Psych 405 Test 2
social perspectives on mood disorders -cohort effect -social status -cross-cultural differences
-rates of depression are 10x higher than at the end of ww2 increases every generation bc life has become more stressful -high rates of depression in people with lower ses -depression looks different in different parts of the world. china shows through physical symptoms
subtypes of depression: -atypical features -peripartum onset -seasonal pattern -melancholic features -mixed features -anxious distress -psychotic features -catatonic features -PMDD
-still show relation to pleasureful stimuli -depression occurs during or shortly after pregnancy -recurrent form of depression where you get depressed at a certain time of the year (treated with bright light, winter more common, increased sleep) -profound loss of interest and pleasure in activities -individuals who have some features of mania but not enough to diagnose hypomania or bipolar disorder -individual also has anxiety on top of feeling depressed -individual is hearing voices and having delusions -individual does not move and is in a catatonic state -premenstrual dysphoric disorder. depressive disorder that's tied to a woman's menstrual cycle
agoraphobia -kindling model -suffocation false alarm theory -genetic theories -cognitive theories -biological theory
-threshold for subsequent panic attacks is lower once individual experiences one -individual is overly sensitive to physical changes in body (amount of o2 in blood) -genetic contribution but not large -people with panic are more sensitive to worry about something wrong with them regarding physical symptoms (hr racing, worry about hr, hr goes up more, AGH) -NE plays a role in panic disorder
multicultural perspective on why gender and depression are linked -artifact theory -hormone explanation -life stress theory -body dissatisfaction explanation -lack of control theory -rumination theory
-women present depression differently so they're diagnosed more FALSE -FALSE -women experience more stress in their lives -girls start to become self-conscious of their attractiveness when their body starts to change (due to media) -more limited possibilities for women than men in work force -women more prone to thinking about things (magnifying depressive experiences )
which soldiers returning from iraq do you think will develop ptsd?
10-30% of troops
Current estimates indicate that in any given year, approximately _____ percent of U.S. adults have an anxiety disorder. 6 18 34 52
18
what % of individuals in the US will suffer from an episode of major depression at some point in their lives?
18%
Lifetime prevalence rates depression specific phobias GAD OCD PTSD agoraphobia panic bipolar
18% 14% 6% 3% 8% 2 5 4
Prevalence in men vs women: GAD specific phobia social anxiety disorder OCD PTSD Major depression
2x more likely in women 2x more likely in women more in women 15% to 11% men NONE women are twice as likely women are twice as likely
treatment for depression lasts ____ psychodynamic therapy ^strengths and weaknesses
3-9 months and 50% will recover after 3 months, bigger % with more months depression results from unconscious grief over real or imagined losses. therapist tries to bring these to light through -free association -therapist interpretation -review of past events and feelings good case reports but only occasionally helpful in the long term. sometimes depressed client may be too passive or feel too helpless to actively participate in their therapy)
If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling. 4 6 8 12
4
To qualify for a DSM-5 diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, the excessive or ongoing anxiety or worry must last for at least: 6 weeks. 3 months. 3 weeks. 6 months.
6 months.
Approximately _____ percent of adults in the United States experience an episode of severe unipolar depression in any given year. 8 22 38 52
8
what % of individuals will experience PTSD at some point in their lives?
8%
Wilcox et al PTSD and suicide most common cause of PTSD in women and how it affects functioning
81% of Baltimore schoolchildren had experienced a traumatic event. 20% of women 10% of men developed PTSD. 10% of those who had trauma with PTSD attempted suicide... rape -physical disturbances, emotional problems, cognitive dysfunction, atypical behavior, impaired social relationship
What does the most recent research tell us about genetic factors involved in the development of bipolar disorder? A number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar disorder. It is linked to the Y chromosome, which is why it is so much more prevalent in men. It is a sex-linked disorder that can be passed only from father to son or from mother to daughter. The genetic mutation is found exclusively on the X chromosome.
A number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar disorder.
Which theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad? Aaron Beck Martin Seligman Peter Lewinsohn Sigmund Freud
Aaron Beck
According to one study (Fleck et al., 2005), which client is MOST likely to stop taking mood stabilizers for fear of becoming addicted to the drugs? An African American A Hispanic American A non-Hispanic white American An Asian American
An African American
The hypothalamus activates which two body systems? Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system Circulatory system and digestive system Central nervous system and muscular system Respiratory system and exocrine system
Autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
Which is NOT a type of anxiety disorder? Bipolar disorder Panic disorder Social anxiety disorder Phobias
Bipolar disorder
_____ are the quiet observers in someone with dissociative identity disorder. Host personalities Primary personalities Mutually cognizant personalities Coconscious subpersonalities
Coconscious subpersonalities
Which type of psychotherapist would tell a patient being treated for a cleaning compulsion to resist the urge to mop the bathroom floor for a week? Psychodynamic Sociocultural Biological Cognitive-behavioral
Cognitive-behavioral
Which term was used to describe symptoms of severe anxiety and depression experienced during World War II and the Korean War? Shell shock Nostalgia Combat fatigue Posttraumatic stress disorder
Combat fatigue
Which is a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship? Interpersonal psychotherapy Couple therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy Behavioral activation therapy
Couple therapy
Which is not listed in DSM-5 as a method of re-experiencing traumatic events by a person suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder? Memories Dreams Nightmares Delusions
Delusions
Which is NOT a behavioral technique used in social skills training? Exposure Modeling Feedback Rehearsal
Exposure
In which kind of study would a researcher determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder? Twin study Adoption study Family pedigree study Generational extraction study
Family pedigree study
NTs disruption GAD OCD Panic disorders
GABA serotonin NE
Which is NOT a goal of behavioral activation for depression? Help clients gain insight into the source of their depression Reintroduce clients to pleasurable events or activities Reinforce clients' nondepressive behaviors Help clients improve social skills
Help clients gain insight into the source of their depression
The heightened biochemical arousal experienced by posttraumatic stress victims may eventually damage which parts of their brain? Medulla, pons, and reticular formation Frontal and temporal lobes Central nervous system and brain stem Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala
Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala
Which group of Americans has the highest rates of chronicity when it comes to depression? American Indians Hispanic Americans Non-Hispanic white Americans Asian Americans
Hispanic Americans
Which technique is used in patients with dissociative amnesia to help them recover memories? Self-instruction training Insight therapy Hypnotic therapy Meditation
Hypnotic therapy
Which is NOT a problem that interpersonal psychotherapy attempts to address? Interpersonal role transition Interpersonal loss Interpersonal communication problems Interpersonal role dispute
Interpersonal communication problems
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression? Low activity of either serotonin or norepinephrine directly produces depression. Low activity of serotonin causes a reduction in norepinephrine, which triggers depression. Although neurotransmitters were once thought to play a role in depression, we now know that neurotransmitters do not play a role in depression. It is unclear whether abnormal activity of neurotransmitters in the brain causes dysfunction of the depression-related brain circuit or is the result of it.
