Psych 2314 Final Exam (Ch. 1,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11)

The average peak age of pubertal change is __________ years for girls and __________ years for boys.

15; 13.5

"Emerging adulthood," a term coined by Jeffrey Arnett, refers to the age range from:

18 to 25.

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of __________ inches a year.

2 to 3

People remember very little about what happened in their lives before about age:

2 years to 3 years old.

During early childhood, the average child grows _____________ inches.

2.5

The average American newborn is _____________ long and weighs ____________.

20 inches; 7 pounds.

Attachment refers to:

A close bond between an infant and a caregiver.

Regarding child maltreatment, which of the following statements is TRUE?

About one-third of parents who were abused themselves when young abuse their own children.

__________ is the heightened sense of self-consciousness in adolescence.

Adolescent egocentrism

Which of the following statements regarding adolescents' contraceptive use is true?

Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives.

Regarding cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variation in families, which of the following statements is TRUE?

African American and Latino children are more likely than White American children are to live in extended families.

Of the following infants, who is MOST at risk for SIDS?

Aimee; her mother smokes

Under which of these circumstances should a mother not breast-feed?

All of the above are the reasons for a reason for a mother to avoid breastfeeding.

Which of the following characteristics is central to the Montessori approach to education?

All of these (M)

Peers are important in normal social development because:

All of these (P)

What type of Self-Descriptions do children typically provide in early childhood?

All of these (SD)

Regarding adolescent pregnancy, which of the following statements is FALSE?

America's adolescent pregnancy rate is among the lowest in the U.S.

Which statement best describes the explanation given by the gender schema theory for gender development?

An individual's attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to cultural schemas that set out gender-based standards and stereotypes.

The Harry Harlow (1958) study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding. What evidence was used to support his conclusion?

Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers than with wire surrogate mothers.

Which of the following statements regarding body growth and proportion in the elementary school years is true.

Boys are usually stronger than girls.

Which of the following is not a principle of a child-centered kindergarten?

Children learn best when adults are available to guide learning experiences.

______________ is the awareness that altering an object's appearance does not change its basic properties.

Conservation (BP)

Howie and his little sister, Stephie, are each given one large cookie. The mother breaks Stephie's cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Howie immediately begins to cry and says that it isn't fair for Stephie to get so many cookies when he only has one. Howie is showing a lack of:

Conservation. (C)

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Correlation does not equal causation.

Which of the following describes the cephalocaudal pattern of development?

Development of the brain, followed by the spinal cord, and then leg nerves

_____________ is a learning disability whereby individuals have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.

Dyslexia

Which of the following statements about creativity is most accurate?

Early adulthood is a time of great creativity for some people.

______________, a limitation of preoperational thinking, is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and that of another person.

Egocentrism (PT)

In talking with Grandma on the phone, little Marcelo suddenly exclaims, "Oh, look at the pretty red bird!" When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Marcelo says, "Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!" He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of:

Egocentrism. (B)

__________ is an enduring, basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in a cultural group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

Ethnic identity

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

Fathers are more physical with their children.

________________ refer to a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Gender roles

Marcos is 16 and eager to graduate from high school and go on to college. He has a clear sense of what he wants for a career and has well-defined values. Which of the following best accounts for Marcos' sense of identity?

He developed autonomy during childhood

Which of the following individuals is most likely to "binge drink" in college?

Kevin, who has lived in a fraternity house for 2 years

What is the most common form of cancer in children?

Leukemia

Which of the following is NOT one of the results of there being more dual-earner families in the United States?

Married couples are reporting a drop in the frequency of sexual activity.

__________ is a girl's first menstruation.

Menarche

Which of the following statements regarding motor development in middle and late childhood is true?

Motor development becomes much smoother and more coordinated.

Which of the following would Erik Erikson be most likely to recommend about soothing a crying infant?

Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.

Regarding play, which of the following statements is true?

Play is defined as a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake.

______________ is a compensatory education program designed to provide children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire important school success skills.

Project Head Start

Who proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence that divides intelligence into analytical, creative, and practical components?

Robert Sternberg

__________ is when one person uses his or her power over another individual in a sexual manner.

Sexual harassment

Regarding children and television, which of the following statement is true?

