psych 200 pt 1

Some psychologists believe that who we are and who we will become is mostly determined by nature (i.e., the genes that we inherit from our biological parents). Other psychologists believe that our traits, talents, and achievements are mostly determined by nurture (i.e., the family environment and the society or culture in which we are raised). (The majority of psychologists believe that nature and nurture are mutually responsible for human outcomes.) Which of the following is the best example of what someone would say who believes that intelligence is mostly influenced by nurture?

"An intellectually stimulating environment can lead to noticeable increases in the IQs of disadvantaged children."

In Erikson's theory of development, the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th stages cover the period of childhood from age 2 to 12. What did Erikson believe that these three stages had in common?

They are all related to a person's feelings of self-esteem and self-worth.

Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is just sitting in the waiting room at his dentist's office. In this situation, cringing in the waiting room is

a conditioned response

Which of the following is NOT classified as a stimulant?

alcohol

Imagine you are talking with a few of your friends about a new student whom all of you have just met for the first time. One of your friends says, "You know that new girl we just met seems to have a 'stuck-up' personality--she's a real snob." You reply that your friend cannot make such a judgment about the new student's personality because

you and your friends would need to observe the new student's behavior over time and across situations before you would be justified in labeling her stuck-up behavior as a trait

Which of the following traits describes individuals who tend to be very responsible, punctual, possess a high degree of self-discipline, and are very dependable?

Conscientiousness

Sigmund Freud, a medical doctor who initially treated neurological disorders, had a tremendous impact on the early history of psychology. Which of the following is true of Sigmund Freud?

He emphasized the importance of the unconscious part of our minds.

How are flashbulb memories different from ordinary memories?

People have a higher degree of confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories.

According to operant conditioning theory, a reinforcer (much like a reward) results in

an increased likelihood that a behavior will re-occur

In an experiment, the independent variable is the variable that is:

deliberately manipulated or controlled by the researcher, so as to cause changes in the dependent variable

The area of psychological research that studies ways of promoting healthy habits and ways of encouraging people to actively work at staying healthy is called:

health psychology

Delia goes to bed at 10 P.M. and quickly falls asleep. She sleeps soundly until 6 A.M. the next morning. Between 2 A.M. and 6 A.M. Delia will most likely experience:

long episodes of REM sleep, with little or no time spent in stage 4 sleep

Most dreams:

reflect the daily concerns of the dreamer.

When we see a streak of light, and the image remains in our vision for just a split second after the light is gone, we say that this brief image was retained (although for only an instant) in the memory store known as:

sensory memory

Pavlov found that once he conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, a tone that was slightly higher or lower in pitch would also make the dog salivate. This phenomenon is called:

stimulus generalization

A neural impulse travels the length of a neuron, beginning at the (1)_________, traveling into the (2)__________, then continuing down the length of the (3)__________ and ending at the (4)__________.

(1) dendrites, (2) cell body, (3) axon, (4) terminal buttons

A researcher publishes the results from a correlational study in which he claims to have found a weak (but significant) correlation between drinking coffee and students' scores on tests. Students who drank two cups of coffee before taking a test scored higher (on average) than students who only drank one cup of coffee, and those who drank one cup did slightly better on the tests than those who drank no coffee. Which of the following correlation coefficients is most likely to have been reported by the researcher?

+.32

Of the following correlation coefficients, which represents the weakest relationship between two factors?

-.12

IQ scores are assumed to be "normally distributed" in a pattern that resembles a "bell-shaped curve." The average score occupies a position in the middle of the curve at the point where the curve arcs to its highest point. On most IQ tests, the average score is:

100

Eight-year-old Terry has just completed an intelligence test, and his scores show that Terry's performance matched that of an average 5-year-old. Thus, for the purpose of computing IQ, Terry's mental age is:

5

According to Alberrt Bandura's observational learning theory, your ability to learn a behavior by watching someone else model the behavior depends on

ALL of the above are considered necessary for observational learning to occur

Which of the following most accurately describes or explains taste aversion?

ALL of the above statements are accurate explanations or descriptions of taste aversions

Psychologist Gordon Allport is famous for having counted how many words in the English dictionary can be used to describe personality traits. Approximately, how many words describing personality traits did Allport find?

