Psych 21A Ch. 7 Review Questions

What proportion of American households has at least one television? A. Virtually all American households have at least one TV. B. Except for adolescents who live in low-income, single-parent, or disadvantaged homes, the majority of American households have at least one TV. C. More than 50% of American households have at least one TV. D. Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have at least one TV; however, about 50% of lower-income families have a TV.

A. Virtually all American households have at least one TV.

According to the textbook, the harmful effects of low parental monitoring are especially bad in neighborhoods that: A. are low in collective efficacy. B. are low in diversity. C. are high in diversity. D. are low income.

A. are low in collective efficacy.

The most popular type of extracurricular activities is: A. athletics. B. music. C. academic clubs. D. occupational clubs

A. athletics.

What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have? A. baby-sitting or childcare B. farm or agricultural job C. store clerk or salesperson D. fast-food-related job

A. baby-sitting or childcare

As discussed in the textbook, adolescents who work more than 20 hours weekly are more likely than their peers to: A. be absent from school. B. graduate from high school. C. spend more time on their homework. D. be less cynical about the workplace

A. be absent from school.

Hillary is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have? A. food server at a restaurant B. baby-sitter C. gardener D. housekeeper

A. food server at a restaurant

According to the textbook, all of the following contributed to the rise of the adolescent workplace in the United States, except: A. industrialization. B. the expansion of the service sector. C. the expansion of the retail sector. D. a relatively short school day compared with other countries.

A. industrialization.

One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is that: A. it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect. B. media is difficult to measure. C. the type of media that adolescents use changes rapidly. D. adolescents are very secretive about their media use.

A. it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect

Aside from athletics, which types of extracurricular activities are next most popular among adolescents? A. music-related and academic-related B. academic-related and church-related C. occupation-related and music-related D. church-related and occupation-related

A. music-related and academic-related

Which of the following is not a common message that the media conveys about sex? A. unprotected sex can have serious consequences B. women are sex objects C. sex is a defining aspect of masculinity D. sex is fun and exciting

A. unprotected sex can have serious consequences

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed? A. uses and gratifications approach B. cultivation theory C. media practice model D. routine activity theory

A. uses and gratifications approach

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does confidence mean? A. a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard C. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges D. respect for societal and cultural rules

B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say? A. movie theater usher and nurses' aide B. baby-sitting and lawn work C. fast-food worker and clothing store cashier D. receptionist and paper carrier

B. baby-sitting and lawn work

Lisa earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job. She is most likely to spend the money on: A. family necessities. B. leisure activities C. household expenses. D. college expenses.

B. leisure activities

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors encourages delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination? A. a lack of structure B. lower-than-average intelligence C. socializing with peers D. the absence of adult supervision

B. lower-than-average intelligence

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in: A. construction and manual labor. B. restaurants and retail establishments. C. offices and other clerical settings. D. factories and manufacturing plants.

B. restaurants and retail establishments.

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following? A. the media practice model B. the routine activity theory C. the uses and gratifications approach D. cultivation theory

B. the routine activity theory

When is delinquency most common? A. weekdays during school hours B. weekday afternoons C. weekend nights D. weekend afternoons

B. weekday afternoons

American high school students spend fewer than _____ hours per week on homework, whereas Japanese, Taiwan, and India high school students average closer to _____. A. 10; 20 hours per week B. 20; 20 hours per week C. 5; 5 hours per day D. 5; 5 hours per week

C. 5; 5 hours per day

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs? A. They encourage adolescents to behave independently. B. They require challenging decision making. C. Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school. D. Adolescents receive strict instruction from supervisors

C. Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is not an explanation for this? A. Educational reformers began calling for tougher standards in high school. B. Fewer and fewer individuals sought college admission. C. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many educated and qualified adults without jobs. D. The growth of new technologies during the first part of the twenty-first century expanded leisure opportunities for many teenagers.

C. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many educated and qualified adults without jobs

The Experience Sampling Method involves: A. observing individuals in their natural setting. B. witnessing change in the makeup of the population. C. adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged. D. researchers becoming participants during their observations.

C. adolescents carrying beepers and reporting their moods when paged.

Ruben works over 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to: A. become more socially responsible. B. know how to manage his money better. C. drop out of school. D. not engage in drug and alcohol use.

C. drop out of school.

Research assessing adolescent work experiences found: A. adolescents have little opportunity to interact with other adolescents on the job. B. adolescents often form close relationships with adults with whom they work. C. high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers, lying about the number of hours worked). D. adolescents find it easier to talk about their personal problems with adults at work than with their parents.

C. high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers (stealing from employers, lying about the number of hours worked).

Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on? A. drugs and alcohol B. designer clothing C. higher education D. stereo equipment

C. higher education

. Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study? A. cross-sectional B. prospective C. longitudinal D. All of the above.

C. longitudinal

Abner works long hours on weekends and after school. Research suggests that Abner: A. is likely to develop a strong sense of responsibility. B. is less likely to engage in delinquent activities than his nonworking peers. C. may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers. D. likely to report his fellow workers for their delinquent behavior.

C. may have a higher likelihood of engaging in minor delinquency than his peers.

Today's teenagers spend the most hours: A. on schoolwork. B. with members of their families. C. on leisure activities. D. working.

C. on leisure activities.

Based on the definitions outlined in the Five Cs of positive youth development, what does connection mean? A. a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B. an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy C. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges D. respect for societal and cultural rules

C. positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional exchanges

Cory works long hours. According to the research presented in the textbook, Cory might increase in which of the following? A. aggression B. school misconduct C. minor delinquency D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

The power of the adolescent as a consumer has increased as a result of: A. the size of the adolescent population. B. the prevalence of student employment. C. the fact that adolescents save less than any other age group. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment? A. need for part-time workers B. abundance of low-wage positions C. short shift schedules D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s? A. Boys had a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and girls had a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities. B. There was a significant decline in time devoted to homework among girls. C. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and leisure activities. D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

D. Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development? A. Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for the transition to adulthood. B. Working interferes with other activities, such as school. C. Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use. D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

D. The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on many factors, including the nature of the job, the number of hours worked each week, and the aspect of development studied.

A U-shaped or inverted-U pattern of results, as seen in studies that have examined how adolescents' moods change over time when with their families, is called what? A. a curvy line pattern B. a linear pattern C. a quadratic pattern D. a curvilinear pattern

D. a curvilinear pattern

Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or another extracurricular activity would be associated with all but which of the following outcomes? A. enhancing their feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem B. higher school achievement C. increasing their contact with adult role models D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

D. increasing the likelihood that they drop out of school

The average American adolescent sends _____ text messages a day. A. 1-20 texts B. 21-50 texts C. 51-100 D. more than 100

D. more than 100

Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents, and research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing positive attributes is known as what? A. pro-bono youth development B. preventative youth development C. cultivating decent youths D. positive youth development

D. positive youth development

Having more income than one can manage during early adolescence has been called: A. precocious income. B. displacement abundance. C. occupational disparity. D. premature affluence.

D. premature affluence.

Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out the possibility of spurious causation, which means that: A. two things can go hand in hand. B. that the second thing is actually causing the first thing (not the reverse). C. there is no statistically significant relation. D. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.

D. the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.

According to the textbook, compared to young people who are supervised after school by adults, Stephanie, a self-care adolescent, will likely experience all of the following except: A. be more socially isolated and more depressed B. be sexually active earlier C. be more likely to be involved in problem behavior D. use less drugs and alcohol

D. use less drugs and alcohol

When are adolescents usually in the "worst" mood? A. when they are with friends B. when they are working C. when they are with their family D. when they are alone

D. when they are alone