Television violence can cause aggressive behaviors in children.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship among biological development, cognitive development, and social development?

The three are intertwined processes throughout the life span.

Regarding puberty, which of the following statements is TRUE?

There is an increasing evidence that early-maturing girls are vulnerable to a number of problems.

Regarding the changing family, which of these statements is true?

There is consensus among psychologists that children from divorced families show adjustment problems to a greater extent than do children from nondivorced families.

Which of the following is generally TRUE about child-care settings across the United States, according to your text?

They vary widely in quality.

Mason is highly motivated and strives to be the best at everything he does; his goal is to be valedictorian of his graduating class. What aspect of identity does this describe?

achievement identity

Schemes are:

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

Eight-year-old Joshua is obese. His excess weight puts him at risk for all the following, EXCEPT:

anemia.

"My computer doesn't like me -it keeps eating my pictures," says Sarah. This is an example of:

animism.

Jackie's doctor is concerned that Jackie is losing too much weight. However, Jackie, who is 16, thinks her legs are "too fat" and continues dieting. Jackie is at risk for developing which type of eating disorder?

anorexia nervosa

Starvation is to __________ nervosa as binge-purge is to __________ nervosa.

anorexia; bulimia

The second stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory is:

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

Each of the following is a feature of emerging adulthood, EXCEPT:

being other-focused.

Developmentally appropriate practices in education are based on typical development at a give age as well as the uniqueness of each child. This type of schooling is considered:

both age- and individual- appropriate

There has been quite a bit of controversy regarding the differential effects of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding. Recent research indicates that:

breast-feeding is better for the baby's health.

Jordyn has a passion for food that leads her to gorge on entire half-gallons of ice cream, bags of potato chips, or boxes of cookies at a time. However, after she gorges, she "compensates" by running as many as 10 miles and sometimes even makes herself vomit. This scenario would probably lead a physician to diagnose Jordyn as having:

bulimia nervosa.

Currently, researchers are considering all of the following as possible causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), EXCEPT:

child abuse.

In a classic study of attachment by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys spent more time with the _____________ monkey regardless of which monkey fed them.

cloth

Piaget characterized the thought of those in middle and late childhood as:

concrete operational.

At birth, infants communicate through:

crying.

Habituation __________ responsiveness to stimuli.

decreases

In a cross-sectional study, individuals of ____________ age groups are compared at one time.

different

When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. What type of temperament does Josh have?

difficult

Which learning disability is marked by difficulty with handwriting?

dysgraphia

Conflict with parents most often escalates during:

early adolescence.

Deb is both depressed and obese. One way she can combat both of these problems is to:

engage in regular exercise.

What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?

ethnic origin and nutrition

Recent research emphasizes the significant role of _________ in weight loss and health.

exercise

Which of the following methods is the best method to determine cause and effect.

experimental method

Emerging adulthood is a developmental period of transition which occurs from approximately 18 to 25 years of age and is characterized by:

experimentation and exploration.

Delinquency rates are higher among all the following groups except:

females.

Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings that adults can understand. This is because 4-year-olds have more highly developed:

fine motor skills.

Piaget's stage describing adolescent cognitive development is called:

formal operational.

The social role theory of gender differences suggests that:

gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men in most cultures.

Jerome is going through puberty quite early. Research indicates that Jerome is likely to:

have a positive self-image.

Chaim was born in the United States, but his parents are both originally from Israel. Though his parents are very adamant about staying close to their roots and retaining their Israeli identity, Chaim feels a pull toward both Israeli and American ideals. Chaim might be best described as:

having a bicultural identity.

Fifteen-year-old Carlos feels sad and disappointed that he was dumped by his girlfriend. Who is he likely to turn to for reassurance?

his best friend

The second leading cause of death for American adolescents is/are:

homicide

Martine believes that the length of a person's foot is directly correlated with his or her intelligence level. To test his ____________, he should follow the steps of the scientific method.

hypothesis

Erikson's psychosocial stage of development for adolescents is called:

identity versus identity confusion.

