Psych 365 Aging
Ch7. What is an example of the Tip of The Tongue phenomenon?
when you cant remember the name of that actor who was in the movie LA LA Land but you know you know the name.
During which ages does menopause typically begin?
40s-50s
Surveys from 2007 on adult populations measuring serious psychological distress shows that the lowest rates of distress are reported in which age group?
50 and older
According to some estimates, there will approximately ____ centenarians in 2060 in the US
604,000
What is the current average life expectancy in the US as of 2017?
79
About how many men will experience at least some hair loss (or androgenic alopecia) during their lifetime?
95%
Carstensen's study found that when presented with choices of a social interaction partner, older adults, without any experimental manipulation, tend to choose:
A family member or familiar social partners
Hoeksema speculated that the brain changes they observed in women who were pregnant and gave birth might indicate that:
A honing of connections and functional networks in brain regions that could predict variation in attachment to one's baby
What is sarcopenia?
Atrophy of our muscles
What are the two most common forms of ageism?
Avoidance and invisibility
Which of the following have been shown to slow cognitive decline?
Avoiding stress, drinking red win and eating dark chocolate (Flavonoids), lifting weights.
According to research, if we forgive others, we are more likely to:
Be more satisfied with life, feel less depressed, experience more happiness, joy , and a better mood.
Which racial/ethnic group has the lowest rates of marriage?
Black/African American
Declines in cognitive skills as we age are:
Continuous and gradual
People who exercised the most heavily had telomere lengths comparable to sedentary people (no exercise) who were 20 years younger
False
In response to the death of a loved one, recovery differs from resilience in that people who recover
Had poor psychological and physical functioning at first and then eventually become able to function in daily activities
According to lecture, what is one common concern that many emerging adults have?
Having too high expectations for the workplace
In the study looking at the "online" effects of forgiveness, when people were told to recall something someone did to them that was hurtful and hard to forgive, and when people dwelled on how much this hurt and thought grudging thoughts their:
Heart rate and blood pressure increased
What is the predicted trajectory of knowledge-related goals over the lifespan according to socioemotional selectivity theory?
High in adolescence then decreasing through old age
The Whitehall studies showed in British civil servants that
Lower status was associated with worse health
Considering whether someone apologized for a wrongdoing ______ to older adults versus younger adults in the decision to forgive someone
Matters Less
The current generation is given _____ choice in decisions about marriage, children, and religious beliefs compared to previous generations.
More
Older adults in contrast to young adults are likely to report __________ when in fact they are experiencing symptoms of major depressive disorder
Physical symptoms like having poor appetite
As applied to aging men, the widowhood effect refers to the finding that men who lose their wives (compared to non-widowed men) have higher
Rates of dying.
As we change, all of the following happens to our bones except which:
The calcium matrix becomes more solid Theres: loss of calcium, more microcracks, loss of bone mineral content as a result of the calcium matrix becoming POROUS
What are some possible reasons that clinicians under-diagnose depression in the elderly?
The elderly may have other health issues that make it harder to identify
This event in history has been thought of to contribute to greater ageism:
The industrial revolution
According to the "affective forecasting error", we often overestimate how bad we'll feel after a negative future event (like losing a leg).
True
After we turn 65, our life expectancy gets boosted up to 84
True
By age 30, the majority of Americans live in a different household than their parents
True
In one's early 20s, those who get along with their parents show a flatter decline in feeling depressed and expressing anger compared to those who have a lot of conflict with their parents
True
In young adults, rates of depression are greater in women than in men
True
People tend to feel disconnected to their future selves, shown by the following piece of evidence
We show a similar difference in activation patterns of the rACC when making judgments about current vs. future selves, similar to current self vs. other person judgments We tend to make dispositional attributions for our future selves, similar as we do for other people
When older adults were told to imagine that they had an extra 20 years to love, older adults:
Were less likely to forgive compared to a control condition
Someone tells you the address of the restaurant that you are suppose ti meet at, you don't have any paper or your phone with you, and you have to keep it in mind. this is called:
Working memory
According to the lessons having a sedentary lifestyle (like siting at a desk all day) driving, then sitting at home watching television with no exercise is associated with the following age-related diseases
cancer obesity osteoporosis
The higher divorce rate among couples who live together before marriage compared to couples who lived separately before marriage is called the
Cohabitation effect
Match the type of memory/ attention exemplified in each item to the pattern associated with that type of memory:
Comprehending though words like "maudlin and oligarchy" - increases with age
All EXCEPT which are issues that are projected to be more prevalent in the elderly than in the past due to the qualities of the baby boomer cohort.