About 4,500 to 5,000

Your textbook refers to the "Cognitive Revolution" as a theoretical shift that occurred during the middle part of the 20th century. During the cognitive revolution, many psychologists were persuaded to shift their attention from just studying behavior to studying both behavior and the thinking processes associated with behavior. What term did Professor Drinkard use in class to identify this theoretical orientation that includes a focus on the thoughts that precede behaviors?

Cognitive-behavioral theory

Which of the following best explains awareness during sleep?

During sleep, people maintain some awareness of things happening inside themselves and in their immediate surroundings, but they are largely unaware of most internal and external conditions

Albert Bandura conducted experiments on the effects of observational learning in children. Each child was taken to a room with a one-way mirror, which allowed the child to observe adults in an adjoining playroom. Some children observed adults modeling non-aggressive behavior, while other children saw adults acting out aggressive play with toys in the playroom. Among the children who saw adults modeling aggressive behavior, some children saw adults being praised for their aggressive play, while other children saw aggressive-acting adults being criticized for acting aggressively. Which of the following best describes how the children acted afterwards?

In the condition where children had seen aggressive models being praised for acting aggressively, the children engaged in more aggressive play than other children

Which of the following statements about personality is most accurate?

Personality is thought to be mostly stable over the long term and not easily changed

The science of psychology is sometimes referred to as a science of human behavior that came about through the "merger" of philosophy and physiology (medical science). How do psychology and philosophy differ in their approach to understanding human thoughts and behaviors?

Philosophers seek knowledge through a process of contemplation, introspection, and discourse with other philosophers, while psychologists seek knowledge through direct observation and experimentation.

Your textbook discusses several possible explanations for how genes and the environment might interact. Which of the following best describes the explanation listed as the range of reaction explanation?

Range of reaction refers to the genetically determined limits for possible responses to different conditions, especially those environmental conditions experienced during infancy and childhood.

An SSRI (e.g., Zoloft or Celexa) is a type of antidepressant that affects serotonin activity in the brain. How do SSRIs increase serotonin activity in the brain?

SSRIs block re-uptake or re-absorption of serotonin by the presynaptic neuron, so that more serotonin remains in the synapse for a longer period of time

Psychologists have tried to sort all of the words that can be used to describe personality into the fewest number of categories that still fully describes someone's personality. What is the name of the theory that suggests personality can best be understood as having five dimensions?

The Five Factor Model of Personality

During class, students participated in a memory experiment. During the experiment, students were shown lists of ten words flashed on a screen, one word at a time. After all ten words in a list had been shown, students attempted to remember as many words as possible, first in a free recall condition, then in a cued recall condition. When responding to items on the cued recall test, most students incorrectly remembered seeing one or more words (e.g., doctor or sweet) as having been flashed on the screen, even though neither of those words was ever flashed on the screen. What did these memory mistakes show?

The experiment showed how using words associated with an undisplayed target word could create a false memory of having seen the target word displayed, even when the target word was NEVER flashed on the screen.

Prior to Bowlby and Ainsworth's theory of attachment, psychologist Harry Harlow studied rhesus monkeys, and which characteristics attracted infant monkeys to surrogate or substitute "mothers." After removing infant monkeys from their mothers soon after birth, Harlow exposed the infants to an artificial "substitute mother" made of terrycloth (which the infant would find physically comforting) and a less physically appealing mother (made of wire) from which the infant monkeys received food. When Harlow created conditions that frightened the infant monkeys, which mother did the infant monkeys run to for protection?

The infant monkeys preferred the soft terrycloth mother, regardless of whether she was the source of food

What happens to information in short-term memory after 20 or 30 seconds if it is not continuously rehearsed or transferred into long-term memory?

The information fades until it is completely lost.

Attachment theory was developed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to help psychologists better understand the origin of the strong emotional bond that develops between an infant and his/her caretaker (usually the child's mother). According to their theory, a secure attachment provides a toddler with the sense of safety and security needed for exploring his/her surroundings and learning about the world through those explorations. How did Bowlby and Ainsworth describe the part that a parent plays in giving the child the sense of safety and security needed for exploring the world?

The parent serves as a secure base from which the child can venture forth to explore the world.

Marissa took a personality test that was supposed to measure the extent to which she possesses the trait of "agreeableness." She took the test 3 times over a period of three weeks and got three different results. The first result showed that she possessed a high level of agreeableness. The second result showed that she had a moderate level of agreeableness. The third result showed that she had a low level of agreeableness and could actually be classified as being disagreeable. Which of the following statements would a psychologist be most justified in making about the personality test that Marissa took?