It is unclear whether abnormal activity of neurotransmitters in the brain causes dysfunction of the depression-related brain circuit or is the result of it.
Justin's parents divorced when he 10 years old. Based on research, how might this experience affect his ability to cope with a trauma later in life? Parental divorce is not correlated with stress disorders later in life. Justin is at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder if faced with a trauma later in life. Justin is at decreased risk for development of any stress disorder. Justin is at decreased risk for a stress disorder but at higher risk for an anxiety disorder.
Justin is at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder if faced with a trauma later in life.
_____ is the perception that one has no control over the reinforcements in his or her life. Learned helplessness Attributions Learned hopelessness Self-blame
Learned helplessness
Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder? Dysthymic symptoms and mania Hypomania and depression Mania and depression Dysthymic symptoms and hypomania
Mania and depression
_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression. Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Martin Seligman Rene Spitz
Martin Seligman
Which is a well-known side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Hair loss Paralysis of the legs for two to four weeks Memory loss Residual tremors and tics of facial muscles
Memory loss
In which behavioral technique is the exposure indirect? Modeling Systematic desensitization Flooding Rational-emotive
Modeling
A clinician is treating a client with bipolar disorder. What should the clinician be aware of when considering use of mood stabilizers? Mood stabilizers have no effect on depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers are effective as the sole treatment for bipolar disorder, significantly reducing manic episodes and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers frequently result in longer, but less intense depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers help people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, although to a lesser degree than they help with their manic episodes.
Mood stabilizers help people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, although to a lesser degree than they help with their manic episodes.
NT that plays a role in panic disorder?
NE
Heather is deathly afraid of being eaten by crocodiles, she never visits the zoo and is happy to be living in ND. Would this qualify her as having a phobia?
No
Which disorder appears to have the same prevalence in women and in men? Specific phobia Obsessive-compulsive disorder Social anxiety disorder Panic disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
remains of the day article
PTSD from a woman who had been raped and talked of how the anniversary of the event was a terrible emotional burden and how her god daughter had also been sexually assaulted and sent flowers to her on her anniversary at the same time of the event. the author writes of going to the capitol to remind them of how frequent this is.
A therapist is focused on teaching a client how to recognize automatic thoughts. This therapist is in which phase of Beck's approach to treating unipolar depression? Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
Phase 2
Which form of treatment is widely used but lacks strong supportive evidence of its effectiveness in treating unipolar depression? Psychodynamic therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy Self-help groups Biological therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Which statement about treatment for bipolar disorder is TRUE? Psychotherapy alone is incredibly helpful. Lithium therapy is the gold standard of treatment. Psychotherapy and behavior modification are needed. Psychotherapy combined with mood stabilizers works best.
Psychotherapy combined with mood stabilizers works best.
cognitive behavioral therapies (4)
RAT: ellis pointing out how stupid beliefs are Beck: therapist questions evidence to client's beliefs mindfulness based acceptance and commitment therapy where person accepts anxiety and worries
Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression? Peripartum Melancholic Catatonic Rapid cycling
Rapid cycling
How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment for bipolar disorder? Mildly effective Not at all effective Rarely effective Almost always effective
Rarely effective
Which would NOT be considered a useful goal of adjunctive psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder? Emphasizing the importance of continuing to take medications Improving social skills and relationships that are affected by bipolar episodes Preventing patients from attempting suicide Reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities
Reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities
According to Peter Lewinsohn, which type of rewards are particularly important in the downward spiral of depression? Self-provided rewards Family rewards Monetary rewards Social rewards
Social rewards
What perspective maintains that generalized anxiety disorder develops as a result of exposure to threatening environments? Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Sociocultural
Sociocultural
Which has DSM-5 NOT categorized as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder? Somatic symptom disorder Excoriation disorder Body dysmorphic disorder Hoarding disorder
Somatic symptom disorder
What is the most commonly seen relationship between the frequency of depressive and manic episodes in a person with bipolar disorder? Every depressive episode occurs immediately after a manic episode. The manic episodes occur twice as often as the depressive episodes. The depressive episodes occur three times as often as the manic episodes. The manic episodes occur only when medication is taken to relieve a depressive episode.
The depressive episodes occur three times as often as the manic episodes.
