

health psychologist

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____.

??

Children's__________become refined after they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations.

all-or-none principle

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the__________.

shaping

Hailey is taking dance lessons. Each time she makes a progressive move, her dance instructor commends her. In this scenario, Hailey's instructor is training her by _____.

nature

Heredity defines one's _____, which is based on biological structures and processes.

b. Erik Erikson

Identify the neoanalyst among the following. a. Aristotle b. Erik Erikson c. B. F. Skinner d. Carl Rogers

??

If the__________is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.

procedural memories

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as _____.

b. sleep paralysis

In _____, a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, and hallucinations occur. a. sleep apnea b. sleep paralysis c. insomnia d. somnambulism

displace

In memory theory, the term__________means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.

d. Rochelle feeds her cat every morning before leaving for work and cleans its litter box after getting back from work.

In the context of prospective memory, which of the following scenarios depict event-based tasks? a. Herbert is able to recall the last rock concert he attended with his friends during his sophomore year. b. Robin takes a five-minute break from work every three hours in order to maximize her work potential. c. Gruber is able to balance a motorcycle with ease because he has the prior experience of learning how to ride a bicycle. d. Rochelle feeds her cat every morning before leaving for work and cleans its litter box after getting back from work.

a. When skin temperature increases

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire? a. When skin temperature increases b. When body temperature decreases c. When nociceptors in the skin are depressed d. When phantom limb pain is aroused

Wernicke's aphasia

John recently suffered a blow to his head. Since then, he finds it difficult to comprehend what others say to him. He also finds it difficult to express his thoughts and cannot seem to find the right words to say while speaking. However, he can speak freely with proper syntax. In this scenario, John is most likely suffering from _____.

a. narcolepsy

Larry, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Larry is likely suffering from__________.

active touching

Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surfaces of different pieces of fabric to get the feel of them. This action is referred to as _____.

c. spontaneous recovery

Paula taught her dog to lie down every time she rang a hand bell. However, the dog began to apply this command even to the sound of a doorbell. In this scenario, the dog's action of lying down as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called__________.

cognitive

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

b. Shadowing

Shannon is observing a painting. She perceives one object in the painting as a two-dimensional circle and another object as a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect? a. Convergence b. Shadowing c. Retinal disparity d. Shape constancy

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.

engram

The _____ is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a memory trace.

auditory nerve

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain is known as the__________.

complementary colors

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled__________.

basilar membrane

Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the__________.

subliminal stimulation

Visual stimuli can be flashed too briefly, below our absolute threshold for conscious perception, to enable us to process them. This is an example of__________.

To confine epileptic seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

What is the purpose of a split-brain operation?

It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

c. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex? a. Testosterone b. Melatonin c. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone d. Antidiuretic hormone

a. It dilates blood vessels

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? a. It dilates blood vessels. b. It increases the chances of germ buildup on wounds. c. It increases inhibitions. d. It is classified as an amphetamine.

a. Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels.

Which of the following statements is true of prelinguistic vocalizations? a. Babies' babbling frequently combines consonants and vowels. b. During the second month, babies begin babbling. c. Crying is a representation of language. d. Unlike crying, babbling and cooing are prelinguistic.

b. Algorithms invariably lead to solutions if they are used properly.

Which of the following statements is true of problem solving? a. Heuristics guarantee a correct solution. b. Algorithms invariably lead to solutions if they are used properly. c. Algorithms permit more rapid solutions than heuristics. d. Heuristics require more scientific knowledge than algorithms.

b. The amygdala

Which of the following structures of the limbic system is connected with vigilance? a. The cerebral cortex b. The amygdala c. The fornix d. The hypothalamus

c. Magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan? a. Positron emission tomography b. Electroencephalography c. Magnetic resonance imaging d. Electrocardiography

fixed-interval schedule

With a _____, an organism's response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches.

Hypnosis

___ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.

Narcolepsy

____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly.

Nicotine

___________is the agent that creates physiological dependence on tobacco products

Echoic memory

__________is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.

Negative adaptation

__________is the type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli.

Signal-detection theory

__________is the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors.

Acetylcholine

_________is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.

The vestibular sense

_________tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed.

model

the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________.

??

Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence. a. Intelligence quotient scores are independent of the styles of parenting. b. Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement. c. Children of parents who encourage dependence and are verbally unresponsive obtain higher intelligence quotient scores. d. The home environment is a predictor of scores on intelligence quotient tests only among children over nine years old.

random amount of time has passed

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.

unconscious

In psychodynamic theory, the term _____ is descriptive of ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness

a. Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.

In the context of Long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory? a. Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory. b. Hormones act independently of emotions that arise during the retrieval of a flashbulb memory. c. Information on unique stimuli is accessible only through specific cues. d. A person recreates the experience of a flashbulb memory in order to access the stored information.

c. infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that: a. infants are likely to fantasize and add false details when remembering the past. b. infants tend to weave episodes together into meaningful stories of their own lives. c. infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events. d. infants do not have any ability to decode sensory input, which allows them to constantly change their memories.

b. The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound.

In the context of sound, which of the following is true? a. The pitch of a sound roughly corresponds to the height, or amplitude, of sound waves. b. The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound. c. The frequency and amplitude of a sound are dependent on each other. d. The pitch of a sound is expressed in decibels (dB).

a clear image of an object to be projected onto the retina

In the context of the eye, changes in thickness of the lens permit:

Systematic desensitization

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

savings

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.

stratified sample

Since 15 percent of a university comprises Asian-American students, a sample for a study was chosen in such way that it, too, consisted of 15 percent Asian-Americans. This kind of sample would be an example of a_________

??

Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep? a. A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state b. The absence of dreams c. High-amplitude brain waves d. Brain wave patterns similar to those of stage 3 sleep

c. Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning.

Which of the following is a difference between sleep terrors and nightmares? a. Sleep terrors occur during rapid eye movement sleep, whereas nightmares occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep. b. Sleep terrors are less severe, whereas nightmares are more severe in nature. c. Sleep terrors usually occur during the first two sleep cycles of the night, whereas nightmares are more likely to occur toward morning. d. Sleep terrors cause a fall in the heart rate, whereas nightmares result in a surge in the heart rate.

b. To explain behavior and mental processes

Which of the following is a goal of psychology? a. To establish behavioral and moral standards b. To explain behavior and mental processes c. To change social norms d. To seek ways to make people do their religious bidding

c. It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia? a. It is the failure to remember events that caused an accident or occurred prior to an accident. b. It is the inability to recall events that occurred prior to the age of three or so. c. It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma. d. It is the inability to recall events that took place in childhood.

c. It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been memorized.

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal? a. It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered b. It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to be remembered. c. It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been memorized. d. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

??

Which of the following scenarios illustrates subliminal stimulation? a. Caleb who initially found his classroom too bright eventually became accustomed to the brightness. b. While driving down a highway, Deborah perceived the objects outside to be moving faster than her car. c. In a restaurant, several mirrors were arranged in such a way that the restaurant appeared to be large and spacious despite it being small. d. In an experiment, an audio track was played at such a low volume that the participants were not aware of it.

d. They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

84. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of biologically oriented psychologists? a. They believe that self-awareness, experience, and choice permit us to invent ourselves and our ways of relating to the world as we progress through life. b. They study the influences of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes. c. They investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language. d. They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

A woman's vocal cords are usually shorter and vibrate at a greater frequency.

Amy and George were practicing a song for a cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Amy sing the verses in a high pitch. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision to select Amy for the high pitch sounds and not George?

a. It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found.

Which of the following statements is true of the absolute threshold? a. It is determined by exposing individuals to progressively stronger stimuli until the minimum stimuli the person can detect is found. b. It is used to represent the minimum difference in the magnitude of two stimuli required to tell them apart. c. It is used to measure the intensity of sensory input by using the sensory adaptation process. d. It is determined by measuring the rate at which a person becomes less sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and more sensitive to stimuli that remain the same.

Episodic memories

_____ are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence

Neurons

__________are specialized cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit messages.

Intelligence

__________is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Critical thinking

__________is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

Priming

__________is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.

the corpus callosum

A number of people with severe cases of epilepsy have split-brain operations in which much of__________is severed.

chunk

A(n)__________is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.

primary mental abilities

According to Louis Thurstone,__________are the eight specific factors that make up intelligence.

environmental influences affect language acquisition

According to psycholinguistic theory, _____.

proximity

According to the law of__________, there is a perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another.

psycholinguistic theory

According to__________, language acquisition involves the interaction of environmental influences and the inborn tendency to acquire language.

chunking

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.

b. Flooding

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark? a. Generalization b. Flooding c. Sensitizing d. Discrimination

10 to 12 seconds

In short-term memory, an image tends to fade after _____ if it is not repeated or rehearsed.

conditioned response

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n)__________.

motor neurons

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands through _____.

displacement

Ryan is telling his grandchildren stories about growing up in another country. He describes his school and memories about his childhood friends. In this scenario, Ryan's ability to communicate his experiences about different times and places illustrates the quality of language known as _____.

selective attention

The knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs is known as _____.

dependent variables

The measured results, or outcomes, in an experiment are called__________.

thalamus

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the__________and then projected to the cerebral cortex, making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage

a. visible light

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations is known as _____.

photoreceptors

The retina consists of cells called _____ that are sensitive to light.

saccadic eye movements

The series of eye fixations that we perceive as visual sensations seem continuous, or stream like, because of _____.

context-dependent memory

When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.

a. It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious? a. It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention b. It refers to sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state. c. It refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness. d. It refers to ideas and feelings that are not available to awareness.

a. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Which of the following causes Down syndrome? a. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair b. The presence of only 22 pairs of chromosomes c. The presence of more than 23 pairs of chromosomes d. The presence of an extra chromosome on the 23rd pair

c. They can represent visions of things that never were measured.

Which of the following statements is true of concepts? a. They represent things that can easily be measured. b. They do not affect cognition. c. They can represent visions of things that never were measured. d. They do not represent activities.

d. Distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones.

Which of the following statements is true of depth perception? a. The clearness of an object cannot suggest its distance. b. Shadows and highlights give information about an object's two-dimensional shape. c. Closer objects are perceived as having smoother textures than distant objects. d. Distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones.

??

Which of the following statements is true of dreams? a. Dreams are most likely to be vague and fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep. b. Freud argued that dreams express impulses we would censor during the day. c. Nightmares, like most pleasant dreams, are products of non-rapid eye movement sleep. d. Freud believed that nearly all dreams had something to do with one's childhood.

Franz Mesmer

Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of _____.

negative

Ned is feeling stressed because of his workload in office. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a__________correlation.

c. Retrieval of information requires knowledge of the proper cues.

Which of the following statements is true of the third memory process—retrieval? a. Retrieval of information is a physical process. b. External stimuli are necessary to elicit retrieval of information. c. Retrieval of information requires knowledge of the proper cues. d. Mental repetition of information inhibits the retrieval process.