PSYCH 210 Cognition: All Quiz Sets

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on abstract symbols.

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

match box can be used as a shelf

Sometimes __________ prevent(s) people from using the most efficient solution.

mental sets

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

I described imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

Inductive reasoning involves

observational premises

In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the

participants were counting the number of ball passes.

What is one thing the Pegword does not rely on?

propositions

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

restructuring.

Experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval cues

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is

saying the message out loud.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

What is a difficulty in studying flashbulb memory?

Accuracy is measured by consistency between reports.

what is NOT associated with recognition-by-components theory?

Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble what?

"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E."

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

Knowledge

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which model of attention?

Late Selection

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

Manipulated

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

Meaning

The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiment was to...

Measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

A difficulty in Cognitive Psychology is that

Mental states are hidden

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

Method of Loci

Neisser proposed that

Narrative rehearsal explains flashbulb memory

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in

remembering where a best friend had moved.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on

the number of vowels in a word

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved.

when semantics

In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to

your prior knowledge

What is not an example of semantic memory?

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember

A list of long words than a list of short words

______ is an average representation of a category.

A prototype

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

A smaller response set

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

Concept

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B.F. Skinner

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of __________ ____________.

Bottom-up Processing

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

Calm

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

Can fly; Bird

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called...

Cognitive Psychology

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

Cognitive psychology

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence

Creates more connections

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning

Deductive

Dichotic listening occurs when

Different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as

Divided attention

. _______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype approach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.

False

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the principle of

Good continuation

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with recognition-by-components theory?

Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

Iconic memory

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

Inductive

What is a Criticism of introspection?

It produces variable results from person to person

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

New object

Selection of the attended message in the Broadbent model occurs based on the

Physical characteristics of the message

Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they

Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Reaction time refers to the time between the _________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

Presentation

Spreading activation

Primes associated concepts

What involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

Recognition

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

Schemas

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

Selective

What is not an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor

Was processed

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

an analogue representation.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, I didn't take my umbrella. This syllogism is an example of

denying the antecedent.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

According to Brown and Kulik's concept of flashbulb memory, people now in their early 20s do not hold a flashbulb memory for the attacks of 9/11 because

in 2001 they were too young to realize how consequential the event was.

The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

syntax-first

The key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is approximately

15-20 seconds

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

3

The "magic number," according to Miller, is

7 plus or minus 2

Behaviorists believed that psychology should focus on the study of

Observable behavior

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is

Perceptual organization

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the principle of

Similarity

Which event is most closely associated with the decline of behaviorism as an approach to psychology?

Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

The same as

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

The tacit-knowledge explanation

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because they can use

Top-Down Processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

Top-down processing

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is:

Valid

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that

We are not conscious we are using it.

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which example?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a fly

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Mental-scanning experiments found

a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.

decay; interference

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is

encoded

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity.

What process/processes schemas affect?

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory

episodic; semantic

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

What approach did Bartlett use to study memory?

qualitative, using correspondence between the actual story and its recall

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in LTM.

Suppose a psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing