Psych 212 Final Exam

WISC: Why another revision?

-Remove bias of literacy -Make more money, the old pictures were ugly, online -Improve "psychometric properties" (no longer MC questions, more varied)

Puberty

-Social: a process that leads to sexual maturity -Physical: A physical ability to reproduce -Psychosocial: Transition from childhood to adulthood

Treatment for ADHD

1. Cognitive/Behavioral Treatment 2. Medication

Disruptive Behavior/Conduct Disorders

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorders

Token Economy

Based on operant condition. Often used in group settings. Has been successful with severely disturbed children. Impulse control (get happy faces for behaviors that lead to rewards)

Resilient Children

Children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events. These children do not necessarily possess any extraordinary qualities. They simply manage to hold on to basic systems and resources that promote positive development.

Separation anxiety disorder

Condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached. Effects about 4% of children and can persist all the way through college. Children often come from close-knit and caring families. Linked to childhood depression

What is g?

General Intelligence Factor; Children's seemingly unrelated scores across tests actually correlate.

Menarche

Girl's fist menstruation. More reliable/documented measure of the onset of puberty. More socialized and acceptable in public.

Both (ADD/ADHD)

Kids express "remorse." Impulsivity: Blurting (frequent interrupting), Accident Prone, Impulse Control Problems, Inability to Delay Gratification (low self control)

Attention Deficit

Oppositional Defiant Disorders (ODD) and Conduct Disorders (CD)

Formal Operations

Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, marked by the ability to think abstractly

Individual Psychotherapy

Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled person one-on-one. Helps the child gain insights into his or her personality and relationships, helps the child to interpret his feelings and behaviors. May be helpful in times of stress. Usually more effective when combined with parental psychotherapy.

Conduct Disorders (CD)

Repetitive, persistent pattern of aggression, antisocial behavior violating societal norms or the rights of others. Add to the picture (ADHD & ODD) where the basic right of others are violated; vandalism, assault, etc. occurring, often involves actual crime and breaking the law.

Inattention (ADD)

School, home, or other social situations. Inability to sustain attention or complete tasks. Look at appropriateness for developmental level. Sustained mental effort is unpleasant.

Sex hormones

Sharp increase in production of sex hormones.

Cognitive advances

Solve concrete or actual problems

Disability or Dysfunction

Thoughts, emotions, or actions that interfere with ability to function. May have to defer to parents/teachers/counselors for answers; Ex: Children not able to be in classroom without disruption, not playing with other children at recess

Secular trend of Precocious Menarche

Trend of earlier menarche over several generations -<1900 = >14 yrs of age -1990s = 12.5 yrs -2000 data = 10 yrs

School Phobia

Unrealistic fear of going to school, may be a form of social phobia or separation anxiety disorder

The Marshmallow Test

(Delayed Gratification- Mischel 60s) "One now, or two later?" Kids who had one marshmallow has scores low on Emotional Intelligence, low frustration tolerance, higher risk of ADHD. Kids who had two marshmallows has success later in school, popularity, higher SAT scores, lower risk of ADHD

Homosexual and Bisexual Identity Development

-Despite that acceptance of homosexuality is increasing in the US, many homosexual and bisexual adolescents report a feeling of isolation in a hostile environment -Feel that they are more subject to discrimination and violence

The process of self-identity is more complex for homosexuals than those adolescents who are heterosexual

-Feel that they may be a disappointment to family -Struggle to identify same-sex partners and fear they will make a mistake and be rejected by someone who is heterosexual

Origins of sexual orientation

-Homosexuality was considered a mental disorder until 1973 -Sexual orientation appears to be at least partially genetic -Also dependent on one's environment

Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning

-Inductive Reasoning: Moving from particular observations to a general conclusion (concrete operations) -Deductive: Moving from general premise to conclusion about a particular member of the class (not until adolescence)

What are Elkind's 6 Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought?

1. Idealism and Criticalness 2. Argumentativeness 3. Indecisiveness 4. Apparent hypocrisy 5. Self-consciousness 6. Specialness and Invulnerability

3 Types of ADHD/ADD

1. Inattention (ADD) 2. Hyperactivity (ADHD) 3. Both (ADD/ADHD)

Categorization

1. Seriation: Ability to order items along a dimension 2.Transitive Inference: Understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a 3rd object 3. Class Inclusion: Understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts

4 Basic Standards for Categorizing a Psychological Disorder

1. Statistical Infrequency 2. Disability or Dysfunction 3. Personal Distress 4. Violation of Norms

Balance Beam

A balance scale comes with weights of varying sizes that can be hung at different points along the crossbar. The student must determine what factors affect whether the scale will balance

Shadows

A board containing a row of peg holes is attached perpendicular to the base of a screen. A light source and rings of varying diameters can be placed in the holes, at varying distances from the screen. The student must produce two shadows of the same size, using different size rings

Spermarche

A boy's first ejaculation. Nocturnal emission (wet dream). Usually occurs around 13 yrs. Less reliable as a measure for onset of puberty and less public discussion

Motion in a horizontal plane

A spring device launches balls of varying sizes that roll in a horizontal plane. The student must predict their stopping points

Naturalist

Ability to distinguish species and their characteristics

Spatial

Ability to find one's way around in an environment and judge relationships between objects in space

Logical/Mathematical

Ability to manipulate numbers and solve logical problems

Bodily/Kinesthetic

Ability to move with precision

Musical

Ability to perceive and create patterns of pitch and rhythm

Interpersonal

Ability to understand and effectively communicate with others

Intrapersonal

Ability to understand the self

Linguistic

Ability to use and understand words and nuances of meaning

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning (Hypothesis Testing)

Ability, believed by Piaget to accompany the stage of formal operations, to develop, consider and test hypotheses

Drug Therapy

Administration of drugs to treat emotional disorders. May Include the use of stimulants, antidepressants, tranquilizers, and antipsychotic medications. Drug therapy in children is highly controversial, esp. in the case of antidepressants

Specialness and Invulnerability

Adolescents believe their experiences are special, and that they are not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world. These beliefs are what causes many reckless and self-destructive behavior.

Indecisiveness

Adolescents lack skills and strategies needed to choose among a variety of possible outcomes. May struggle with what seem like simplistic decisions

Apparent hypocrisy

Adolescents often don't understand that their actions go against their vocalized ideals

Self-consciousness

Adolescents think that everyone is having thoughts about what they think about themselves

Adrenal glands

Androgen increase (precursor of testosterone for boys and girls). Starts 5-9 years. Because of androgen increase boys and girls have body hair accumulation, bone growth, gentile growth and development

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors. May exhibit compulsive behaviors or may be obsessed by irrational fear

Generalized anxiety disorder

Anxiety not focused on any single target. Worry about just about everything, tend to be self-conscious, self-doubting, and excessively concerned about meeting the expectations of others. Approval-seeking and in need to constant reassurance.

What are risks associated with precocious puberty (girls)

At risk sexually. Targeted by males with sexual interactions; Trigger: change in the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

Bisexual

Attraction to both people of the same sex and people of the opposite sex

Heterosexual

Attraction to people of the opposite sex

Homosexual

Attraction to people of the same sex

Idealism and Criticalness

Become convinced that they know how to run the world better than adults because of their idealistic thoughts. Become hypercritical of the "real world"

Space and Causality

Better understanding of spatial relationships, they can give you clear directions how to get somewhere

Numbers and Math

By age 6 or 7, many can count "in their heads" or able to count on; More adept at solving simple story problems

Statistical Infrequency

Compare the frequency of behavior to others (i.e., it is a rare behavior); -Ex: "Other are out to get me." Alarming if adult, but not for 5 yrs old bc he's being imaginative/pretending -Ex: Child prodigies

Argumentativeness

Constantly looking for opportunities to try out their reasoning abilities. Leads to everything becoming an argument

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

Contains 15 subtests/4 indices: Verbal comprehension, Perceptual reasoning, Processing Speed, Working Memory

ODD symptoms

Defiance (unwillingness to conform to others), Negative, disobedient, hostile toward others and authority, Resentful, spiteful, and vindictive. Constantly "testing their limits" with verbal and physical aggression. Overrepresented in male children.

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (5th edition-2013). Used for the diagnosis of mental conditions

Egocentric vs. Allocentric

Egocentric kids tend to see things only in their point of view; Allocentric kids have interests and attention centered on other people.

Ovaries

Estrogen increase. Stimulates growth of the genitals and the breasts. Contributes to the slowing of metabolism. Fat accumulation in thighs, hips, butt contributes to "hourglass shape" or "pear" shape

Social Phobia

Extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations. Occurs in about 5% of children. Runs in families/hereditary. Often triggered by traumatic experiences. Increases with age.

Hyperactivity (ADHD)

Fidgetiness, squirming in seat, excessive climbing or running when inappropriate. Difficulty engaging in leisure activities.

Sexual Orientation

Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual

Why are we seeing precocious menarche?

Girls experience menarche earlier due to higher standards of living (better food, health care), growth hormones in food, heritability of menarche, increased presence of unrelated males

Family Structure (Martin and Daly)

Girls with step father or mother's boyfriend in home reach puberty earlier than girls with biological father and brothers. Girls with biological father and full-brothers have delayed menarche compared to other girls.

