Psych 3980 Final Exam

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose,"which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

Science journalists have argued that cigarette smoking leads to a variety of health problems. What type of claim are they making?

causal

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level?

conceptual definition

The first step in establishing a study's quality and credibility is to establish its

replicability.

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made?

two measured variables

Which of the following is true of multiple regression?

Adding more predictors means research is controlling for more variables.

________ is used to control order effects in an experiment.

Counterbalancing

Which of the following is true of small-N experiments?

Each person in a small-N design is treated as a separate experiment

A study revealed an unexpected finding, but the researcher wrote up the results as if that result was predicted all along. What is this referred to as?

HARKing

Which of the following is true of quasi-experiments?

Participants are not randomly assigned to groups.

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

Which of the following is true of selection effects?

Selection effects can occur when experimenters allow participants to choose their own treatment group.

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study?

The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain.

According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples?

They are not very representative of the world's population.

Which of the following graph formats is the best way to examine an association claim between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable?

a bar graph

Which of the following is never found in a one-group, pretest/posttest design?

a comparison group

Asking questions to get the answers we want is known as

a confirmation bias

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

a description of the study's hypotheses

The mathematical way to describe an interaction is

a difference in differences.

When a double-blind study is not possible, an acceptable alternative may be

a masked design.

What is the best description of a peer-reviewed journal article?

an article written by experts and reviewed by other professionals in the same field of study

Research that is done specifically to solve a practical problem, like increasing memory ability or decreasing symptoms of depression, is known as

applied research

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of "fear of snakes" that could be assessed as a structured question?

asking, "On a scale of 1 to 10, how afraid of snakes are you?"

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have

conducted a census.

Different factors that could account for significant results are called

confounds

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus most on evaluating which of the following validities?

construct validity and external validity

In a multiple regression design, ________ variable is to dependent variable as ________ variable is to independent variable.

criterion; predictor

A study suggesting a link between the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of

data falsification/fabrication.

Which of the following is a method researchers use to identify or correct for attrition?

determine whether those who dropped out of the study had a different pattern of scores than those who stayed in the study

Which of the following involves using evidence from the senses or from instruments that assist the senses as the basis for conclusions?

empiricism

The number of main effects that need to be examined is ________ the number of independent variables.

equal to

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at, and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following?

face validity

In the case of a factorial design, another term for independent variable is

factor.

External validity is most important for which of the following claims?

frequency claims

In conducting quasi-experimental designs, researchers tend to give up some ________ in exchange for ________.

internal validity; external validity

A question that suggests a particular viewpoint to respondents is known as a(n)

leading question.

The arithmetic means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over levels of the other independent variable, are called

marginal means.

Which of the following is a necessary component of a longitudinal design?

measuring the same variables at two points in time

In true experiments,________ is to dependent variable as ________ is to independent variable.

measuring; manipulating

Matthew is reading an empirical journal article and wants to know whether the authors used the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) or the NEO-PI to measure extraversion. In which section would he find this information?

method

Masked or blind study designs are designed to deal with

observer bias.

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association?

positive association

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

practice effects

A researcher most likely prepared two versions of a survey with different question sequencing to address the issue of

question order.

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to

questions

A research consumer ________ scientific results.

reads

In what type of study do researchers replicate their original experiment and add variables to test additional questions?

replication-plus-extension

If there is very little variance on one of the variables, this is known as

restriction of range.

A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a(n)

reversal design.

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed?

review journal articles

Which type of measure operationalizes a variable by recording the answers of a participant using a questionnaire?

self-report measure

Online surveys commonly suffer from which of the following?

self-selection

If a question has response options that are anchored with adjectives, this is known as a(n)

semantic differential format.

Parsimony is the

simplest explanation of a pattern of data.

What are the two main reasons to conduct a factorial study?

to test limits and to test theories

If a sample is biased, then it is ________ the population of interest.

unrepresentative of

Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs?

They can only control for third variables that are measured.

Which of the following is a quasi-experimental design in which participants are not randomly assigned to groups and are tested only after exposure to the quasi-independent variable?

nonequivalent control group design

Which of the following is a dependent variable?

one that is measured

Using the same setting and consistent protocols for each participant in a study will reduce the effect of

situation noise.

Ceiling effects can lead to

small variance between groups.

Using a computerized measure of implicit opinions, such as the Implicit Association Test, is a way to address

socially desirable responding.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r =.52. This number gives you information about which of the following?

strength and direction of the relationship

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

studying people who are easy to find

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following?

test-retest reliability

The principle of justice calls for a balance between ________ and ________ .

the kind of people who participate in research; the kind of people who benefit from it

In a conceptual replication, which of the following is allowed to be different from the original study?

the procedures of the study

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability?

the time spent solving a math problem