PSYCH 210-Final

Interval estimate

"A range of values used to estimate the population parameter" -confidence interval: a range of vlaues that has a specific probability of containing the value of the population parameter -to create a confidence interval, start with the point estimate and then include a margin of error

Cumulative percentage

(Cf/N)*100

Interaction effect interpretation

(For two-way ANOVA) the effect of (name of one factor) on DV depends on (name of other factor)

Coefficient of determination interpretation

(R squared value ) of the variance in (DV) is explained by (IV)

R squared for regression interpretation

(R squared) of the variance in DV is explained by the set of independent variable

Z

(X-m)/s

Between group variance

- differences between group means - caused by the independent variable plus some error

Why would you be interested in graphing your data before conducting any inferential statistics?

- to see if you have nay outliers that may impact the conclusion you draw -many statistics tests operate under the assumption that you have a normal distribution

When should you use regression?

- to see the strength of the relationship between two variables -to compare multiple variables on outcome of y -when you have a continuous independent variable and continuous dependent variable

Regression allows us to predict one variable from another variable by using the "line of best fit" to give us an estimation of the relation that exists between the two variables. Which of the following is/are limitations of regression

-it doesnt tell us the relative strength of the relationship -it doesnt allow us to truly compare relations between variables

What does the confidence interval depend on?

-the amount of variability -the sample size

Size of the interval depends on:

-variation: more varied= narrower -sample size: larger N= narrower (more info)

If the null hypothesis is confirmed then the correlation coefficient (r) should be___

0.0

A small correlation affect is indicated by a Pearson coefficient of___?

0.1

What are the standard effect sizes for the correlation coefficient r?

0.1, 0.3, 0.5

Steps for hypothesis testing

1. State the hypothesis * Null ,then alternative; words and notation 2. Set the alpha (0.5) 3. Collect data and compute test stat 4. Determine probability (p) 5. Make a decision about the null hypothesis if p, alpha, reject the null if P> alpha, fail to reject the null

How many factors and how many conditions exist within a factorial sleep study comparing the amount of sleep ( 8 vs 4 hours) and reset difficulty (easy vs. hard) to test performance

2 factors, 4 conditions

The factorial anova design requires how many variables

2 or more

A factorial anova compares means across ___ or more ___ variables

2, independent

Eta squared interpretation

47% of the variance in depression scores is accounted for by treatment

Jessica wanted to know how many conditions and factors a 2x3 design would have?

6:2

Roger has 10 Dalmatian puppies, and Anita has 5 Dalmatian puppies. 5 of rogers puppies have brown eyes, 5 have blue. two of Anita's puppies have brown spots while the rest have black spots. Every weekend, the owners each pick one of their puppies at random and have a puppy play date. What is the probability that we have a blue eyed puppy from Roger OR a brown-spotted puppy groom Anita on a play date this weekend?

7/10 or 0.7

If 20% of students have a higher GPA than you, you are in the ____ percentile

80th

Confidence levels and z values

95%: 1.96 99%: 2.58

Dfbetween

=number of groups-1=k-1

In a one way anova, the total sums of square is equal to..? a. The sum of squared deviations b. The sum of square-rooted deviations c. The sum of between groups SS and within group SS d. A and C E. B and

A and C

Which fo the following are correct assumptions of factorial anova? a. Your dependent variable should be continuous b. Each sample has NOt been drawn independently of the other samples c. Your two independent variables should be categorical, independent groups d. A and C are both correct

A and C are both correct

You are analyzing a scatter plot that has a negative correlation. What is true of the x and y values? A. As x increase, y decreases b. As x increases, y increases c. As x decreases, y decreases d. As x decreases, y increase e. A and d are both correct

A and d are both correct

Which of the following is not applicable to a chi square test?

A chi square test can be sued to view frequencies, means and percentages

Concerning Cohens d, what relationship does a large effect size have with type II error rates?