The test is not a reliable measure, but no judgment can be made about its validity without a careful analysis of the manner in which the test assesses agreeableness

What does it mean to say that a personality test is reliable?

When a person takes a test more than once, then their scores are the same, or nearly the same, each time they take the test.

The Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory for understanding emotions differs from earlier theories in that it includes an intermediate step between the initial arousing stimulus and the final perception of emotion. For Schachter and Singer, what was this intermediary step?

a cognitive or cognitive appraisal component

Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's very specific and detailed memory of this emotional event in his life is an example of what is called:

a flashbulb memory

Caitlyn has always been proud of her baking abilities and especially her pound cake. She has always used the same recipe, the same oven settings, and the same baking time, and her pound cakes have always turned out just right. However, Caitlyn's employer recently transferred her from their Richmond office to the company's offices in Denver, Colorado. At higher elevations, baking times must be increased. Since moving to Denver (elevation 5,500 ft.), Caitlyn has three times tried and failed to bake one of her delicious pound cakes. Caitlyn's continued use of the same oven settings and baking times she used in Richmond, even though her cakes repeated fail, is an example of:

a mental set

Researchers have found that among older adults, those who spend more time in vigorous physical activity (e.g., swimming or jogging) are more likely to have better memory function. Thus, when older adults exercise more, their memory test scores increase. With regard to exercise and memory, what type of correlation does this represent?

a positive correlation

The goal of psychological research is to understand what is true for most people, most of the time. However, since there are so many billions of people on the planet, it is impossible for researchers to study and gather data from everyone. Thus, researchers must use a subset of the larger population when conducting research. What is the best type of population subset for psychologists to use when conducting research?

a random sample

As an adult, Charles experiences a lot of stress when he is involved in a close interpersonal relationship, especially a romantic relationship. Charles is often worried that his partner is going to leave him and his is frequently suspicious when his romantic partner specds time with anyone else. Which type of infant attachment would most likely have caused Charles' current difficulties in romantic relationships?

a resistant-ambivalent attachment

The biological concept of homeostasis has been incorporated into psychological theories of motivation. Which of the following best explains the concept of homeostasis?

a state of equilibrium or balance, in which an organism's biological needs are met, the organism is functioning at an optimal level, and no further behavior is required

When an article describing a research project is published in a psychology journal, the authors usually begin the article with a short paragraph that summarizes the entire research report. What is the name of this brief paragraph?

abstract

While walking on a beach, you pick up an odd-looking seashell that has a very rough texture. As you rub your fingers over the shell, the sensory messages are communicated from your fingers to your brain via _____ nerves, which are part of the somatic nervous system.

afferent

Certain drugs or substances affect our central nervous system either by enhancing the effectiveness of a specific neurotransmitter or by functioning as a substitute for a specific neurotransmitter. For example, alcohol increases the effectiveness of GABA transmissions in the brain, while opioid medications actually bind to receptor sites designed for endorphins. What term is used to describe those drugs that mimic or strengthen the effects of a specific neurotransmitter?

agonists

According to personality theory, which personality trait would be used to describe someone who never argued about anything, but just seemed to be willing to go along with whatever others told him?

agreeableness

Comparing an individual's score on an intelligence test to the typical scores of others, who are grouped by age, provides an indication of a person's mental age, which can then be divided by the individual's chronological age to yield

an IQ score

In the history of scientific research, there are many examples of researchers conducting unethical experiments on participants who were unaware of the dangers involved. Today, researchers must provide participants with a description of the experiment and its dangers, and have each participant sign a document stating that he/she understands the risks and has freely chosen to participate despite the dangers. What is this document called?

an informed consent form

Psychologist John Watson conditioned an infant known as "Little Albert" to fear a white lab rat by banging a hammer on a steel bar whenever Little Albert was exposed to the rat. What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Watson used in this experiment?

an unexpected loud noise

According to Robert Sternberg's theory, intelligence can be divided into the following three major components:

analytical intelligence; practical intelligence; creative intelligence

Fifty years ago, the U. S. Surgeon General first issued warnings about the dangers of cigarettes. Tobacco companies soon started producing TV commercials and magazine ads featuring an elderly gentleman who declared that the surgeon general was wrong. In these ads, the elderly gentleman would explain that he had been a pack-a-day smoker since he was 16 years old and had never been sick a day in his life. Of course, the error in using this form of evidence to support a claim is the illogical assumption that what is true for one person is likely to be true for most people. What is the name for this type of evidence, which consists of a story about one individual's personal experience?

