PSYCH 4070 CHAPTER 8
Neurons only have two kinds of impulses
on/off or activate/inhibit - both activation and inhibition are necessary for thoughtful adults. many young children have not yet found the balance
The early childhood wish for routines, known as the ______ or ____ phenomenon, might signify an obsess-ve compulsive disorder in older childcare. However, among young children, a wish for continuity and sameness is normal and widespread.
"just right" or "just so"
A convincing demonstration that something neurological, not experiential is the primary reason of these changes comes from a series of experiments such as:
- pattern sorting versus color sorting - the 3 year old tended to sort however, they did originally, either by shape or color, depending on which task was asked first
Evidence of significantly increased neurological control (in every year between ages 2 and 6) is evident in several ways (4) :
- sleep becomes more regular - emotions become nuances and responsive - temper tantrums subside - uncontrollable laugh and tears are less common
The 2 year olds brain already weighs ______ os what it will weight in adulthood.
75%
the 6 year olds brain is ____ of what is will weigh in adulthood
90%
only have ____ of the investigated cases or child maltreatment are substaned, but some cases are not reported
1/4
During Early Childhood, appetite decreases between ages ______ because young children need fewer calories per pound than they did as infants. this is especially true for the current generation since children get much less exercise than former generations.
2 and 6.
During Early Childhood, an added complication is that an estimate of __ to ___ percent of all young chilfen are allergic to specific food and most always a common, _______ food.
3-8% are allergic to a common healthy food.
During Early Childhood, well nourished children gain about ____ lbs and grow ____.
4.5 lbs and about 3 inches
During Early Childhood, by age 6, the average child in a developed nation weighs ______ and is at least ____ tall.
40-50lbs and about 3.5 feet tall.
fine motor skills typically mature about ______ in girls than in boys
6 months earlier
Although each area of the brain has a particular function, the entire brain is ____.
interconnected.
______ - referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant of each activity
Lateralization
As the brain matures, children become better at ______.
Controlling their emotions.
Growth of the ______ makes communication between the hemispheres more efficient, allowing children to coordination the two sides of their brains, and hence both sides of their bodies.
Corpus Collosum
One part of the brain that grows and myelinates rapidly during early childhood is the __________, a long thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and rights sides of the brain.
Corpus Collosum
Many cultures endure the belief that being right handed is better. This is an example of _____.
Different-equals-deficit
_____ of thought from axon to neuron because pivotal when several thoughts must occurs in rapid succession.
Speed
Acceptance of left handedness is more widespread now than ______. More adults in great britian and the US claim to be left handed today than in 1900s. ____% compared to ____%.
a century ago. from 3-10%
often the first sign of maltreatment is ______.
delayed development such as slow growth, immature communication, lack of curiosity, or unusual social interactions
Mastery of gross and fine motor skills results not only from maturation but also from extensive ______ of young children. Gross motor skills improve dramatically during _____.
active play. early childhood.
a tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Responds to comfort, not logic.
amygdala
The limbic system is composed of the (3):
amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus
Failure of the corpus collosum to develop results in serious disorders such as
autism
During Early Childhood, children who eat more dark greens and oranges vegetables gain more ____
bone mass ( not fat)
Many fine motor skills involve ____ and thus _____ side(s) of the brain.
both hands and both sides of the brain.
During Early Childhood, although most children in developed nations consume more than enough calories, they do not always obtain adequate ____, _____, and ____.
iron, zinc, and calcium
The game simon says is an example of ____. Young children lose this game because they impassively do what they see and hear; older children can think before acting
brain maturation - prefrontal cortex works
One sign of cognitive loss in late adulthood is that people become too ____ or too ____.
cautious or impulse control.
the deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.
child abuse
Child maltreatment includes both _____ and ____.
child abuse and child neglect
refers to all international harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
child maltreatment
the failure to meet essential physical or emotional needs
child neglect
Both sides of the brain are usually involved in early skill and this is why the _____ is crucial.
corpus collosum
left handed people tend to have a thicker _____ than right handed people do, perhaps because they need to readjust the interaction between the two sides of their bodies, depending on the task.
corpus collosum
Lateralization advances with the development of the ______.
corpus collosum.
____ may flood the brain and destroy part of the hippocampus.
cortisol
primary stress hormone
cortisol
as with biological maturation, development of impulse control and behavioral flexibility is related to ____.
culture
During Early Childhood, compared with the average child, those preschoolers who eat more ____ and ____ and less ____ benefit in many ways.
dark - green and orange vegetables and less fried food benefit in many ways.
performs the brains "executive functions" - planning, selection and coordinating thoughts.
prefrontal cortex.
Brain maturation continues to occur, ______ and _____ are still increasing in emerging adulthood
dendrite density and myelintation
too much cortisol in early life may lead to permanent deficits in learning and health, with major ____ and _____ in childhood and adolescents.
depression (PTSD) and ADD.
Emotional _____ and _____ advance during early childhood. crucial to the advancements are three parts of the brain:
emotional regulation and expression. The amygdala, hippocampus, and the hypothalamus.