A large effect size decreases type II error rates

Which of the following study scenarios would be best tested using a one-way anova?

A researcher wants to examine for differences in happiness level in fall, winter, spring and summer

Which of the following study scenarios would be testing using a factorial anova?

A researcher wants to test if there are differences in happiness level as function of gender (male, female, non-binary) and marital status (married, single)

Point estimate

A value of the sample statistic is used to estimate the population parameter Problems: we know the sample statistic will vary from sample to sample due to sampling error

For what type of test would a non-normal distribution be used: a. T-test b.z-test c. ANOVA. D. None of these

ANOVA

Which of the following statements is false? a. Multiple regression can handle all th question that we do with factorial anova b. ANOVA can handle all the question we have with regression

ANOVA can handle all the question with regression

Turkey test

ANOVA post-hoc test HSD= the minimum different between two means that is necessary for significance

Standard error

Across multiple samples, the average difference between values of the sample statistic and the value of the population parameter

Assumptions of regression/correlation: A. Interval or ratio scales b. Linear relationship c. Normal distributions for X and Y d. None of the above e. All of the above

All of the above

The sample mean a. Tells us what we would expect to find if we kept sampling b. Allows us to test the null hypothesis c. Adds in some "wiggle" room because it will never be the exact population mean d. All of the above

All of the above

Which fo the following tests could you put a confidence interval around? A. Difference between correlated means b. Correlation coefficient c. Difference between independent means d. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is not an assumption for factorial anova testing? a. Continuous dependent variable b. Categorical independent variable c. Homogeneity of variance d. All of the above are assumptions

All of the above are assumptions

Which wya can you not measure effect size? a. Cohens d b. R^2 you can meaure effect size with this c. Eta^2 d. Omega^2 e. All of these are correct

All of these are correct

It is concluded that the f statistic was near 1.0. What does this mean

All samples can from the same distribution

Which fo the following in not an effective way to convey the strength of a particular relationship?

Alpha

What is a variable

An item that might differ among individuals

What effects CI and margin of error?

As confidence level increases, margin of error increases as sample size increases, margin of error decreases as sample standard deviation increases,margin of error increases

If you have a graph and there is a negative correlation, what is true about the x and y values?

As x increases, y decreases

What phrase indicates main effect?

Average

If you have one sample mean, an ANOVA test and t-test can both be performed. A. True b. False

B. False

Which is the term regarding one way anova for when you are observing different participants once in each group?

Between groups

When we run a 2-way between-subjects factorial analysis of variance, we are partitioning the ____ into three meaningful parts

Between groups variance

Which of the following is considered a limitation of regression? a. Not showing us a line of best fit describing the relationship between two variables B. Not telling us the relative strength of a relationship c. Not allowing us to truly compared relations between variables d. Both b and c

Both b and c

Of the following Cohen's d values, which indicates the largest effect size? A. 0.3 B.0.1 C.-0.5 D.0.2

C.-0.5

What variable type is necessary to perform a chi squared test?

Categorical

Which type of variable do we use with a chi-square

Categorical

Observed and expected frequencies are compared in which type of test?

Chi square

What is one difference between multiple regression and a chi-square test? a. Multiple regression can only handle discrete variables b. Chi-square can only have discrete variables c. Chi-square is technically not a statistical test d. Multiple regression compares observed frequencies

Chi-square cna only handle discrete vairables

Which of the following statistics is not useful in calculating the confidence interval range?

Chi-square significance value

What reason is not correct as to why chi-squared testing is considered a non-parametric test?

Chi-square testing deals with continuous (interval, ration) variables best represented by means rather than medians

R squared

Coefficient of determination

Which of the following is not a reason why we like to use effect size

Cohen's d is the unstandardized size of the difference

Pick which best applies to this scenario. I roll a die. Event A: Rolling a 1, 5, or 6. Event B: rolling a number less than 5— these events are:

Collectively exhaustive

How does the chi-square test differ from other hypothesis tests?