anecdotal evidence

The American Psychiatric Association recognizes several different types of eating disorders with various symptoms. Which type of eating disorder would most likely result in a person appearing to be abnormally thin?

anorexia nervosa

In general, the sympathetic nervous system ________, while the parasympathetic nervous system ________.

arouses a person for fight-or-flight; returns bodily functions to a normal level

When psychologists replicate a study, it means that they are performing a study previously done on a different group of participants, but using essentially the same research techniques as were used in the original study. Why do researchers replicate studies?

because replication provides additional evidence to either support or refute the original study findings

As the science of psychology grew and expanded, those who taught and studied psychology tended to divide themselves into different groups, based upon the theoretical orientation or approach they preferred. Which of these psychological orientations focused on studying human behavior and how behavior is learned, but did not attempt to investigate the inner workings of the human mind?

behaviorism

The three most widely used psychoactive substances in the U.S. are:

caffeine, alcohol, nicotine

When psychologists generalize research results from a subset of the population to an entire population, it means they feel confident that whatever was shown to be true for the study participants is probably also true for the rest of the population. Which of the following research methods does not allow researchers to generalize their findings to the larger population?

case studies

Different parts of the brain are involved in memory processes, and certain brain areas are associated with specific types of memories. Which part of the brain is most closely identified with creating and storing procedural memories?

cerebellum

The largest subspecialty within psychology, which focuses on providing professional diagnosis and treatment of individuals with psychological disorders or emotional problems, is the field of

clinical psychology

When we say that psychology is empirical, we are saying that

conclusions should be based on direct observation, measurement, and experimentation

Experiments and correlational studies are two different ways of conducting research. One thing that separates an experiment from other research methods is that in an experiment the researcher:

controls one variable to see how it affects a second variable

People who suffer from severe forms of epilepsy sometimes undergo an operation in which the fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain are cut. This procedure reduces the frequency and severity of seizures. What is the name of the bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

corpus collosum

Using an EEG machine, researchers have identified various types of brain waves exhibited by persons during sleep. Alpha waves and theta waves dominate the EEG readout during the early stages of sleep. What type of brain waves will be seen most often during the deepest non-REM stages of sleep?

delta waves

Nineteen-year-old Lena was recently asked by her aunt: "What do you want to do when you finish college?" Lena shrugged and said: "I not sure what I'll do. Sometimes I think about becoming a model, and sometimes I think I'd like to be a nurse or a teacher, so I could help people. I guess I haven't really given it a lot of thought." According to James Marcia's categories of identity, Lena is most likely in a state of identity ___________.

diffusion

Which type of motivation theory is based on the assumption that human behavior comes from a desire to reduce the tension or discomfort (e.g., hunger) that is felt when a state of disequilibrium or imbalance exists?

drive theory

The first step in creating a memory is called encoding. Some information is encoded almost automatically, especially information about recent events (e.g., what you had for supper last night). However, much of the information encoded into memory can only become a memory by our paying attention to it and working at learning or memorizing it. According to your textbook, when a person puts forth a lot of work and close attention to encode new information into memory, researchers say the individual has engaged in:

effortful processing

Carly used to be afraid of dogs because she was once bitten by her grandmother's miniature poodle. However, over the years, Carly has been around many other dogs, including other miniature poodles, and because she has never been bitten by any of them, her fear of dogs has gradually disappeared. This illustrates the conditioning process known as

extinction

Which of the following personality traits describes individuals who are outgoing, sociable, and friendly, and who seem to prefer being around other people as opposed to being alone?

extraversion

Numerous studies have been conducted looking at the factors involved in criminal convictions in which the convicted person ultimately turned out to be innocent of the crime. Those studies have consistently shown that the leading cause of wrongful convictions is:

eyewitness misidentification

Elizabeth Loftus' research on the "misinformation effect" indicates that:

eyewitnesses' accounts may change after they hear misleading or incorrect information about the event they witnessed

Andrew works for a bank and gets paid once a month, whereas his friend George works at a fast-food restaurant and gets paid once a week. Despite the difference in when they are paid, both are paid on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed interval

Cal works in a factory and is paid based upon his productivity. For every 100 widgets that Cal assembles, he receives $10. The owners of the factory are using a _____ schedule of reinforcement to pay Cal.

fixed ratio

Based on the case of David Reimer (described in your textbook), and also, based on most empirical research, gender identity is most likely determined by:

genetic inheritance and other biological factors that have been determined before birth

Remembering that higher correlations indicate a stronger connection between two things, which of the following would you expect to be most highly correlated with IQ scores? (for most people, most of the time)

grades in school

After training one of his dogs to salivate in response to a tone, Pavlov continued sounding the tone, but stopped pairing the tone with the presentation of meat powder. As a result, the dog:

gradually stopped responding to the tone

When someone is repeatedly exposed to a loud noise, such as the sound of a passing train, they eventually stop responding or even noticing when the train passes. This can often happen when someone lives in a house directly beside the railroad tracks. This loss of response to a repeated stimulus is called:

habituation

Although the majority of the population identifies itself as heterosexual, there are significant numbers of people who identify as either homosexual or bisexual. Current research data suggests that sexual orientation:

has an underlying biological component and thus is something that was largely determined prior to birth

Samuel suffered damage to his temporal lobes during an operation to remove tumors from his brain. Which of his sensory abilities is most likely to be affected by damage to his temporal lobe?

hearing abilities

What two factors are considered when calculating a person's body mass index (BMI)?

height and weight

Neurons are

highly specialized interconnected information processor cells that transmit neural impulses

In psychology research, a ________ is a prediction derived from repeated observations and often based on theory, while _________ is a well-developed set of ideas, which appears useful in explaining why observed events or behaviors occur.

hypothesis; a theory

Some psychologists have explained hypnosis as an individual's performance of a social role. According to this theory of hypnosis, the hypnotized individual is

in a normal state of consciousness, but acts out the role of a hypnotized person

During the heightened physical arousal that is characteristic of the fight-or-flight response, which of the following DOES NOT occur?

increased digestion activity

A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company would MOST likely have received training in

industrial and organizational psychology

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is one of the most common causes of death in infants during the first year of life. However, the number of SIDS deaths has been significantly reduced by recommendations issued by the American Medical Association. Perhaps the most important recommendation from the AMA was:

infants should be placed on their back to sleep

Tremaine complains about the quality or duration of his sleep, that he has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep, and that he frequently wakes before it is time to get up. Tremaine has:

insomnia

Emotional intelligence has been proposed as a different type of intelligence that helps a person to understand and deal with their own emotions, as well as the emotions of others. People with high levels of emotional intelligence would probably score high in which two of Gardner's eight multiple intelligences?

interpersonal and intrapersonal

According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial crisis of early adulthood centers on establishing close, personal relationships with others. This is the stage of

intimacy vs isolation

Research has shown that meditation

is effective in lowering stress and may even help lower blood pressure

Raul didn't always like to run, but when his best friend, Justin, joined the high school track team, Raul decided to go out for track and soon found that he actually enjoyed the feeling of working his body and challenging himself during races. Even when the track and field competitions finished for the year, Raul continued to go for a run by himself almost every day. In this example, it seems likely that Raul

is intrinsically motivated to run because running is a personally rewarding experience for Raul

Which of the following is the best analogy for neurotransmitter going into a receptor site?

it is like someone putting a key into a lock

In psychology, an operation usually refers to a behavior. Thus, an operational definition is a description of the exact behavior a researcher has decided best represents the condition or variable being studied. Which of the following would be a good operational definition of aggression in preschool children?

kicking, hitting, and screaming could ALL be used as good operational definitions of aggression

Many psychodynamic theorists, such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, believed that dreams often contain symbols or have symbolic meaning. What term did Freud use to indicate the hidden meaning of a dream, which often involved the interpretation of symbolic content?

latent content

One important factor affecting a person's sleep-wake cycle is the changing levels of a hormone produced by the pineal gland. What is the name of this hormone that increases with darkness?

melatonin

A polygraph (lie dectector test) works by:

monitoring physiological arousal, which is expected to increase when a person is lying

Psychologist James Marcia built upon the 5th stage of development described in Erikson's theory. Marcia labeled individuals who delay making a career commitment while they actively explore different vocational options as being in a state of identity ___________.

moratorium

What is the primary purpose of the myelin sheath that develops over time as a covering on axons?

myelin serves as insulation on axons, increasing the speed at which nerve signal travel within the axon

