PSYCH 3620 - developmental psychology - chapter 13

Spiritualty/religiosity has been associated with which three of the Big Five personality factors?

* Agreeableness * Conscientiousness * Openness

According to the Pittsburgh Youth Study, what are three developmental pathways to delinquency?

* Authority conflict * Overt aggressive acts * Covert acts

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

* He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. * He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account.

The combination of which three of the following most contributes to conduct problems in children?

* Ineffective parenting * Violent neighborhood * Genetic inheritance

Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory?

* It puts abstract principles above relationships. * It sees the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions. * It is based on a male norm.

According to Darcia Narváez, mature moral individuals engage in which activities?

* Moral self-reflection * Moral self-monitoring * Moral metacognition

Baumeister and Vohs found that which of the following four main needs guide how people try to make sense of their lives?

* Need for purpose * Need for values * Need for self-worth * Need for a sense of efficacy

Which factors did Kohlberg consider the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages?

* Peer interaction * Perspective taking * Experience in dealing with moral questions

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation.

* Preconventional >>>>> Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments. * Conventional >>>>> Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society. * Postconventional >>>>> Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?

* Religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age. * More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness. * Attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age.

According to Frankl, what are the three most distinct human qualities?

* Responsibility * Freedom * Spirituality

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development?

* The levels occur in a sequence. * Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. * Only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways.

Which of the following questions focus on identify development over spiritual development?

* What am I all about as a person? * Who am I? * Why am I on this planet?

According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?

** A. Authoritarian B. Neglectful C. Ignorant D. Indulgent

______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.

** A. Juvenile delinquency B. Conduct disorder C. Prosocial behavior D. Adolescent crisis

What group provide(s) the most immediate stimulation for sharing?

** A. Peers B. The self C. Educators D. Parents

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is sometimes described as "What's in it for me?"

** A. Preconventional reasoning B. Conventional reasoning C. Autonomous reasoning D. Postconventional reasoning

What is the most common offense type with which juvenile delinquents are charged?

** A. Property offenses B. Offenses against persons C. Drug offenses D. Public order offenses

______ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy.

** A. Prosocial B. Moral C. Altruistic D. Helpful

______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.

** A. Religion; religiousness B. Spirituality; religion C. Religion; spirituality D. Religiousness; religion

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding religion and coping?

** A. Religiousness impairs effective coping. B. Religious beliefs can shape a person's psychological perception of pain or disability. C. Religious cognitions can help maintain hope and stimulate motivation toward recovery. D. Religion can forestall anxiety and depression disorders by promoting social interaction.

What can be concluded about religion and identity development?

** A. Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but does not necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity in childhood. B. Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood excludes religious identity in childhood. C. Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood is unable to transcend the assigned religious identity in childhood.

What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

** A. Superego B. Conscience C. Ego D. Id

Which of the following refers to a moral education program in which students are helped to clarify their purpose in life and decide what is worth working for?

** A. Values clarification B. Character education C. Hidden curriculum D. Service learning

Although finances are tight, William contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of:

** A. altruism. B. sympathy. C. antisocial behavior. D. empathy.

The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following EXCEPT:

** A. explicit moral instruction. B. text materials. C. classroom rules. D. the moral orientation of teachers.

Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.

** A. gratitude B. reciprocity C. emotion D. altruism

Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in:

** A. immanent justice. B. concrete imperatives. C. authoritative control. D. moral justice.

Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as:

** A. inconsistent. B. purely egocentric. C. self-controlled. D. nonexistent.

As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults:

** A. may begin to question their own religious beliefs. B. abandon religion for more logical thought. C. become more accepting of religious doctrine in general. D. usually begin to disregard the religious teachings of their youth.

Roughly ______ of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency.

A. 5 percent B. 15 percent C. 10 percent ** D. 2 percent

______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.

A. A care perspective B. Values ** C. Spirituality D. Morality

What concept of fairness involves giving special consideration to individuals in disadvantaged conditions?

A. Altruism B. Equity ** C. Benevolence D. Equality

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

A. Bidirectional socialization B. Acceptance of welfare C. Desire to live in love and harmony ** D. Concern and empathy for others

______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

A. Cognitive B. Immanent C. Heteronomous ** D. Autonomous

______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.

A. Empathy ** B. Reciprocity C. Sympathy D. Altruism

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was:

A. Erikson. B. Piaget. ** C. Kohlberg. D. Bandura.

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

A. He did correlational research. ** B. He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve. C. He did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preferences. D. He performed natural observation.

______ antisocial behavior is associated with more negative developmental outcomes.

A. Late-onset B. Property-focused ** C. Early-onset D. Female-involved

Conduct disorders and delinquency are LEAST likely to be diagnosed in which of the following?