If a victim of rape is treated with dignity and respect by the criminal justice system, what does research suggest is a likely outcome? The victim will be more likely to press charges against the attacker. The victim will have a greater chance of developing a stress-related illness. The victim will be less likely to press charges because he or she will decide to simply "move on." The victim will have a greater chance of recovering more successfully.
The victim will have a greater chance of recovering more successfully.
Which statement is TRUE regarding patients with depression who receive couple therapy? They are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment. Couple therapy is not effective for unipolar depression because the illness impacts only the patient. Couple therapy and individual therapy address the same issues, except that couple therapy has two people in the room instead of one. Couple therapy takes far longer than individual therapy, so most patients who receive it stay in therapy for many years.
They are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment.
Most clinicians believe that veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder cannot fully recover until what happens? They come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have. They revisit the country/territory where their combat experience took place. They have an interaction with one of their former enemies to put the "war inside" to rest. They learn to accept that they did what was required and learn to stop caring what others think.
They come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have.
Which statement is TRUE regarding the host personality in dissociative identity disorder? This personality appears most frequently. This personality is also referred to as the protector. This personality is the most outgoing of the personalities. This personality is the integrated personality seen after successful treatment.
This personality appears most frequently.
Which statement regarding peripartum depression is FALSE? The hormonal changes that accompany birth trigger this depression. A woman with a family history of mood disorders is at greater risk for developing peripartum depression. Antidepressant medication has been found to be one effective treatment for peripartum depression. Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.
Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis adrenal medulla factors important in managing stress
a body system involved in stress responses hypothalamus secret CRF which goes to pituitary gland which secretes ACTH which goes to adrenal cortex (outside of the adrenal gland) which secretes corticosteroids (stress hormones, cortisol) SNS goes to adrenal medulla to release E/NE control, social support, predictability
A fear hierarchy is: the result of therapeutic "flooding." a social order based on bravery. a rating scale for panic attacks. a list of feared objects or situations.
a list of feared objects or situations.
"I'm going to go out on the streets and help everyone who is homeless! Then I'll write a play about my work and put it on Broadway. But first, I need to go home and cook a gourmet meal." The individual saying this is MOST likely experiencing: introjection. automatic thoughts. rapid cycling. a manic episode.
a manic episode.
neuroendocrine abnormalities in depressed patients neurophysiological abnormalities
abnormal cortisol abnormal shift of melatonin so patients feel tired in morning and that disconnect leads to depression prefrontal cortex anterior cingulate (surrounds corpus collosum, low levels of activity with depression) small hippocampus overactive amygdala
Female rape victims are most commonly attacked by a(n): former spouse or partner. current spouse or partner. acquaintance or friend. stranger.
acquaintance or friend.
two weeks after seeing her best friend, sam, killed by a falling chunk of space debris, marta began experiencing difficulties in her daily functioning. for the past two weeks, she has been tormented by recurrent nightmares of the even. during the day, she reports that she has been feeling dead emotionally, not enjoying life, and avoiding her friends at school. you suspect that she is suffering from?
acute stress disorder
When the adrenal cortex is stimulated, _____ are released. serotonin and dopamine glucose and glutamate adrenocorticotropic hormones and corticosteroids epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenocorticotropic hormones and corticosteroids
The most commonly recommended types of exercises for depression are: strengthening. aerobic. flexibility or stretching. balance.
aerobic
Panic disorder is commonly accompanied by: agoraphobia. trichotillomania. obsessive-compulsive disorder. GABA deficiency.
agoraphobia
Ryder's mood has become flat. No matter what he is doing, he feels no pleasure. This BEST describes: anhedonia. bipolar depression. mania. withdrawal.
anhedonia
Treatments for PTSD: biomedical stress management cognitive behavioral sociocultural approach crisis intervention
anti anxiety and antidepressant drugs thought stopping strategies to quell intrusive thoughts, help client anticipate places where they are prone to anxiety and plan for times when symptoms reemerge systematic desensitization, challenge irrational thoughts understand approach through norms of people's culture (therapy in native americas populations include sweat lodges) unsupported, victims of trauma talk extensively about their feelings and reactions. no effect or makes worse...
MAO inhibitors
antidepressants originally for TB patients effective for roughly 50% slows body's production of MAO and MAO breaks down dopamine NE and serotonin so these NT stay in the synapse longer
social anxiety disorder symptoms and difference from agoraphobia
anxiety about social situations in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others lasting more than six months agoraphobic patients are scared of having a panic attack and not being able to escape the situation whereas people with social anxiety disorder and anxious of being judged and evaluated
psychodynamic perspective on GAD... -realistic -neurotic -moral
anxiety has roots in childhood -facing actual danger -prevented from expressing id impulses (superego telling you you're not supposed to have these feelings to the dismay of the id) -punished for expressing id impulses
research on the laterality of emotion suggests that...
approach related emotions are associated with left sided activation while withdrawal related emotions are associated with right sided activation
Clara is preparing her lunch in the break room. Two coworkers are eating lunch and start laughing shortly after she enters the room. Clara thinks, "I know they are talking about me. They know I'm a disaster and a complete mess." This represents: arbitrary inferences. automatic thoughts. selective abstractions. global causation.
arbitrary inferences.
