psych 405: exam 2 study guide
Emotions are often associated with "_____" events
"Special"
What are the different six different types of graded category structure?
(1) Sentence verification (2) Production (3) Picture identification (4) Typicality judgments (5) Induction (6) Substitution
What implicit memory task can be described by the example of "_h_e"?
Word fragment completion
What implicit memory task can be described by the example of "Blue"?
Word naming
It appears that emotions may trigger mechanisms in the _____ that help us remember events associated with emotions
Amygdala
Memory for emotional stimuli occurs in the _____
Amygdala
Physiologically, the ____ is involved in emotion and memory
Amygdala
Damage to the _____ in the temporal lobe has been connected with semantic deficits in dementia patients and with the savant syndrome
Anterior temporal lobe (ATL)
What type of amnesia is defined as "Not being able to form new episodic memories"?
Anterograde amnesia
The goal of Meyer & Schvanveldt's _______ priming experiment was to examine the effect of word association (semantic memory) on recall
Associative
What type of memory is defined as "Memory for specific experiences for our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components"?
Autobiographical memory
The lines are connections that transfer information between units and are roughly equivalent to _____ in the brain
Axons
What backward-transmitted error signal provides the information needed to adjust the weights in the network to achieve the correct output signal for a stimulus?
Back propagation
What concept is defined as "A process by which learning can occur in a connectionist network, in which an error signal is transmitted backward through the network"?
Back propagation
According to Rosch, the _____ level is psychologically special because it is the level about which much information is low and below which little is gained
Basic
What category level is defined as "The level below the the superordinate/global level (i.e., 'table' for the superordinate category of 'furniture')"?
Basic level
One of the key properties of a ______ network is that a specific category is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network
Connectionist
What type of networks are based on neural networks but are not necessarily identical to them?
Connectionist networks
What concept is defined as "The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption"?
Consolidation
What concept strengthens memories to become more permanent and less dependent on the hippocampus?
Consolidatoin
_____ can cause memory errors, while at the same time providing the creativity that enables us to do things like understand language, solve problems, and make decisions
Construction
The stimulant _____ enhances memory for emotional pictures, but not for neutral pictures
Cortisol
The operation of retrieval cues has been demonstrated in the laboratory using a technique called ______, which is a procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues to aid with the recall of previously experienced stimuli
Cued recall
What explicit memory task is defined as "A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid in the recall of previously experienced stimuli" ?
Cued recall
The results of the _____ coglab are as follows: People should report the related distractors very often. The idea is that many of the words presented are related to the distractor, and most likely you thought about the distractor item as the words were being shown. At test, you have a memory of thinking about the word, but thought this was because it was presented rather than realizing you had just thought about the word.
DRM
Using the _____ paradigm, participants rate the memory for false positives as being very similar to the true recognition of judgments on a number of dimensions--but they tend to contain fewer details about feelings and reactions at the time of encoding
DRM
What type of processing is elaborative rehearsal usually associated with?
Deep
What type of processing involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else?
Deep processing
_____ processing results in better memory than _____ processing
Deep; shallow
_____ processing takes longer than ____ processing
Deep; shallow
Family resemblance can be contrasted with the _____ approach to categorization
Definitional
What type of rehearsal involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge?
Elaborative rehearsal
What proposal states that "Our knowledge of concepts is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object"?
Embodied cognition
State-dependent learning is related to the concept of ______
Encoding specificity
What concept is defined as "The principle that we learn information together with its context; presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information"?
Encoding specificity
What concept refers to the idea that we have enhanced memory when retrieval cues match encoding cues?
Encoding specificity
Transfer appropriate processing can result in ______ memory when processing at retrieval matches processing at encoding
Enhanced memory
What type of memory is contextually tagged?
Episodic
What type of memory is defined as "Memory for experience" ?
Episodic
The _____ approach explains much of graded structure data, and is defined as "Objects that are 'prototypical' are similar to a large number of exemplars that are therefore classified faster, named first, etc."
Exemplar
What concept is defined as "In categorization, members of a category that a person has experienced in the past"?
Exemplars
What type of memory is defined as "Memories we are aware of"?
Explicit memory
What type of memory is defined as "Testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime"?
Eyewitness memory
Schemas help memory via organization, but may also result in ______ memory
Fake
Experimental psychologists argue that _____ memories can easily arise from normal reconstructive memory processes, and that these processes are manipulated during therapy
False
People create _____ memories that aren't present because they associate these things with what is usually found in a schema
False
_____ memories arise from the same constructive processes that produces memories in the first place
False
______ memories can be developed through suggestion and inference
False
Hearing about an event and then waiting causes the event to emerge as a ________, which can be explained by familiarity
False memory
What concept is defined as "In considering the processing of categorization, the idea that things in a particular category resemble each other in a number of ways"?
Family resemblance
What type of memories may not be accurate because they have high confidence and low accuracy?
Flashbulb memories
What type of memory is defined as "Memory for the circumstances that surround hearing about shocking, highly charged events"?