A. Male ** B. Female C. Adolescent

______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.

A. Moral justice ** B. Immanent justice C. Automatic justice D. Autonomous morality

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

A. Physical ** B. Moral C. Cognitive D. Emotional

Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?

A. Prosocial B. Personality ** C. Social domain D. Social

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence the religion and religiousness of adolescents?

A. Religious teachings of their upbringing B. Parental attachment ** C. Media and school D. Religious socialization

______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.

A. Social cognitive theory B. Humanistic theory ** C. Social domain theory D. Psychoanalytic theory

What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and his or her moral performance?

A. Social domain theory B. Immanent justice C. Justice perspective ** D. Social cognitive theory

Which of the following refers to a direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior?

A. Sustaining climate B. Hidden curriculum ** C. Character education D. Service learning

Newer approaches to character education advocate:

A. a strict moral code. B. removing morality education from schools. C. harsh punishment for moral violations. ** D. more democratic solutions.

Research indicates that all of the following may underpin morality in young children, EXCEPT:

A. an intuitive sense of fairness. B. early interactions with caregivers. C. parental empathy. ** D. structured infant morality education.

The label ______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.

A. antisocial criminal B. underage criminal C. societal misfit ** D. juvenile delinquent

According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned.

A. are less cognitively aware ** B. are less egocentric C. have less moral understanding D. are more unaware of others' intentions

Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are:

A. categories. ** B. values. C. schemas. D. scripts.

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called:

A. emotion. ** B. forgiveness. C. compliance. D. altruism.

Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on:

A. environmental issues. B. global aid and travel. C. family. ** D. self-fulfillment and material gain.

Thirteen-year-old Rilie sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes. Of the following, Rilie would most likely be diagnosed with:

A. explosive anger syndrome. B. difficult temperament. C. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ** D. conduct disorder.

A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that:

A. his stage of industry versus inferiority does not adequately explain what occurs in middle-to-late childhood. ** B. there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior. C. there are not enough stages in his theory of moral development.

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

A. homonomous B. autonomous ** C. heteronomous D. perspective taking

According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were ______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.

A. less ** B. more C. equally

According to Freud, ______ is the foundation of moral behavior.

A. lust B. pride C. desire ** D. guilt

A juvenile who engages in illegal behavior is most commonly referred to as a(n):

A. malefactor. ** B. delinquent. C. convict. D. antisocial.

Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.

A. moral exemplars B. hidden curricula ** C. sustaining climates D. character education strategies

A person with ______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.

A. moral fairness B. a moral commitment ** C. a moral identity D. moral cognition

To a 6-year-old child, being fair would most likely mean giving:

A. more to oneself than to others. B. more to those who are disadvantaged. C. more to those who work the hardest. ** D. an equal amount to all.

Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their:

A. peers. ** B. parents. C. neighborhood. D. teachers.

Moral ______ is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way.

A. perception ** B. performance C. competence D. ability

The ego ideal and the conscience make up the:

A. preconscious. ** B. superego. C. ego. D. id.

Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does NOT contribute to a child's moral development?

A. relational quality B. proactive strategies C. conversational dialogue ** D. authoritarian control

One of the biggest influences of religion on the sexuality of adolescents and emerging adults is that:

A. religion causes people to be more open about everything, including sex. B. religion usually opens up the lines of communication about sex between youth and adults. C. church is usually the site of common-sense sexuality education. ** D. most churches discourage premarital sex.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ______ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts in approved ways, whereas the ______ punishes the child for engaging in disapproved ways by making the child feel guilty and worthless.

A. superego; id B. conscience; ego ideal C. id; superego ** D. ego ideal; conscience

Proponents of ______ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.

A. values clarification programs B. the social cognitive theory of morality ** C. character education D. a hidden curriculum

Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own beliefs about religion because of advancement in ________ development.

cognitive development

True or false: According to Kohlberg, children's maturation corresponds to their advancement in moral reasoning.

false

True or false: Religion is not a determining factor in the premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and emerging adults.

false

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's __________ perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) _________ perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice perspective; care perspective

Those who wish to link the ideas of religion and coping have introduced the concept of __________-making coping.

meaning-making coping

________ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

moral development

In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, _______ play the primary role, and _________ provide role-taking opportunities.

peers ; parents

True or false: According to research, during their second year of life children will offer assistance to an unfamiliar experimenter, building on their awareness of others' intentions.

true

True or false: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life he or she may not apply it.

true

True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

true

True or false: Religious and spiritual beliefs play a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors.

true

________ clarification is another way to provide moral education, helping people to see and understand what their lives mean and what is worth working for.

values clarification