Compares categorical variables

Reliability of a smaple statistic

Consistency of the sample results mean is most reliable estimate of the population central tendency

A _____ variable has theoretically infinite values

Continuous

Both regression and correlation deal with ___ outcomes

Continuous and ratio

What is not an assumption of factorial anova? A. Continuous independent variable b. Interval or ratio outcome c. Homogeneity of variances d. Independence of observations

Continuous independent variable

Which analysis technique should i use for the following scenario? I am very interested in the relationship between the number of trees in a city and the average temperature within the city. I think less trees might relate to higher temperatures, or higher temperatures relate to less tree growth, but the order is interchangeable

Correlation

The chi-square analysis test is unique to the other test form this semester in teh fact that:

Critical values increase as the degrees of freedom increase

Which of these is NOT considered a characteristic of standard normal distributions?

Curve is asymmetrical

According to the central limit theorem, as the sample size increases, the standard error ____

Decreases

Variance is a ____ statistic?

Descriptive

In a simple analysis of variance (non-factorial), which of the following statements is nit true

Dfbetween=number of groups-number of people per group

What is one thing that confidence interval cannot estimate?

Difference between two dependent means

Which is true about correlation

Extreme scores can inflate correlations

How do you calculate f for a one-way anova

F=Msbetween/MSwithin

If you have more than two means and more than one independent variable, what test should you use?

Factorial ANOVA

Which of the following would be best to use if you wanted to test the effect of the quantity of a drug taken and the effect of gender on the reduction of a migraine?

Factorial anova

You are given a data set which contains the race, sex, and amount of caffeine consumed per week of a sample group of college students. With this data set, you are asked to determine if and how race and sex effect amount of caffeine consumed. Which test would best allow you to do this?

Factorial anova

Which of the following is true about factorial anova

Factorial anova is comparing the effect of multiple groups of two independent variables on a dependent variable and on each other

In this study, we are utilizing an effect size to measure which has ore of a positive impact on academic success, the fear of failure or the prospect of academic success. Higher scores on each individual variable indicated higher levels of academic success. Fear of failure was calculated to have a mean value of 5.4 while prospect of success had a mean value of 7.5. We calculated a d value of 3.2. Therefore, fear of false is 3.2 standard deviation better than the prospect of success on academic success

False

If the r is closer to 1 or 01, but it is not equal to 1 or -1, this means he linear model:

Fits well

Sampling error

For a single sample, the difference between the sample statistic and the population parameter

A researcher runs a multiple regression model with anxiety as the outcome and number of cups of coffee and number of hours slept as the predictors. The unstandardized slope for cups of coffee was estimate to be -0.2. What is the correct interpretation of this number?

For each additional cup of coffee assumed, anxiety is expected to decrease by 0.2 points, holding constant numbers of hours slept

Null for t test

For independent groups, H0: muy-mud=0 for related groups, H0=muD=0

A priori (before the experiment) power analyses are useful tools because they

Give us the minimum number of participants needed to achieve 80% power

Which is an example of something that could be tested using one-way anova?

Happiness levels for low, medium, and high income

Which of these is not an assumption when using factorial anova

Heterogeneity of variance

What is not an assumption of regression/ correlation?

Heteroscedasticity

The preferred way to display the frequency of variables measured on an interval scale is a :

Histogram

Which of the following is not an assumption for chi-square

Homogeneity of sample

An assumption of the independent samples t-test is that the population from which the samples are drawn have equal variability. This assumption is known as:

Homogeneity of variance

Which of the following is not an assumption fo chi-squares

Homogeneity of variances

What does the f-ratio tell us

How large the differences between groups are when you take into account the differences within individual groups

Regression refers to ___

How much of an outcome cna be determined by a predictor

2-way ANOVA

IV: 2 or more, discrete DV: continuous descriptive state: M, s test stat: F effect size: eta squared