Flashbulb memory
Structural synaptic changes are initially _____
Fragile
What explicit memory task is defined as "A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously tested"?
Free recall
What concept is defined as "Generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention"?
Generation effect
What brain process is defined as "Coactivation boosts connections via long-term potentiation (LTP)"?
Hebbian learning
What concept is defined as "Organization of categories in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories; these smaller categories can, in turn, be divided into even more specific categories to create a number of levels"?
Hierarchical representation
Moving up one level in the _____ model takes 75 ms and retrieving a property takes 225 ms
Hierarchy
_____ typicality means that a category member closely resembles the category prototype
High
H.M.'s removal of what part of his brain was done in order to stop his epileptic seizures?
Hippocampus
The ______ and other medial temporal lobe structures once thought to be involved only in long-term memory also play some role in short-term memory
Hippocampus
What brain structure is crucial for forming new long-term memories?
Hippocampus
Memory encoding occurs in the medial temporal lobe of the brain, and specifically in the _____ and ______ cortex
Hippocampus; perirhinal cortex
What model is defined as "A model of semantic knowledge that proposes that areas of the brain that are associated with different functions are connected to the anterior temporal lobe, which integrates information from these areas"?
Hub and spoke model
What type of memory is defined as "The memories we are not aware of"?
Implicit memory
What type of memory occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering?
Implicit memory
______ memory is often soared while _______ memory is hurt
Implicit; explicit
Sleeping soon after studying can _____ consolidation, which results in stronger memories
Improve
Many recovered memories occur during the period of _______ amnesia, and are therefore unlikely to be truthful
Infantile
Emotions and memory are _____
Intertwined
What type of amnesia eliminates the ability to form new long-term memories?
Korsakoff syndrome
What type of amnesia is defined as "Not being able to learn new skills"?
Korsakoff syndrome
What type of amnesia is the result of a vitamin B deficiency from alcohol abuse?
Korsakoff syndrome
What concept is defined as "The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow"?
Levels (depths) of processing
The results of the _____ coglab are as follows: The hypothesized results for this coglab were that people should respond more quickly to the second word when it is semantically associated with the first word than when it is unrelated, because the main data of interest are response times to the second stimulus when the stimuli were words
Lexical decision
What implicit memory task can be described by the example of "Selt" -> no?
Lexical decision
What task is defined as "Partcipants read stimuli, some of which are words and some of which are not words; their task is to indicate as quickly as possible whether each entry is a word or not"?
Lexical decision task
_____ typicality means that the category member does not closely resemble a typical member of the category
Low
What type of rehearsal involves repetition without and consideration of meaning or making connections to other information?
Maintenance rehearsal
______ rehearsal is worse than _____ rehearsal
Maintenance; elaborative
Actively generating information makes it more _____
Memorable
______ may be distorted by interference, forgetting, or the misinformation paradigm
Memories
Long-term potentiation is easiest to generate in brain regions that are responsible for _____
Memory
Organization helps reduce the load on _____
Memory
Emotions have also been linked to improve ____, which is defined as "The process that strengthens memory for an experience and takes place over minutes or hours after the experience"
Memory consolidation
The experience of episodic memory involves what concept, which is defined as "The experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past" ?
Mental time travel
What experience of episodic memory has to do with the concepts of "Self-knowing" or "remembering" ?
Mental time travel
What paradigm has the phases of (1) Subjects view an event (2) Subjects are exposed to post-event information; For 50% of the subjects, this information is consistent with what they saw (3) A subject's memory for an event is assessed
Misinformation paradigm
A specific experience is probably represented by the pattern of firing across a group of ______
Neurons
Like _____, some units can be activated by stimuli from the environment, and some can be activated by signals received from other units
Neurons
Collins and Quillian's semantic network consists of ____ that are connected by _____
Nodes; links
Preventing _____ from happening reduces the ability to remember
Organization
The memory system uses _____ to access information
Organization
_____ is related to the phenomenon of chunking--grouping small elements into larger, more meaningful ones to increase memory
Organization
K.F. suffered damage to what part of his brain?
Parietal lobe
All brain regions that are active while thinking about the _____ are also active while thinking about the _____
Past; future
The case of H.M. is neurological evidence of poor _____ but normal _____ (what types of memory)?
Poor short-term memory but normal long-term memory
What concept is defined as "In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, there is enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list" ?
Primacy effect
What concept is defined as "When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person's response to the same stimulus when it is presented later"?
Priming
What type of interference is defined as "Earlier information interferes with later information" ?
Proactive interference
What subcategory of implicit memory is defined as "Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills" ?
Procedural memory
What type of memory can remain even with semantic and episodic memory are lost?
Procedural memory
_______ is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so
Procedural memory
What concept is defined as "A standard used in categorization that is formed by averaging the category members a person has encountered in the past"?
Prototype
What concept is defined as "In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, there is enhanced memory for words presented at the end of the list" ?