Eric doesn't want to go to school because he is certain that everyone will notice the small allergic rash that has developed on his arms. His belief that everyone is going to focus on him is an example of:

imaginary audience

Which of the following is the biggest health risk that most young adults face?

increase in bad health habits

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the _____________ variable and measures its effects on the _____________ variable.

independent; dependent

Which of the following parenting styles has low demands and high responsiveness?

indulgent

What is Erikson's stage of psychosocial development in early childhood?

initiative versus guilt

When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine is:

insecure resistant.

mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 yields a(n):

intelligence quotient.

The research on fathers are caregivers indicates that fathers:

interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the primary caregiver.

George thinks he has a good life. He just graduated from college, has many close friends, and is engaged to be married. According to Erik Erikson's theory, George would be developing a sense of:

intimacy

The individualized education plan (IEP):

is a written statement describing a specific program for a student with a disability.

Barbara wants to engage in aerobic exercise that will burn fat and change her metabolism. Which of the following is the best activity for her to engage in?

jogging

Noam Chomsky believed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language and are born with an endowment that enables them to detect the rules of language. This endowment is called the:

language acquisition device.

A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called:

language.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of physical development in early adulthood?

large changes in the sensory systems

Gross motor is to __________ as fine motor is to _________.

large muscles; small muscles

Which of the following is NOT a marker of adult status for many individuals in the United States?

maintaining a long-term romantic relationship

The development period that runs from approximately 40 years of age to about 60 years of age is:

middle adulthood

A young child's ability to add the letter "s" to create plurals demonstrates their growing mastery of:

morphology

In the United States, what is the leading cause of death in young children?

motor vehicle accidents

Biology is to __________ as environment is to __________.

nature; nurture.

A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is a(n):

neglectful parent.

Heather crawls from her room into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves. According to Jean Piaget, this shows that she is capable of:

object permanence.

Jaqui is trying to decide if she is a liberal, a conservative, or somewhere in between. She is wrestling with determining her ________ identity.

political

What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development that emphasizes a child's ability to represent the world with words, images, and drawings?

preoperational

Baby Dewayne moves his trunk and arms, buy he is unable to control his hands and fingers. This is an example of _________________ pattern of development.

proximodistal

Piaget believed that adolescents and adults think __________ in the same way

qualitatively

What is the most accurate term for forced sexual intercourse that occurs without the consent of one of the involved parties?

rape

The main cognitive change between formal operational and postformal thought is _________ thinking.

reflective

A person's spiritual beliefs are part of her/his __________ identity.

religious

In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "secure base" as he actively explored the playroom. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Jermaine as:

securely attatched.

In order to feel __________ emotions, children must be able to refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others.

self-conscious

In which stage of Piagetian development do infants learn about their environment by coordinating their sensory experiences with their motor activity?

sensorimotor

Which type of education helps promote social responsibility?

service learning

Puberty refers to a period of:

sexual maturation and increases in height and weight during adolescence.

Javier and his father are at the circus. A clown jumps in front of them, and Javier looks at his father to see if he is afraid or laughing. Javier is using:

social referencing.

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling:

social smiling.

Which of the following is NOT one of the key features that characterize emerging adulthood?

stability

The longitudinal method of research consists of:

studying the same individuals over a long period of time.

The third leading cause of death for American adolescents is/are:

suicide.

Which of the following is the quickest way to gain information from a large amount of people?

survey

Which substage of preoperational thinking occurs between ages 2 and 4 years and involves the child's ability to mentally represent an object that is not present?

symbolic function substage

"Easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up" are different types of:

temperament.

In which of the following developed countries do young children watch the most television?

the United States

Babies have three types of cries. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

the hunger cry

Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, which part of the brain grows the fastest?

the prefrontal cortex

The difference between a clique and a crowd is:

the size of the group.

An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps us to explain phenomena and make predictions is known as a(n):

theory.

We see the top-dog phenomenon when students move from the:

top grade in elementary school to the bottom grade in middle school.

The term "child maltreatment" includes all but which of the following possibilities?

tough love

The first stage in Erikson's theory is:

trust versus mistrust.

The leading cause of death among adolescents is:

unintentional injuries.

The _______________ method of studying whether an infant can distinguish between two objects is done by measuring the length of time the infant looks at an object.

visual preference