Tying shoes, buttoning shirts, pulling on socks are all examples of
fine motor skills
Handedness is partially ____, but many cultures have tried to make everyone right handed with some success.
genetic
During Early Childhood, according to a study that controlled for factors the might correlate with body fat, such as gender (_____ have more body fat), ethnicity, and income ( _______ have worse diets).
girls have more body fat; power children have worse diets
During Early Childhood, height differences are ____ within ethnic groups than between groups; evidence again that ethnicity is _______ by genes.
greater; not determined
During Early Childhood, the legs constitute about ____ the total height and they have _____ proportions.
half, adult-like
spotting wanting signs and intervening to keep a risky situations from getting worse in the primary prevention level could include
high quality day care, home visits by helpful nurses
a brain structure that is central processor of memory, especially memory for locations. responds to the anxieties of the amygdala by summoning memory
hippocampus
a brain area that response to the hippocampus and amygdala to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body
hypothalamus
the _____ response to signals from the amygdala (arousing) and to signal from the hippocampus (usually dampening) by producing cortisol, oxytocin and other hormones that activate parts of the brain and body.
hypothalamus
impulsiveness and preservation are opposite manifestations of the same underlying cause: ____.
immaturity of the prefrontal cortex
the ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior is called
impulse control
practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling and preventing dangerous activities are called
injury control
when left handed children are forced to use their right hands, most ____.
learned how to write right-handedly. However, neurological success was incomplete: their brains were only partly reprogrammed.
_____ hemisphere controls the bodys right side as well as areas dedicated to logical reasoning, detailed analysis, and the basics of language
left
Latin sinister means
left (and also evil)
a disproportionate number of artists, musicians , and sports stars were/are ______, including jimmy jnedrix, bill gates, oprah winfrey, ect.
left handed
Gauche, a french word for ______, means ______ in english.
left, socially awkward in enngligh
_____ hemisphere notices the details and ____ hemisphere grapes the big pictures.
left; right gets the big pictures
During Early Childhood, the less education parents have, the ___ likely they are to know the importance of early dental care
less likely.
Young children's ____ make them hide rather than help.
limbic system
the processing of emotions occurs in the ____, where many brain areas are involved, including the _____, _____, and _____.
limbic system. including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.
During Early Childhood, the average BMI is ____ at ages 5 and 6 compared to any other time in life.
lower
During Early Childhood, bodies and brains have what change
mature in size and function
stress can facilitate _____ and ____ if adulates are reassuring.
memory and learning
the areas of the brain the show the greatest early milentaiton are the ____ and ____ areas - effects of myelinations are especially apparel in early childhood, although these effects continue for decades.
motor and sensory
a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
myelin
white matter of the brain
myelin
Most increased brain weight occurs because of ____ - the process by which axons be one coated with myelin.
myelination
limited ______ of the corpus callous may by the underlying reasons that shoelaces get knotted, paper gets ripped and zippers get stuck.
myelination
By age 2, most neurons have connected to other ____ have connected to others and substantiation pruning has occurred.
nuerons.
Foturntalty many childhood allergies are ____, but since young children are already at nutritional risks, ______ make a balanced diet harder.
outgrown, allergies make a balanced diet harder
Brain maturation, motivation, and guided practice make these skills possible. According to sociocultural theory, children learn best from ____.
peers.
effort made by child welfare authorities to find a long term living situation the will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. goal is to avoid repeated change of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child.
permanency planning
During Early Childhood, Severe tooth decay harms those _____, which form below the first teeth - and can cause _____, ______, and ______.
permanent teeth. Can cause jaw malformation chewing difficulties, and speech problems
poor impulse control signifies a ________ in adulthood but not in early childhood
personality disorder
No one is exclusively left or right brained, moreover, the brain is _____, especially in early childhood, so a lost function in one hemisphere is sometimes replaced in the other.
plastic
all forms of artistic expression blossom during early childhood. in every articistic domain, skills takes both ____ and _____. all young children love to dance, build towers with blocks paint, and make music.
practice and maturation
Immaturity of the _____ makes young children impulsive. Their curiosity is boundless; their impulses inhibited; and they do something such as play with matches.
prefrontal cortex
Maturation of the ______ allows impulse control,
prefrontal cortex
the tendency to preserve in, or stick to, one though or action for a long time is called
preservation
this level of preventions focuses on the macro system and exosystem. it includes stable neighborhood, family cohesion, financial support.
primary prevent.
three levels of prevention apply to every childhood and safety issue (3):
primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention
After infancy, some brain growth is the result of ____ of the communication pathways (dendrites and axons).
proliferation.
primary prevention is intended to _______ when maltreatment has already occurred; someone in authority must help the family or remove the child.
reduce harm
means that the authorities have been informed
reported maltreatment
____ hemisphere controls the boys left side and areas dedicated to emotional and creative impulses, including appreciation of music, art, and poetry.
right
Latin: dexter means
rights (as in dexterity).
By age 2, most children have a dominant hand use for ______.
scribbling and raddling.
During Early Childhood, children ____ as the lower body ____.
slim down as the lower body lengthens
_____ may sometimes be helpful. Meeting new friends, entering school, visiting a strange place.
stress
a case has been reported, investigated, and verified is known as
sustained maltreatment
Since most of the brain is already present and functioning by age 2, what remains to develop?
the social understanding that develops as the PREFRONTAL CORTEX matures distinguishes humans from other primates.
During Early Childhood, too much sugar or not enough fiber cause ________, the most common disease of young children in developed nations.
tooth decay. more than 1/3 of all US children under age 6 already have at least 1 cavity.
During Early Childhood, the main reason for malnourishment in developed nation is that too often young childen's small appetites are satisfied with ____,
unhealthy foods, crowding out needed vitamins.
More children due from _____ - either accidental or deliberate - than from any disease.
violence