Recency effect
What explicit memory task is defined as "Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier; Stimuli are presented during a study period and later, the same stimuli plus other new stimuli are presented--the participants' task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented" ?
Recognition
K.F.'s poor short-term memory was indicated by a reduced what?
Reduced digit span
What concept is defined as "The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives"?
Reminiscence bump
What type of priming occurs when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus?
Repetition priming
What concept is defined as "Words or other stimuli that help us remember information stored in our memory"?
Retrieval cues
What type of interference is defined as "Later information interferes with earlier information" ?
Retroactive interference
Interruptions during consolidation can result in ____
Retrograde amnesia
What type of amnesia is defined as "Not being able to remember past events"?
Retrograde amnesia
What concept is defined as "A person's knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience"?
Schema
What concept is a type of schema that is defined as "Action sequences"?
Script
What concept is defined as "Memory is better is you are asked to relate a word to yourself"?
Self-reference effect
What concept accomplishes (1) Indicating what you know, and (2) Indicating your ability to remember what you know later?
Self-testing
Experience of what type of memory involves accessing knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to remembering personal experiences (i.e., facts, vocab, numbers, and concepts)?
Semantic
What type of memory is defined as "Memory for facts" ?
Semantic
What type of memory is known as generic knowledge that is not tagged to a specific episode, emotion, or experience?
Semantic
When we are experiencing _____ memory, we are not traveling back to a specific event from out past, but rather we are accessing things we are familiar with and know about
Semantic
What concept under the subcategory of graded category structure is defined as "A technique in which a participant is asked to indicate whether a particular sentence is true or false (i.e., an apple is a fruit)"?
Sentence verification
Long-term memory and short-term memory are served by _____ brain regions
Separate
What concept is known as "In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list" ?
Serial position curve
What type of processing is maintenance rehearsal usually associated with?
Shallow
What type of processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning?
Shallow processing
The case of H.M. is neurological evidence for the distinction of _____ without ____ (what types of memory)?
Short-term memory without long-term memory
Synaptic and systems consolidation are processes that occur ____--one that works rapidly at the level of the synapse, and another that works more slowly at the level of neural circuits
Simultaneously
_______ memory is another name for procedural memory because it is memory for doing things that usually involves learned skills
Skill memory
What concept refers to the idea of "A child's learning about concepts begins with little information and some incorrect ideas, which are slowly modified in response both to observation of the environment and to feedback from others"?
Slow learning
Eyewitness memory may be false due to what concept, which is defined as "Remembering an event but in the wrong context/source"?
Source misattribution
What concept is defined as "Activity that spreads out along any link in a semantic network that is connected to an activated node"?
Spreading activation
What concept is defined as "The principle that memory is biased when a person is in the same state/internal mood for encoding and retrieval"?
State-dependent learning
What concept is a type of schema that is defined as "Schemata about groups" or "Group characterization"?
Stereotypes
The time needed to _____ the longevity of structural changes is the consolidation period
Strengthen
What category level is also called the "specific" level?
Subordinate
What category level is defined as "The most specific category level (i.e., 'kitchen table')
Subordinate level
What category level is also called the "global" level?
Superordinate
What category level is defined as "The most general category level (i.e., 'furniture')"?
Superordinate level
Learning and memory are represented via _______, which provide a neural record of experience
Synaptic changes
What concept is defined as "A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly"?
Synaptic consolidation
What concept is defined as "A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes"?
Synaptic consolidation
Which type of consolidation works rapidly, at the level of the synapse?
Synaptic consolidation
Which type of consolidation woks more slowly, at the level of neural circuits?
Systems
What concept is defined as "A consolidation process that involves gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years"?
Systems consolidation
What approach to categorization is defined as "The idea that we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether the object meets the definition of the category"?
The definitional approach to categorization
Which model of consolidation proposes "The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories"?
The multiple trace model of consolidation
Retrieval cues are significantly more effective when they are created by ________
The person whose memory is being tested
Which model of consolidation proposes that "Memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus"?
The standard model of consolidation
Memories for an experience cause changes in ______ of synapses (how many)?
Thousands
What concept is defined as "When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval"?
Transfer appropriate processing
What concept is defined as "Variations within categories represent differences in this concept"?
Typicality
What concept under the subcategory of graded category structure is defined as "The ability to judge the truth or falsity of sentences involving high-prototypical members of a category more rapidly than sentences involving low-prototypical members of a category"?
Typicality effect/typicality judgment
What concept is defined as "The 'neuronlike processing units' in a connectionist network"?
Units
Each node in Collins and Quillian's model represents a _____ or _____, and concepts are placed in the network so that related concepts are connected
Category; concept
What process occurs when the following two stimuli are paired: (1) A neutral stimulus that does not result in a response (2) A conditioning stimulus that does result in a response
Classical conditioning
What concept, defined as "A feature of some semantic network models in which properties of a category that are shared by many members of a category are stored at a higher-level node in the network" makes the hierarchical model more efficient?
Cognitive economy