A disorder characterized by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods is:

narcolepsy

Cole Thompson has loved farming since childhood and used to help his mother in her vegetable garden, even when he was barely old enough to walk. Cole seems to have a special affinity for plants and farming, and can sense when crops need watering or more fertilizer. Many of his neighbors, who are also farmers, seek out advice from Cole about when would be the best time to plant the new season's crops. According to Gardner's theory, which of Gardner's 8 types of intelligence does Cole seem to have?

naturalistic intelligence

The peripheral nervous system is made up of:

nerves that carry messages to and from the central nervous system to muscles, organs, and other parts of the body

According to personality theory, which trait describes individuals who tend to worry a lot and to be very emotional, are easily upset, and seem anxious and insecure?

neurotisicm

When psychologists discuss the "mechanism of action" for a drug, they are referring to the way in which the drug affects:

neurotransmitter activity in the brain

Before conditioning occurs, the neutral stimulus elicits

no response

Which personality trait describes a person who is eager to try new things and enjoys having new experiences?

openness

Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip, but used her down-filled jacket as a substitute pillow. This is an example of:

overcoming functional fixedness

You are waiting in line at Chick-fil-A, and there is a woman with her 4-year-old daughter standing in line behind you. The 4-year-old is excited about getting her chicken nuggets and keeps bumping against your leg while jumping around in line. In which lobe of your brain are you experiencing the sensation of the girl bumping and pushing against your leg while you are standing in line?

parietal lobe

A placebo effect occurs when:

participants' expectations that they are receiving an effective treatment cause them to experience some degree of change, even though the treatment they receive is a fake (e.g., a sugar pill instead of real medicine)

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, when can an individual attempt to achieve his or her need for self-actualization?

people can attempt to become self-actualized only after addressing all lower-level needs

Alfred Binet devised the first intelligence test in 1905 in order to

predict school performance in children

The famous incident involving the 19th century railroad worker Phineas Gage was often used as evidence that destruction of the ______________ could lead to changes in personality.

prefrontal cortex

Although she had not ridden one in years, Evelyn carefully climbed onto the bicycle and began bicycling with her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task, even after years without practice, is an example of which type of long-term memory?

procedural memory

Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory, whereas knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory.

procedural; semantic

Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget are possibly the two most influential developmental theorists in psychology. Erikson's theory focused on __________ development, while Piaget's theory focused on __________ development.

psychological and social; cognitive

The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that

punishment decreases the frequency of a behavior, while negative reinforcement increases the frequency of a behavior

As Rick was filling out the loan application, he couldn't remember his previous address, even though he had lived in that house for five years before moving to his current residence. Rick's memory of his current address was interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of:

retroactive interference

After noticing that the dogs he was using in experiments were associating certain sounds in the laboratory with feeding time, Pavlov decided to see if he could condition the dogs to respond to a variety of stimuli, including the sound of a tone. In this learned association, the conditioned response (CR) was

salivation elicited by the tone

How would you characterize the distribution of scores in a normal distribution?

scores cluster around the same average score

The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

seems to be limitless

Which of the following IS NOT one of the 7 universal facial expressions of emotion?

shame

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

shaping

Jasmine takes her 1-year-old son, Randal, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Randal casually explores the playroom without any hesitation, and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, he shows no signs of concern. Also, when she returns, he shows little interest and continues playing with some toy cars. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

share an avoidant attachment relationship

During the second-half of the 20th century, the civil rights movement and the women's movement raised awareness of psychologists who had previously tended to focus their research mostly on white males. Thus, psychological researchers began to select samples of subjects that were more diverse for their research studies. This effort by psychologists to recruit research participants from both genders and from different races and cultures shows how psychology researchers have:

shifted to a multicultural emphasis in psychology

As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning of the words in which stage of memory?

short term memory

Correlational research is useful because it can:

show how various factors that affect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are related to one another, and can be used in situations where experimentation would be unethical or impossible.