Correlation

IV: continuous DV: continuous descriptive stat; scatter plot and r test stat; r effect size; r squared

Chi square goodness of fit test

IV: discrete DV: discrete, one descriptive stat; f test stat; chi squared effect size; nope

Chi square test for independence

IV: discrete DV: discrete, two descriptive stat: f test stat: chi squared effect size: Cramers V or phi

t test

IV: discrete, one DV: continuous descriptive stat: M, s test stat: t effect size: r squared, d

ANOVA

IV: one, discrete DV: continuous descriptive stat: M, s Test stat: F effect size: eta squared

Multiple regression

IV; continuous, two or more DV; continuous descriptive stat: beta effect size: R squared

Which of the following statements about anova and f tests is true?

If your f value is larger than your critical f statistic, the null hypothesis can be rejected

How is a chi square test imitar to an independent sample t test?

In both , you are comparing a sample to a population

Reporting results guidelines

Include the test statistic, degrees of freedom, and probability if the result is significant, then the report should also include effect size

What type of statistic allows us to make judgements about the population?

Inferential

Which term fits this definition: "the effect of one factor is different depending on the level of the other factors"?

Interaction effect

All of these are aspects of regression but which of the following

Is a casual test

What is a benefit for using anova over other tests?

It is an omnibus test so it does not inflate type I error

What is not true about the correlation coefficient (r)?

It is the percent of variance explained by a variable

What does the word "factorial" mean in a factorial anova

It's a two by two design, i.e its cross sectional has 2+ independent variables

If the null hypothesis fo ra one-way anova is true, then we have

Just error variance

Correlation allows us to :

Know the relative strength of a relationship

For chi-square, critical vlaues get ___ as degrees of freedom get __ which is the opposite form a T and f test

Larger, larger

The ___ minimizes the difference between your predicted outcome and the outcome you actually observed a. Correlation b. Line of best fit c. Scatter plot d. R statistic

Line of best fit

Factorial design allow us to study both __ and __ effects of the independent variables on dependent variables

Main and interaction

In factorial anova, the ___ is the effect of one factor, ignoring the other a. interaction effect b. Main effect c. Degrees of freedom d. Crossed effect

Main effect

What are we looking for when using a factorial anova

Main effects and interactions

How does a larger sample size affect interval width?

Makes it narrower

Negatively skewed distribution

Mean<median<mode

The standard error fo the mean is also like a ____

Measure of reliability of sample means in a sampling distribution

r2: 0.9 is a:

Medium effect

If a distribution is positively skewed, which of the following displays is the most likely set of relationships among the three main measures of central tendency

Mode<Median<Mean

Positively skewed distribution

Mode<median<mean

When looking at the f ratio, if your numerator is larger than your denominator which of the following can you conclude about your result?

More likely not due to chance

Which of the following is incorrect in regards to one way anova testing?

Mstotal=Msbetween+MSwithin

Which are true for regression? a. Must have at least 2 variables (predictor and outcome) b. Just be categorical outcome c. It is rarely used amongst psychologist d. Both a and b

Must have at least 2 variables (predictor and outcome)

df

N-2

If a science teacher tells her class: "all those who got 100 on the science test got 20 on the English test, and all of those that got 100 on the English test got 20 on the science test", she is saying that the correlation between the science test and the English test is :

Negative

Which fo the following is not true about effect sizes

Omega squared cannot be sued

Standard deviation interpretation

One average, (name of variable) scare are (value of s ) points away fro the mean

Point biserial correlation

One variable is continuous, the other is dichotomous (correlation coefficient)

If i were to test a smaple in which the data is continuous with more than two means, but one independent variable which test would i use?

One way anova

If you want to compare two group means, conduct a ___ analysis and if you want to examine the effect of two categorical variables (factors) on an outcome, conduct a___ analysis

One way anova, two way anova

Why d we tend to use two-tailed tests in psychology?