Dementia
Skin tends to lose flexibility and elasticity as we age causing drooping and a loss of resilience, due to changes in which layer of skin?
Dermis
Molly and Jared have recently started dating, but Molly gets annoyed by Jared's reluctance to make a commitment. What psychosocial stage do Molly and Jared differ on?
Intimacy v isolation
Wanting to feel calm and relaxed more than feeling excited and enthusiastic is
More common among older adults than younger adults
Out of duty, ever since Esteban's mother died, Esteban visits his father a few times a week to check up on him, take him grocery shopping and take him to hospital check-ups. However, Esteban has not felt close to his dad because his dad was not around when he was growing up. Esteban and his dad also do not agree on politics and have different worldviews. According to the intergenerational solidarity model, Esteban and his dad's relationship would be best classified as:
Obligatory
A 15-year longitudinal study assessed happiness in 24,000 German individuals in response to major life events involving relationships. Which phases were highly correlated? That is, one phase could predict the other quite well?
Reaction and adaptation
Research on adult parent-child relationships shows that __________________ is the norm
Reciprocal help, with parents and children both helping each other
Which theory explains that divorced people have negative mental and physical health outcomes because people who are maladjusted already are predisposed to getting a divorce?
Selection perspective of divorce
A 15-year longitudinal study assessed happiness in 24,000 German individuals in response to major life events involving relationships. For the average person, although happiness tended to increase after marriage, it later returned to baseline levels of happiness that were experienced before marriage. Which theory does this pattern support?
Set-point model of happiness
As one ages, children's feelings of closeness and satisfaction to their parents
Tends to increase
As of 2017, about ____ percent of 18-25 year-old - women have a serious mental illness, whereas about ____ percent of women over the age of 65 have a serious mental Illness
10:2
During which ages does articular cartilage (cartilage in the knee area) begin to degenerate?
20s-30s
Expressed anger from age 18 to 25 tends to:
Decrease over time
Hoeksema et al. scanned the brains of women before, during, and after pregnancy. Compared to control women who did not get pregnant or give brith, women who were pregnant and gave birth showed
Decreased grey matter in the brain in regions having to do with social cognition (thinking about others and making judgements about others)
Since 1980, the divorce rate has been
Decreasing
Gender differences in self-esteem and depression levels stay the same from age 18 to 25.
False
In a study of stress and its relationship to cognition, researchers found that stressed out rats:
Has neurons die in the hippocampus
To decrease ageism, some have suggested that we need to de-segregate age groups. Social psychological research has found which of the following to be particularly useful in encouraging desegregation and more positive inter-group relations?
Have younger and older people work together on a superordinate goal and each person has an important role
Smoking is associated with
Having shorter telomere lengths
When younger adults were told to imagine that they had an extra 20 years to live, younger adults
Showed no change in willingness to forgive compared to a control condition
Negative affect as one ages:
Tends to decrease
Social convoys are:
The units or bands of people who accompany an individual throughout life and are often made up of family
In the Long Bright Future book, Carstensen argues against the "scarcity myth". The scarcity myth involves all of the following ideas except which? If older people live a long time
They can contribute to society by volunteering and mentoring
Which of the following is true for anniversary reactions, intense feelings of sadness and loneliness after the death of a spouse?