"Men are just as likely as women to experience depression. Men just express it differently and then clinicians end up diagnosing it less often in them." This statement reflect the _____ theory of depression. life stress hormone artifact lack-of-control
artifact
psychological view of depression sociocultural view of depression
attribution helpless ness theory, (Rubenstein)- people question self when events are beyond control. attribution to some internal global and stable cause=depression whereas attribution to specific doesn't. family social perspective -decline in social rewards impacts depression
nothing to do but embrace the dread article.
author struggling with anxiety proposes the question For what is the message that everything is fluid but its own solid fact? What is the relentlessness of uncertainty but something about which you can always be certain? And what other choice do you have?
fear vs. anxiety avoidance behaviors and approach related emotions (Sides of brain)
basic emotion enabling a quick response when faced with an imminent threat VS. complex bled of emotions that is more future-oriented (thinking about something that might happen) avoidance=right approach=left
psychodynamic theory on OCD -treatment cognitive behavioral theory on ocd
battle between id and ego defense mechanisms lessens anxiety in overt thoughts and actions. related to the anal stage of development -free association and therapist interpretation, short term is more direct disorder grows from human tendencies to have unwanted and unpleasant thoughts so in an attempt to neutralize thoughts individuals partake in these actions
The idea that human beings are "prepared" to acquire some phobias and not others flows from a _____ perspective. humanistic biological behavioral-evolutionary cognitive-behavioral
behavioral-evolutionary
According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder is likely to: have experienced a traumatic event as a young child. have low standards of morality. believe that negative thoughts are equivalent to negative actions. believe that a higher power is in control of his or her thoughts.
believe that negative thoughts are equivalent to negative actions.
unipolar depression factors vs bipolar depression factors
biological abnormalities positive reinforcement reduction negative thinking perception of helplessness life stress sociocultural influences VS inherited stress triggered
Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on: sociocultural factors. cognitive factors. biological factors. psychodynamic factors.
biological factors.
The form of bipolar disorder characterized by episodes of hypomania alternating with major depressive episodes is: dysthymic disorder. bipolar II disorder. cyclothymic disorder. bipolar I disorder.
bipolar II disorder.
cognitive behavioral perspective on panic attacks therapy
bodily sensations are misinterpreted signs of medical catastrophe -fear of fear correct people's misinterpretation of their bodily sensations
The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility is: recurrent. catatonic. melancholic. dysthymic.
catatonic.
cognitive behavioral perspective on gad ellis vs. beck metacognitive theory vs intolerance of uncertainty theory vs. avoidance theory
change behavior to remove anxiety and change the thoughts that cause the behavior people have dysfunctional beliefs of how they must behave and when these things don't happen people feel anxious VS. beck focusing on assumptions of threat and danger and how the person always assumes worst outcome person worrying about worrying vs. people not being able to cope with uncertainty vs. reward in worrying by directing attention away from physical arousal
Why do people develop acute and PTSD? -childhood experiences
chronic neglect or abuse poverty parental separation or divorce catastrophe family members with psychological disorders
cognitive behavioral explanations of specific phobias
classical conditioning establishes the fear (little albert scared of white rat and other white animals bc whenever they showed him the rat they made a loud noise) operant conditioning maintains the fear (feeling the relief of getting away from your fear is negative reinforcement that maintains the fear further) modeling and imitation (dad's scared of dogs and now you are)
humanistic therapy for gad
client centered approach used to show unconditional positive regard and empathy (not strongly supported)
The type of therapy that tries to help clients who have anxiety by providing empathy and genuine acceptance is called: self-instruction training. client-centered therapy. relaxation training. objects relations therapy.
client-centered therapy.
Ally has a hard time following conversations and forgets much of what was talked about. This is an example of a(n) _____ symptom of depression. cognitive emotional motivational physical
cognitive
Aaron Beck's approach to helping people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking is referred to as: cognitive therapy. behavioral therapy. psychodynamic therapy. interpersonal psychotherapy.
cognitive therapy.
"Although not the only way, I believe that one way of acquiring a fear reaction is through modeling. And that fear reaction may then turn into a phobia." This MOST closely reflects the thinking of a _____ theorist. psychodynamic cognitive-behavioral biological sociocultural
cognitive-behavioral
A therapist encourages a client with unipolar depression to prepare a weekly activity schedule that is set up around pleasurable activities. The therapist is using a(n) _____ approach. cognitive-behavioral biological psychodynamic sociocultural
cognitive-behavioral
developmental psychopathology perspective on depression
combination of factors -genetically inherited biological predisposition influenced by significant early life trauma -magnitude and timing of negative factors -resiliency linked to moderate adversities throughout childhood
Studies (Turkle, 2015, 2013, 2012) evaluating the effects of texting on relationships reported that: communicating via texts helps adolescents feel more connected. communicating primarily via texting has a negative effect on relationships. text messaging improves the quality of the communication and thereby strengthens relationships. text messaging can strengthen relationships by allowing more frequent communication with others.
communicating primarily via texting has a negative effect on relationships.
Researchers have found evidence of abnormal activity of _____ in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers and rape victims. dopamine and serotonin cortisol and norepinephrine epinephrine and glucose glutamate and GABA
cortisol and norepinephrine
A local psychologist accompanies APA and Red Cross personnel to help firefighters deal with the stress they experience shortly after a disastrous fire. The psychologist interacts with victims to let them know that their reactions are normal and to offer stress management tips. The psychologist is providing: resilience training. prolonged exposure. state-dependent learning. critical incident stress debriefing.
critical incident stress debriefing.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to be most helpful in alleviating the symptoms of depression when administered: weekly for 4 to 6 weeks. daily for 4 to 6 weeks. once a month for 4 to 6 months. twice monthly for 4 to 6 months.
daily for 4 to 6 weeks.