One-tailed tests might miss an effect in the opposite direction

What is the difference between one-way anova and chi-squared tests?

One-way anova has continuous dependent variables and chi-square has categorical dependent variables

A one-way ANOVA compared group means of ___ factors(s), and ___ take into consideration interaction effects of the factors in question a. One; does not b. One;does c. Two; does not d. Two;does

One; does not

Using letter grades to classify student performance is an example of an ___ scale

Ordinal

What type of test is most appropriate when you want to compare an outcome between the same people at two completely different time points?

Paired samples t-test

A 95% confidence interval indicates that 19 out of 20 samples (95%) from the same population will produce confidence intervals that contain the population ___

Parameter

Which of the following would require a repeated-measures (within-subjects) ANOVA?

Participants are tested on how well they can draw by looking at a mirror before completing a coordination task in front of a mirror and after the task is over. We also get a third mirror drawing from them a week later. We are interested in the changes to their mirror drawing speed before the task ,immediately after the task ,and a week later

Factorial anova is an extension of one-way anova by:

Partitioning variance within the "between" group variable

Researchers want to conduct a chi-square analysis to exit polling results form the 2018 midterms. Which of the following dependent variables would they use a chi-square test for?

Political party affiliation

To test which means differ we can use

Post hoc test and planned contrasts

Pairwise comparisons, made after finding that F is significant, that are used to determine which Paris of means are significantly different are known as:

Post hoc tests

Which of the following tests is used to find which samples are significantly different from the others after an anova test

Post-hoc test

When R is squared, you get ___ variance that two variables share

Proportion of

Why is omega-squared considered "better" than r-squared when interpreting effect size?

R tends to overestimate the true population parameter rho

What measure of effect size is preffered for multiple regression

R-squared

Which of the following is true about an r-squared value?

R-squared is the percent of variance in Y that is related to X R-squared. An be used to describe the seize of an effect

Which value represents the percentage of shared variance between two variables in a regression model? a. r b. F c. r2 d. Z

R2

The process of selecting a subset of people form a population such that every person in the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the subset is called:

Random sampling

You are interested in whether or not eating junk food befor ebed can predict sleep quantity. You should use which test?

Regression

If i were interestin in determining if two means different from each other and the 95% confidence interval of my mean difference from 5.24 to 12.59, what would i conclude?

Reject the null hypothesis because the confidence interval does not include the value of my null hypothesis (zero)

In hypothesis testing, a type I error. Is:

Rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true

Why do we prefer to use standard deviation (SD) over variance when we have interval or ratio data?

SD is in raw units , making it more interpretable

Confidence interval for population mean

Sample mean +- z(standard error) M+-(1.96)(s/square root of n)

Which of the following is not an assumption of chi-squared test?

Sample size greater than 30

In hypothesis testing, the critical region consists of ___

Sample values that are very unlikely to be obtained if the null hypothesis was true

A researcher runs a multiple regression model with satisfaction with life as the outcome and sense of community and self-efficacy as the predictors. They obtain the following results: sense of community: estimate= 3.0, standardized estimate= 0.8, p=0.2 self-efficacy: estimate=3.0, standardized estimate=0.6, p=0.001 which, if any, is the string predictor of satisfaction with life and why?

Sense of community because it has a larger standardized estimate vlaue

Which of the following statistical values would be best to determine the main effect of sex on income

Sex significance value

Within group variance

Spread or dispersion of scores within each group - caused by error (individual differences, sampling error, incontrolled caravels etc.)

The standard error fo the mean is the ____ of the sampling distribution of means

Standard deviation

In correlation data, we ______ data in order t make distributions comparable

Standardize

If we were testing whether a particular mean was drawn from a particular population and we did not have the population standard deviation, we would use the ____ test to statistically answer the question

T

Which is not of the big three measures of effect size?