They often occur on the birthday of the deceased spouse
According to the two-factor model of stereotype content, the elderly are perceived similarly to:
disabled people
In terms of cognitive declines with age, only processing speed and memory are affected. No other cognitive skills are affected by age
false
Most older adults no longer experience any sexual desire
false
Which of the following is true concerning menopause?
symptoms include fatigue, headaches, and insomnia
Research has found that ageism occurs in the mental health area such as through:
treating the elderly with drugs more than therapy for depression
Mrs. Tamis is considered wise by others. she considers the death penalty to be morally wrong, but understands that others may not agree with this and does not judge them for that. This is an example of:
value relativism
Autobiographical memory for how bad one felt in the past is:
More accurate among younger adults than older adults
Older versus younger adults are __________ to forgive
More likely
According to the lessons being a "morning person" or "lark" is associated with:
More positive affect and Better physical health
Infants and young children dying young is/was
More prevalent in the past than currently
The most recent census data in the U.S. projects that by 2060 almost ___ of people in the U.S. will be 65 years and older
A quarter
According to the lessons, alcohol and substance abuse can worsen the aging process due to all of the following except:
Abuse can cause social isolation
If one has only completed high school or less, one is more likely to _______ compared to people who completed college
All of the above: Remain single and unmarried Give birth to a child outside of marriage Cohabitate with a partner before marriage
After a divorce, people are likely to have _________ compared to people who continued to be married.
All of the above:Poorer health Higher mortality Greater depression
According to the Long Bright Future book, women compared to men:
Are less likely to pass away shortly after their spouse dies
When an elderly person falls and gets hurt, that elderly person might develop a fear of falling again leading that person to restrict physical activity, such as going out. This activity restriction in turn weakens muscles which will cause further falling. What is one-evidence- based way to lessen an elderly person's fear of falling?
CBT (Cognitive- behavioral- theraphy)
Researchers wanted to explain the link between social status and health and decided to sample macaques. This study could make powerful conclusions about how social status causes differential health outcomes because this study was (pick the best answer)
Experimental- they manipulated the social rank
In the study by Mitchell and Syed (2015), young adults with a college education paid for more of their own living expenses than young adults with no college or only some college education.
False
Research based on the Intergenerational Solidarity Model showed that the adult parent-child combination involving __________was most likely to be the ____________ type
Fathers or sons; obligatory
Fiske and Cuddy's two-factor model of stereotype content proposes that elderly adults are seen as _______________.
High on warmth, low on competence
Age is processed __________________.
Implicitly and automatically
According to modernization theory, What theory posits that as a society's level of economy develops, attitudes toward older adults will be more negative?
Modernization theory
In the Mitchell and Syed (2015) study, income for college-educated young adults from age 14 to 30 tended to
Increase over time
What is the grandmother subtype stereotype of the elderly?
Kind, cheerful, old-fashioned
In the Marmot article, the medical world has noticed the "status syndrome", where the higher the social position, the better the health in individuals. Marmot main thesis is that this is in part caused by lower-status people having
Low social participation
To examine stereotype threat in the elderly, researchers gave younger and older adults a memory task. When the experimenters emphasized that the task assessed memory abilities:
Older people performed worse compared to younger people
Terror management theory posits that younger people avoid older people because:
Older people remind them that life is limited, which is scary
Match the type of memory/attention exemplified in each item to the pattern associated with that type of memory
Paying attention to the car in front of you and the car next to you at the same time when driving - declines with age
The use of the method of loci to remember a lot of information, you would imagine a place that you know well, like your house. Then, mentally you would walk through each room and associate items to remember with that room. To recall those items, you would retrace your steps mentally in the house or place that you are imagining. One study conducted in Norway asked older adults in the experimental condition to practice using the method of loci for 25 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8 weeks, they found that older adults in the experimental condition:
Showed increased white matter destiny
When older and younger adults were shown a series of emotional and neutral scenes and were later asked if they remembered seeing these scenes, researchers found that older compared to younger adults:
Showed worse memory particularly for the negative emotional scenes
Wives' feelings of closeness to their husbands before, during, and after pregnancy:
Shows a curvilinear pattern (both ups and downs)
Change in the perspective of time predicts differences in which goals older and younger people value according to which theory?
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Which theory predicts that older adults should be more likely to forgive others than younger adults ?
Socioemotional selectivity theory and Forgiveness development theory
Emily's husband passed away 10 years ago and has found a new romantic partner, Dennis. Emily and Dennis are very committed to each other and have lived together for a long time. Dennis wants to get married, but Emily is afraid of losing her deceased husband's social security and pension benefits if she remarries. Emily and Dennis have what type of cohabitation relationship?
Substitute marriage
Over time, satisfaction with one's marriage after having a first child:
Tends to decrease
Most of the population is affected by declines in cognitive skills as they age.
True