People with _____ feel as though they have become separated from their own mental processes or body and are observing themselves from outside. multiple personality disorder dissociative fugue depersonalization disorder dissociative amnesia
depersonalization disorder
Kareem is miserable. He sees himself in a negative way and has no desire to participate in his usual activities. He has headaches, insomnia, and indigestion. Kareem is MOST likely suffering from: depression. mania. hypomania. cyclothymic disorder.
depression
cognitive behavioral view of depression lewinsohn's behavioral dimension approach/reward motivated behavior
depression arises from learning experiences (learning problematic behaviors) that lead to dysfunctional ways of thinking absence of reward leads to depression, social rewards are above all approach system is driven by sensitivity to reward, avoidance system is driven by sensitivity to punishment
Miguel has previously had a good therapeutic response to an sari and reports being depressed again. he complains of persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, decrease in appetite, sleep, and concentration. he speaks very slowly, saying little and moving slowly. you suspect?
depression with catatonic features
Ann complains of persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, decreases in appetite, sleep, and concentration. she reports that nothing brings her pleasure and that her mood is worse in the morning. what kind of depression does she have
depression with melancholic features
ann complains of persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, decreases in appetite, sleep, and concentration. she has previously had a good therapeutic response to an SSRI, reports that her mood is worse in the morning. you suspect?
depression with melancholic features
Babs complains of persistent depressed mood, loss of interest, decreases in appetite, sleep, and concentration. she believes that her soul has been removed, is unable to sit still in your office, and reports voices. what kind of depression does she have
depression with psychotic features
unipolar depression major depression symptoms
depression without a history of mania emotional, cognitive, physiological and behavioral
Tricyclics
developed to treat schizophrenia which didn't work acts on NT rey-take mechanisms for NE and serotonin
The most common theme of obsessive thoughts is: violence. orderliness. dirt or contamination. sexuality.
dirt or contamination.
People with _____ suddenly travel to an entirely different location and cannot recall the details of their past lives. generalized dissociative amnesia selective dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue continuous dissociative amnesia
dissociative fugue
One reason why individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are now being treated with both drug therapies and cognitive-behavioral therapy is because: patient compliance with drug therapy is consistently found to be poor. drug therapy cannot be used in adolescents, the age group most commonly affected. drug therapy alone must be maintained indefinitely to prevent relapse. long-term drug therapy has been linked to later development of substance use disorder.
drug therapy alone must be maintained indefinitely to prevent relapse.
Among biological treatments, _____ appears to be most effective for reducing depression. drug therapy transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) deep brain stimulation (DBS) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Dread and horror are part of the _____ responses to stress. physical mental emotional cognitive
emotional
When the adrenal medulla is stimulated, _____ are released. serotonin and dopamine glucose and glutamate adrenocorticotropic hormones and corticosteroids epinephrine and norepinephrine
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of _____ therapy. psychodynamic cognitive humanistic exposure
exposure
Some studies indicate that _____ treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders, irrespective of the precipitating trauma. drug exposure electroconvulsive psychodynamic
exposure
Meyer's technique, which involves instructing clients not to perform their compulsive behavior, is called: systematic desensitization. neutralizing. exposure and response prevention. social skills training.
exposure and response prevention.
dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder
extreme version of dissociative amnesia -people take on different personality once they forget who they are two or more subpersonalities, usually one dominant. switching of personalities triggered by stress.
A researcher who wants to examine the relatives of people with unipolar depression to see whether the disorder affects other family members should complete a _____ study. family pedigree twin genetic linkage molecular
family pedigree
agoraphobia
fear of open spaces and the social environment. fear of places where it would be difficult to escape or receive help. avoidance of these places symptoms persist for at least six months
Social skills training for individuals with social anxiety disorder would NOT include: role-playing. rehearsing new behaviors. providing reinforcement. flooding.
flooding
behavioral therapy on ocd biological treatment on ocd
focus on cognitive processes and how ocd is just redirected anxiety serotonin based antidepressants. combination therapy with cognitive behavioral therapy is most affective
rapid cycling diagnosing bipolar disorder biological perspective on bipolar disorder
four or more episodes within a one year period, depression is experienced more and lasts longer mood episodes tend to recur for people who don't get treatment mania=high NE low serotonin depression=low NE low serotonin -more genetic variance between schizophrenia and bipolar than bipolar and depression. depression and autism spectrum disorder are more similar than depression and bipolar
psychodynamic therapies for gad object relations therapists and gad
free association therapist interpretations of transference, resistance, and dreams short term psychodynamic therapy is more effective... help patients identify and settle early relationship problems
The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in a patient with dissociative identity disorder is known as: joining. fusion. connectivity. interpolation.
fusion
humanistic perspective on gad carl rogers' explanation
gad arises when we act in ways that are not in accordance with our values and beliefs lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood leads to conditions of worth, threatening self judgements break through and cause anxiety (limited support)
Alaina is always edgy and nervous and feels there is something to be afraid of, though she cannot name it. She is MOST likely suffering from: generalized anxiety disorder. social anxiety disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. a specific phobia.
generalized anxiety disorder.
The life stress theory designates all of the following as playing a role in the development of depression in women EXCEPT: giving birth to children. facing more poverty than men do. commonly having more menial jobs than men do. facing more discrimination than men do.
giving birth to children.
Psychodynamic therapy for unipolar depression would be expected to be MOST helpful for a client who: is looking for quick relief from symptoms. has a long-standing sense of emptiness. has been diagnosed with severe depression. is very passive.
has a long-standing sense of emptiness.