T-statistic

If you do an ANOVA test with two groups what test is that equivalent to? a. F-test b.p-test c. T-test d.d-test

T-test

In regression, residual refers to :

The difference between the predicted value of an outcome and the actual observed value

The main effect refers to__

The effect of one factor, after collapsing over the other

In a 2-way analysis of variance, when we say we have an interaction, we mean that:

The effect of one independent variable on a dependent variable differs as a function of a second independent variable

Probability interpretation

The likelihood that (name of statistic) occurred by chance is (p value)

In a 2-way analysis of variance, when we say we have a MAIN EFFECT, we mean that:

The means for the levels of factor A after collapsing over Factor B are significantly different from one another

Alpha level corresponds to

The probability of type I error

R-squared can be interpreted as:

The proportion of variance in Y that is accounted for/ explained by X

If your chi-square critical value is 3.0 and your observed sum of chi-squares is 3.45, then:

The relationship is statistically significant, because the observed alum is greater than the critical value

Which is not an example of effect size

The standard deviation

For a t-test, what would a d-value of 1.0 mean

The two groups mean differ by a standard deviation of 1.0

What does it mean if a research design is described as 4x4x4 factorial design

There are three factors with four levels each

Confidence confidence interpretation

There is a (strength, direction) direction between IV and DV AND EITHER: - As IV increases, DV decreases -People who have more IV tend to have less DV

What does it mean when we choose a confidence level of 95%

There is a 95% probability that a confidence interval will contain the true population mean

Cramer s V interpretation

There is a ___ relationship between IV and DV (same guidelines as r)

After running a regression analysis, we find that the R^2 between the two variables is 0.8. What can be concluded from this?

There is a strong correlation between the two variables

A correlation coefficient of -0.82 tells us

There is a very string negative relationship between x and y

Why is Cohen's d similar to z-scores?

They are both standardized

Which of the following is true of interval variables?

They assume equal intervals between numbers

What makes f values in one-way ANOVA test different from t-tests?

They can only be positive

Why do we transforms scores?

To make different distributions comparable

Dfwithin

Total number of scores-number of groups= N-k

Two-way chi-square tests are best for which kind of variables?

Two or more categorical variables

The alternate hypothesis for a two-tailed paired samples t-test states:

U1-u2 not equal to 0

The size of the interval depends on:

Variation and sample size

If the confidence interval is 3.21< mu<4.88, and we are working with 95% confidence , what can we conclude about the population mean?

We are 95% confident that the true mean falls within this interval

A 95% confidence interval around a given sample statistic can be interpreted as:

We are 95% confident the true population parameter is between the upper and lower bounds of the interval

If we were to run a n f-test, and got a value of -1.0, what would we conclude from out findings?

We made an error in out test calculations

Which of these questions could be answered with descriptive statistics alone?

What is the average GPA in PSCU 210?

When would it be best to use a chi-square? - when are you trying to determine sample means -for regression and correlation studies -when it has to do with life and death -for main effects and interactions

When it has to do with life and death

When is the difference between mean considered unimportant, even if it's statistically significant?

When its smaller than 0.2 standard deviations

When should you use a one-way anova test/

When testing if there are statistically significant differences between the means of three or more

When would the median be the most effective way to describe a distribution?

When the mean is skewed by outliers

When are confidence intervals useful?

When you want to find out how a sample statistic compares to the population

A one-sample t test tells us:

Whether one sample mean is different enough from a population mean to be considered from a different population

Regression

Y hat=bx+a Se (standard error of the estimate ) IV and Dv are continuous

Does chi-squares critical value increase as degrees of freedom increase?

Yes, unlike t-tests and ANOVA

You are conducting a one-sample t test and decide to use a 90% confidence interval. What is the best interpretation of this interval/

You are 905 sure that this (computed) interval contains the true population mean

Which of the examples below represents and interaction effect?

You wish to conduct your own basic experiment using 2 foods ( hot dogs and ice cream) and 2 condiments ( mustard and chocolate syrup) and you wish to measure enjoyment of the combination