Physical Gawkiness

Growth spurt changes, may cause growing pains. Both males and females have longer faces, acne, teeth become more upright, matches social awkwardness= adolescent egocentrism (same hormones changing brain are changing body). Body structure becomes more triangular (males- upside down triangle, females- right side up triangle)

Conservation

Identity, Reversibility, Decenter; Inconsistent=Horizontal De'calage (inability to transfer learning about one type of conversation to other types)

Protective Factors

Influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes (good family relationships, cognitive functioning)

Childhood depression

Mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints of pain, and thoughts of death or suicide. Likely to persist in adulthood, heritable, becomes worse and more serious with age if not treated.

Testes

More androgens (esp. testosterone). Increases muscle mass, body hair, deepening of the voice.

Specifics of CD

More prevalent in urban areas than rural areas. Males have physical aggression and higher overall felony count in comparison to females. Females- prostitution, eating disorders, self-mutilation, lying, substance abuse

Oppositional Defiant Disorders (ODD)

Pattern of behavior, persisting into middle childhood, marked by negativity, defiance, and hostility. Can occur as a result of ADHD being untreated. Children can stop feeling remorse for disruptive behavior.

Piagetian Tasks

Pendulum task, Motion in horizontal plane, Balance beam, Shadows

What brings about shift to formal operations?

Piaget attributed it chiefly to a combination of brain maturation and expanding environmental opportunities.

Obedience to Authority

Preoperational Stage; rigid obedience to authority. Rules cannot be changed or bent.

Operations

Principles we use when solving problems

Primer Pheromones

Produce changes in the endocrine (hormonal) system of receiving animal ex: dormitory effect and family structure

Family Therapy

Psychological treatment in which a therapist sees the whole family together to analyze patterns of family functioning. Observes how members of the family interact. Points out positive and destructive behaviors.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Seeks to change negative thoughts through gradual exposure, modeling, rewards, or positive self-talk. Proven to be the most effective form of therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

Moral Reasoning

Should be Jenny and Sarah get in trouble? -1st Stage: Preoperational, rigid obedience to authority, rules cannot be changed or bent -2nd Stage: Concrete operational, Increasing flexibility, considers intent and beginning of equity (intention and circumstances should be considered for punishment) 3rd Stage: Formal operations, Equity = Takes specific circumstances into account

Violation of Norms

Social norms, cultural norms, and rules that guide behavior in particular situations. Have to make sure the behavior is not age appropriate; Ex: If a 3 year old says they're an airplane it's ok, but not ok if 20 year old pretends to be a plan in public

Concrete Operations

Stage in which children develop logical, but not abstract thinking

Pendulum Task

String can be shortened or lengthened, and weights of varying sizes can be attached to the bottom. Student must determine what variables affect the sped of the pendulum's swing

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder

Syndrome characterized by persistent inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate overactivity; Problems with impulse control and delayed gratification.

Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test, Chorizo Test, other SES tests?

The Dove Counterbalance General Intelligence Test and Chorizo Test are tests aimed at the population of children from low-SES. They make the point that these children may do poorly on regular standardized tests simply because their culture is different than what is assumed by test writers.

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

The idea that there are eight distinct forms of intelligence; each person is a combination of several forms (Linguistic, logical/mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily/Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist)

Personal Distress

The individual's judgement of his/her own functioning level; Ex: Scared to go to school because of bullies

IQ Controversy

The use of psychometric intelligence tests such as those just described is controversial. -Pros:extensive info about their norms, validity and reliability, good predictors of school achievements -Negatives: tests underestimate the intelligence of children who are in ill health, tired, or do not well on tests

Art Therapy

Therapeutic approach that allows a person to express troubled feelings without words, using a variety of art materials and media. Can help a child describe what is troubling them without the need to put their feelings into words. Child may express deep emotions thought choice of colors and subject matter.

Play Therapy

Therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress. Child plays freely while therapist occasionally comments, asks questions, or make suggestions. Proven effective with a variety of emotional, cognitive, and social problems, esp. when consultation with parents or other close family members is part of the process

Behavior therapy/behavior moderation

Therapy that uses principles of learning theory to eliminate undesirable behaviors. May be more effective in children than other methods. Results are best when therapy is directed toward a specific behavior and a specific desired outcomes

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Used to treat OCD, depression, and anxiety disorders. Use increased rapidly in the 1990s but has fallen since.

Diagnostic Features of ADHD

Usually present before 7 years. Associated with learning disabilities. LDs and ADHD or HD more problematic for boys

Dormitory Effect

Women have overlapping menstrual cycles among humans. Girls periods will synchronize when they live in close quarters. Also overlapping sex, breastfeeding, child-caring

Babies perceive/express emotion

perceive- <6 months express- 6 months

Leptin

stimulates the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland; "good fat," triggers your period