"Generalized anxiety disorder results from repeatedly denying one's true thoughts, emotions, and behaviors." This statement BEST reflects the perspective of: psychodynamic theorists. sociocultural theorists. humanistic theorists. cognitive-behavioral theorists.
humanistic theorists.
what causes bipolar disorder? -brain structure -genetic factor -psychological and sociocultural factors
hyperactive amygdala and basal ganglia (no decreased hippocampal volume like unipolar depression) one of the strongest inheritability factors stress, social support, emotional instability, dysregulation of reward functioning in brain
The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode include all of the following symptoms of depression EXCEPT: thoughts of suicide and/or a suicide plan. daily insomnia or hypersomnia. hyperfocus on a singular activity. daily agitation or decrease in motor activity.
hyperfocus on a singular activity.
Some argue that many cases of dissociative identity disorder are _____, meaning that the symptoms are unintentionally produced by the practitioner who is treating the client. iatrogenic teratogenic chorionic dependent
iatrogenic
biological view of depression
immune system is controlled by PNS... lots of SNA hurts immune functioning of the PNS and less PNS activity makes us more susceptible to diseases
It is thought that benzodiazepines or antidepressants can reduce symptoms of social anxiety by: improving how the fear circuit functions. activating the parasympathetic nervous system. inhibiting GABA throughout the brain. desensitizing the central nervous system.
improving how the fear circuit functions.
dissociative amnesia -localized -selective -generalized -continuous
inability to recall important info usually of an upsetting nature -most common, loss of all memory of event -loss of memory for some but not all events occurring within a period -loss of memory beginning with an event but extending back (forgetting identity, family, friends) -forgetting continues into the future (rare)
bright light therapy ect
individual biological rhythm is out of sync so sitting in front of light at morning resets circadian rhythm and mood. also effective in non-seasonal depression and bipolar disorder accidental discovery sometimes memory loss leads to improvement in 70% bilateral more effective not associated with structural brain damage
bipolar one vs bipolar two manic episode cyclothymic disorder
individual has full blown manic episodes vs individual has periods of hypomania (symptoms but not a full blown episode) extreme changes in mood, usually feeling so good that people are concerned but sometimes angry. this lasts for a week or more persistent low level of bipolar disorder, may evolve into bipolar one or two
learned helplessness theory -seligman -harlow
inescapable shock, trapped dog to electric floor. when dog could finally be free of shock it choose not to because it already had that experience with inescapable unpleasant circumstances that taught the animal learned helplessness -same thing but pit of despair with monkey. took optimistic happy monkey and after a while it just sat at the bottom of the pit accepting its fate...
The ultimate goal of treatment for people with dissociative identity disorder is: recovering memories. recognizing the disorder. integration of subpersonalities. asserting subpersonalities at will.
integration of subpersonalities.
Natalia has very few friends and doesn't feel very close to the few friends she has. She spends all of her free time with her husband but even feels disconnected from him much of the time. This scenario BEST describes: interpersonal loss. interpersonal role dispute. interpersonal deficits. interpersonal role transition.
interpersonal deficits.
There is evidence that _____ is especially helpful in depression brought on by social conflicts or changes in careers or social roles. drug therapy brain stimulation therapy interpersonal psychotherapy behavioral activation
interpersonal psychotherapy
Sociocultural approaches to depression and bipolar disorders -the four interpersonal problems potentially leading to depression
interpersonal... -loss -role dispute -role transition -deficits this is useful for depression related to social conflicts or social role changes. very effective
Cooper looked at his car and knew it was his, but felt as if he had never seen it before. Cooper may have been experiencing: jamais vu. absentmindedness. visual memory impairment. eidetic images.
jamais vu.
A psychodynamic therapist working with a client with depression would NOT expect the client to: learn to shed all of his or her unconscious defense mechanisms. gain awareness of loss in his or her life. become less dependent on others. learn to cope with loss more effectively.
learn to shed all of his or her unconscious defense mechanisms.
The cognitive-behavioral perspective of panic disorder suggests that individuals with this condition: have a genetic predisposition to developing paranoia. may be overly sensitive to bodily sensation and misinterpret them. are neurotic. lack ego strength.
may be overly sensitive to bodily sensation and misinterpret them.
One concern about the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is that it: lacks standardization in application. is not effective in treating severe forms of depression. has a low success rate. may lead to memory loss and possible neurological damage.
may lead to memory loss and possible neurological damage.
Someone who has seasonal affective disorder would likely secrete more _____ than those people without the disorder. serotonin testosterone thyroxin melatonin
melatonin
During a therapy session to treat a phobia, the therapist confronts the object or situation feared by the client while the client observes. This approach is termed: modeling. social skills training. systematic desensitization. flooding.
modeling
To treat a client with a fire phobia, a therapist lights a candle, holds it, and permits it to burn a bit. She then invites the client to hold the candle. This is an example of: flooding. modeling. virtual reality. exposure and response prevention.
modeling
biological perspective on GAD NTs and hormones brain structure drug therapy treatment
modestly inheritable GABA mostly, CRH from endocrine system hyperactive fear circuit (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, amygdala). right activation increased in patients with anxiety xanax prozac ssris but relapse expected if this is your only treatment cognitive behavioral therapy has become increasingly effective
Individuals who take _____ must avoid foods containing tyramine. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors tricyclics barbiturates
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
The antidepressant drugs that apparently work by stopping the breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin are called: monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. tricyclics. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). benzodiazepines.
