psych 273 ch.15

In the Wada test, a short-acting _______ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other.

anesthetic

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings

are inconsistent with the connectionist model of aphasia.

In boxers, the devastating effects of repeated blows to the head are evident in the development of a progressive cognitive impairment called

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally.

critical period

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

dyslexia

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they

have difficulty understanding the meanings of words.

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

left visual field.

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

phonemes; grammar

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words or sentences.

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

restraining

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right-handed individuals.

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.

right; right

The challenge facing researchers who seek to study the functions of the two brain hemispheres is that the hemispheres have many connections and function as one. The solution to this has been to study _______ patients in which the _______ has been cut, thereby separating the connection between the hemispheres.

split-brain; corpus callosum

Split-brain individuals are those who have undergone surgery to _______ as a treatment for _______.

the corpus callosum; epilepsy

Williams syndrome provides evidence for

the heritability of language.

Mirror therapy has been shown to be useful for rehabilitation after brain injury as it

tricks the brain into thinking they are moving the paralyzed arm.

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

Able is a morpheme.

A 45-year old individual that played football all his life is showing signs of confusion and memory loss. If you were to examine his brain, what would you expect to find?

Abnormal expression of tau

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

Which statement about the evolution of languages is most accurate?

Languages are being lost or absorbed as a result of increasing globalization.

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Broca's

Which region of cortex is crucial for face recognition?

Fusiform gyrus

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?

Micropolygyria

_______ is an anatomical abnormality of developmental dyslexia that is associated with excessive cortical folding in areas such as the temporoparietal junction.

Micropolygyria

Which statement about language lateralization in monkeys is true?

Similar to humans, monkeys show a preference for using the right ear (which has connects to the contralateral side) to listen to vocalizations of conspecifics.

Disturbance in reading is called

alexia.

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally.

The complete loss of the ability to understand language, or to speak, read, or write is called _______ aphasia.

global

In general, brain injury suffered _______ has less severe consequences than brain injury suffered _______.

in childhood; in adulthood

Studies using fMRI show that in addition to face recognition, the fusiform region is also activated when identifying

individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia.

All the following may aid in stabilization and reorganization after brain damage except

reverse transcription.

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors.

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.

subcortical regions; cortex

Wernicke's aphasia is usually associated with lesions of

the left posterior temporal region.

In patients with aphasia following a stroke, the greatest amount of language recovery is likely to be achieved _______ after the episode of brain damage.

within 3 months