Many people suffer from a sleep disorder characterized by brief periods of not breathing while asleep, which result in the person reflexively gasping for air after a few seconds of not breathing. This sleep disorder is called:

sleep apnea

Sleepwalking can occur during any stage of sleep, but for most people, most of the time, episodes of sleepwalking occur during

slow wave sleep stages

According to Howard Gardner's theory of eight types of intelligence, one would expect a navigator on the starship Enterprize to be an expert at calculating the ship's location in space. Which of Gardner's eight types of intelligence would the navigator probably have?

spatial intelligence

The cerebral cortex, which is the largest part of the human brain, is characterized by long folds and bulges of brain tissue. Which of the following terms is used to refer to the fissures or grooves found between bulges of brain tissue?

sulci

Neurons do not physically touch one another, but instead communicate via neurotransmitters that are released from one neuron and received by a second neuron. The small space between neurons into which the neurotransmitter is released is called the:

synapse

In emergency situations, the endocrine system helps prepare the body for "fight-or-flight" by causing adrenaline to be released from:

the adrenal gland

Several areas of the brain are involved in memory. Which two brain areas seem most involved in the consolidation of memories (i.e., the transfer of memories into long-term memory)?

the amygdala and the hippocampus

Travis awoke Saturday morning feeling sad and somewhat depressed because he and his teammates had lost their high school's football game on Friday night. However, despite his protests, Travis' mother insisted he accompany her and his brother and sister to have their family photo portrait made. The photographer kept asking everyone in the family to "smile" as he took a series of pictures for the family to choose from. After leaving the portrait studio, Travis was surprised to find that he was feeling less sad and even a little happy. The fact that Travis' smiling during the photography session affected his mood is an example of:

the facial feedback hypothesis

Your textbook lists several ways in which people make errors in judgment when trying to solve problems or reach conclusions. One way in which people make judgment errors is when they believe that because a possible event has not occurred recently, it is more likely to occur in the immediate future. For example, Paul has been flipping a coin and watching to see if it comes up "heads" or "tails" on each flip. After 7 straight "heads," Paul bets his dad $5 that the next flip will be "tails" because after 7 straight "heads," the coin flip is bound to turn out "tails." What is the name of the fallacy that Paul is committing in making the bet with his dad?

the gamblers fallacy

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two parts of the brain associated with understanding and using language. For most people, in which brain region are these two areas located?

the left cerebral hemisphere

The cerebrum exists as two halves or hemispheres. Which half of the cerebrum controls the right-side of the body?

the left hemisphere

A plus-sign (+) or a minus-sign (-) is placed in front of each correlation coefficient to indicate:

the manner in which the two variables are related (when positive, both variables increase or decrease together; when negative, an increase in one variable means a decrease in the other variable)

When President John F. Kennedy was hit by a sniper's bullet in the back of his head, he died almost instantly, because the bullet destroyed the area of his hindbrain which controled breathing, heartbeat, and other vital body functions. Which brain structure is this?

the medulla

After a study is completed, the researcher or research team prepares a report on the research and the results. The researcher hopes that the report will be accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, Which of the following is an advantage of the peer-review process used for selecting articles for publication?

the peer-reviewers provide a level of quality control, so that poorly conducted research does not get published in psychology journals

In Marcia's theory of identity development, identity foreclosure occurs when a person has committed to a career goal that ________________.

the person accepted either at the urging of others, without carefully considering other options

Cognitive psychologists study how people solve problems. In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the goal is to move all seven disks from the center peg to one of the outside pegs, while moving only one disk at a time and never placing a larger disk on top of a smaller disk. The best advice for solving this puzzle is: {Hanoi puzzle}

to develop subgoals that help you solve the problem

The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to:

to serve as the basis for comparison in successful experiments, where results found in the experimental group are expected to be different from results found in the control group

A progressive decrease in one's response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called:

tolerance

Noted memory researcher Daniel Schacter has identified and named the "Seven Sins of Memory," which he believes help explain many of the memory mistakes we all make. What name did Schacter assign to the common phenomenon of memories fading over time?

transiance

According to Erikson, the first stage of development (birth to one year) is a period when the infant develops the basic characteristic of

trust vs mistrust

An action potential is the brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge, which results in that neuron releasing neurotransmitter. If you were trying to explain to someone what an action potential is like, you might say that the process of a neuron achieving an action potential is similar to:

turning a light switch on and off

In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion will cause your eyes to automatically water or produce tears. Using Pavlov's terminology, the tears would be termed a(n):

unconditioned response (UCR)

Which sensory ability is primarily associated with functioning of the occipital lobe?

vision

One of the ways in which David Wechsler's IQ test (the WAIS) was an improvement over the Stanford-Binet test was that the WAIS:

was designed to be less dependent on subjects' verbal ability.