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
lithium and bipolar disorder
mood stabilizer, balances highs and lows of bipolar disorder. once someone starts they need to maintain -too low is no effect -too high is lithium intoxication
cognitive explanations of depression -ruminative response styles theory -beck's theory
more rumination (thinking about negative events) more severe the person's depression becomes. women ruminate more than men so they have more depression. negative views about self, world, and future. negative beliefs come from early experience. activating event triggers negative beliefs which lead to negative thinking which produces the symptoms of depression
Why do people develop acute and PTSD? -severity and nature of traumas
more severe or prolonged trauma more direct exposure to trauma intentional inflicted trauma mutilation, severe physical injury, or sexual assault
Sociocultural perspective on GAD
most likely to develop in people faced with ongoing social conditions -poverty -race and ethnicity -gender
is depressed mood required for a diagonsis of major depression?
no
Thase et al
no difference for mild depression comparing medication vs psychotherapy combination is best
DSM-5 specifies 4 symptom clusters that define PTSD. which of the following is not one of those clusters -re experiencing -numbing -hyperarousal -avoidance -none of the above
numbing
nicole saw her ex, adam, die in a horrible accident on national tv one year ago. since then she has become overly preoccupied with a fear of contracting a disease and dying. she reports being unable to stop thinking about getting some sort of virus, and states that she is constantly washing her hands for protection. this behavior has started to affect her ability to get her work done at school. you suspect that nicole has...
ocd
vagus nerve stimulation tms high vs low frequency
pacemaker sends regular electrical signals to vagus nerve which then stimulates brain. success around 30% and used for treatment resistant depression use magnets to either increase or decrease activity in a specific brain region -high frequency left=increases activity over left prefrontal cortex -slow frequency right=decreases activity over right prefrontal cortex (withdrawal)
Suddenly and without warning, and without apparent cause, Melissa felt scared that she was losing control and became paralyzed with fear for several minutes. These symptoms are consistent with a(n): obsession. flooding episode. compulsion. panic attack.
panic attack.
NTs GABA, serotonin, and NE have all been identified as playing a role in anxiety disorders. with which disorder have disruptions in NE functioning been identified?
panic disorders
depressed parents and their kids genetic theories of depression -family studies -twin studies -adoption studies -association studies
parents don't interact as positively with child so hurts relationship -depressed people have 3x as much depression in their family histories compared to non depressed -identical twins twice as likely to share diagnosis -7x more likely to have depression in their biological families than their adopted families in depressed patients, genetic factor -difference in genes that transport serotonin in the brain in depressed patients
Ellis's rational emotive therapy vs beck's cognitive therapy vs. modern
people who become depressed have absolutes of how they must be loved, when we become depressed we have some activating event that triggers our dysfunctional beliefs and we become depressed so RET points out how stupid those beliefs are VS increasing activities and elevating mood, challenging automatic dysfunctional thoughts, identifying negative thinking and biases, and changing primary attitudes *most used and successful, 50-60% show improvement modern: use mindfulness training to help client recognize negative cognitions are streams of thinking and these thoughts don't have power over them
cognitive behavioral perspective on social anxiety disorder treatment
people who feel like there are predisposed negative outcomes. dread social situations. avoidance to reduce behaviors exposure and systematic therapy discussions
People who suffer from dissociative amnesia most often lose their _____ memories but retain their _____ memories. immediate; long-term local; global semantic; procedural personal; abstract/encyclopedic
personal; abstract/encyclopedic
Why do people develop acute and PTSD? -personal factors
personality (optimists less likely to develop stress disorder) gender (women more likely) education (more education less stress) personal assumptions distress (existing levels of distress contribute) coping styles prior trauma
Why do people develop acute and PTSD? -biological factors
physiological hyperactivity, over secretion of corticosteroids. twin studies more identical twins likely to have PTSD compared to fraternal. decreased size of hippocampus
When people are confronted with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the _____ gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone. pineal adrenal pituitary thyroid
pituitary
eustress vs distress components of stress
positive vs negative stress stressor, stress response, extraordinary stress and trauma
The key psychological stress disorders are: obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic stress disorder. panic disorder and dissociative fugue. posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. specific phobia and stress collapse disorder.
posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.
Although it happened decades ago, the mayor of Lockerbie, Scotland, still wakes up in a cold sweat thinking about a burning jetliner crashing into his town. This is an example of: acute stress disorder. posttraumatic stress disorder. dissociative identity disorder. depersonalization-derealization disorder
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Although it happened decades ago, the mayor of Lockerbie, Scotland, still wakes up in a cold sweat thinking about a burning jetliner crashing into his town. This is an example of: acute stress disorder. posttraumatic stress disorder. dissociative identity disorder. depersonalization-derealization disorder.
posttraumatic stress disorder.
2005 bockting
prevention of relapse in depressed patients is helped with cognitive therapy's effects. CT helps protect. combination with drugs is best.
As part of the treatment for a combat veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder, the therapist directs the client to confront both trauma-related objects or situations and painful memories of the trauma. This therapist is practicing: multifinality. resilience training. prolonged exposure. hypnotic therapy.
prolonged exposure.
panic disorder distinguishing features
recurrent unexpected panic attacks characteristic brevity intensity -when people start to be afraid of having a panic attack in class they won't show up for class bc now class is a potential trigger
behavioral therapy for depression
reintroduce pleasurable events and activities appropriately reward nondepressive and depressive behaviors help improve social skills (lewinsohn)
ocd examples features
repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both that take up considerable time and is a significant impairment dirt/contamination orderliness people recognize behavior is unreasonable but can't stop themselves cleaning or checking etc.
Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by the defense mechanism of: projection. repression. ritual and undoing. compensation.
repression
psychodynamic view of depression object relations theorists
roots in early childhood, caregiver not there, child's needs not met so they get angry but internalize for fear of affecting caregiver, once they grow up and experience loss again these feelings come back along with internalized anger and this leads to depression -regression to earlier stage of development *depression may be triggered by major loss especially when young but this is inconsistent and hard to test* depression results when people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure in early life
SSRIs SNRIs
selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor -prozac was first -increase serotonin activity without affecting other NTs selective NE reuptake inhibitor -block reuptake of NE and serotonin (kinda like tryciclics. all antidepressants take up to a month to have an effect. SSRIs and SNRIs have bad side effects like erectile dysfunction, weight gain, night sweats, and bad withdrawal experience
A person taking antidepressant medication reports a dramatic decrease in sex drive and is gaining weight. The person is MOST likely taking a: monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. tricyclic. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). benzodiazepine.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).
Most second-generation antidepressants are: tricyclics. monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. benzodiazepines. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Some theorists conclude that dissociative disorders may be a form of: daydreaming. hallucinations. self-hypnosis. disordered thinking.
self-hypnosis.
Research suggests that behavioral activation techniques as the sole treatment approach are of limited help to people with _____ depression. mild moderate severe relapsing
severe
Compared with fraternal twins or other siblings, identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder are _____ likely to develop bipolar disorder. significantly more somewhat more somewhat less significantly less
significantly more
A severe, persistent, and irrational fear of situations in which a person may be exposed to scrutiny, such as public speaking or performing, is called: panic disorder. social anxiety disorder. generalized anxiety disorder. obsessive-compulsive-related disorder.
social anxiety disorder.
Derrick tries to interact with as few people as possible during the workday. He doesn't engage in any nonwork events such as birthday celebrations or happy hours because he thinks he is socially awkward and will make a fool of himself. These thoughts and symptoms are consistent with: agoraphobia. panic disorder. social anxiety disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
social anxiety disorder.
unipolar depression cause multicultural perspective on depression
social exclusion, depression, and the brain (changes in prefrontal cortex and anterior circulate) strong link between gender and depression. women 2x more likely and appear to be younger
A therapist works with a client to improve eye contact and body language that signals the client is open to being approached. This is an example of: role transition. acceptance and commitment therapy. contingency management. social skills training.
social skills training.
behavioral evolutionary perspective on specific phobias
some specific phobias are more common than others and this could be a species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears: biological preparedness (help us survive in old days)
The state of stress has two components: stress and stressor. stressor and stress response. stress and appraisal. stress and recovery.
stressor and stress response.
To explain the relationship between loss and depression, Freud used the concept of _____, in which a person unconsciously interprets negative experiences as the loss of a loved one. projection object relations symbolic loss delusion
symbolic loss
When we encounter a stressor, the _____ nervous system accelerates the automatic processes in our body. After the stressor is over, the _____ nervous system returns us to normal functioning. somatic; autonomic somatic; sympathetic parasympathetic; sympathetic sympathetic; parasympathetic
sympathetic; parasympathetic
acute stress disorder vs PTSD the four symptom clusters
symptoms begin within four weeks of event and last for less than one month VS symptoms may begin either shortly after event or months or years after Aside from that pretty similar -increased arousal, anxiety, guilt -reexperienceing the traumatic event -avoidance -reduced responsiveness intrusion avoidance negative alterations in cognitions and mood alterations in arousal and reactivity
cognitive behavioral therapy for specific phobias
systematic desensitization (scared of spiders: drawing of spider to picture to video to real, ramp up fear) SUPER effective flooding (overwhelm person) modeling (observational learning by watching therapist interact with spider) (*2/3 of people treated with exposure therapy have been shown to have improved symptoms over a number of years)) support groups, home based self help programs are successful for 70% of agoraphobic clients
The cognitive triad is made up of maladaptive thoughts about all of these EXCEPT: self. experiences. the future. the past.
the past.
Four people all have stress disorder-related symptoms following a traumatic event. The person who may be diagnosed as having acute stress disorder is the one who has had symptoms for: six weeks. three months. three weeks. six months.
three weeks.
Shankman et al. Reward sensitivity in depression. a bio behavioral study
ties together behavior on reward seeking and patterns of brain activity. in this study, they were looking at depressed indidviduals to non-depressed individuals. use paradigm where individuals anticipate reward or not. individuals were playing computerized slot machine. some trials were reward trials and individuals earned money, some were neutral where the slot machine didn't pay out any money. experimenters recorded brain activity during the game. non depressed individuals increase activity in left frontal region in the reward trial. for those depressed they did not show the same pattern, distinction found in early vs late onset depression. late onset depression individuals looked like non depressed individuals, increase in left frontal activation in anticipation of reward were shown. early onset depression did not show increase in left frontal activation in reward anticipation, lack of sensitivity to reward.
development psychopathology perspective on stress disorders
timing of stressors and traumas over developmental corse and inherited biological predisposition for overactivity in stress pathways lead to disorder
Symptoms of dissociative identity disorder usually begin after episodes of: suggestibility. hypnosis. trauma or abuse. anxiety.
trauma or abuse.
Imipramine was the first: MAO inhibitor. tricyclic. SSRI. neuroleptic.
tricyclic
Women are at least _____ times as likely as men to have episodes of severe unipolar depression. two three four five
two
negative thinking : beck vs. seligman
unipolar depression is produced by a combination of maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad (negative view of experiences, oneself, and future), error in thinking and automatic thoughts depression occurs when people feel loss of control over life reinforcements (attributed to internal, global, and stable causes)
Why do people develop acute and PTSD? -social support systems
weak family and social support lead to higher levels of PTSD
talent. a football scholarship. then crushing depression article
wide receiver isaiah from the university of washington. showed that even athletes aren't immune to depression. transferred to portland state where he is finishing out his senior year.
