Psych 7A Ch 10 Midterm 2

Which of the following factors is not widely regarded as essential to the development of the kind of outstanding performance seen in professional athletes and musicians? A) A low rate of failure B) An explicit concern for trying to find the most efficient way to accomplish each step of the process C) Significant, high-quality practice time D) Rapid, high-quality feedback

A) A low rate of failure

Which of the following situations represents an effect of hindsight bias? A) Jerry rode his bike instead of taking his car to work, then told a co-worker that he had biked in because he knew there would be a car accident holding up traffic along his route. B) Becky regretted going camping last weekend after she got caught in the rain and said that she would not have gone if she had heard the weather forecast. C) Gregory took his car to a shop for repairs, then refused to use that shop again when the repair failed to last. D) Danielle bought shares of stock that lost a great deal of value, but she refuses to sell them, hoping that they will recover and restore her investment.

A) Jerry rode his bike instead of taking his car to work, then told a co-worker that he had biked in because he knew there would be a car accident holding up traffic along his route.

Which of the following reflects the myth of subliminal perception? A) Though you do not consciously notice it, the momentary sight of a running faucet makes you thirsty. B) A picture of a juicy burger on a billboard makes you want to stop for lunch. C) The flash of a series of words has no effect on your word choice in an exercise that follows. D) Imagining the warmth of sunshine and the sound of ocean waves helps you relax.

A) Though you do not consciously notice it, the momentary sight of a running faucet makes you thirsty.

The concept of inattentional blindness is illustrated when you A) are concentrating so hard on studying that you fail to notice your roommate leaving for class. B) have slept through your alarm and missed your first class of the day. C) love to watch movies over and over again to see all the subtleties you missed before. D) have fallen asleep while studying because the textbook is so dull.

A) are concentrating so hard on studying that you fail to notice your roommate leaving for class.

In a survey, more college students indicated that they would enroll in a particular course when they were told that 70 percent of students passed it last year than when they were told that 30 percent of students failed it last year. The results of the survey best illustrate A) the framing effect. B) the anchoring effect. C) hindsight bias. D) confirmation bias.

A) the framing effect.

Which of the following situations best exemplifies the use of the availability heuristic? A) Bryan expects the next lottery ticket he purchases to be a winning one because he has failed to win so many times before. B) Aiko tells her friend that a certain restaurant has poor service because she was once served the wrong order there. C) Jamie finds more and more evidence of the dangers of genetically modified crops by reading blogs that focus on criticizing such crops. D) Kevin gets more upset when he loses $100 on a stock trade than when he fails to make $100 by forgetting to make a stock trade.

B) Aiko tells her friend that a certain restaurant has poor service because she was once served the wrong order there.

The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information. A) Tower of Hanoi problem B) Monty Hall problem C) framing effect D) availability heuristic

B) Monty Hall problem

In the word "rebuilt," re is A) both a morpheme and a phoneme. B) a morpheme, but not a phoneme. C) a phoneme, but not a morpheme. D) neither a morpheme nor a phoneme.

B) a morpheme, but not a phoneme.

Mental imagery refers to the A) earliest stage of skill acquisition, during which there is conscious awareness of efforts. B) ability to visualize images or events in our minds. C) concentration of the mind on a particular object or process. D) automaticity of our reading skills.

B) ability to visualize images or events in our minds.

A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem. A) heuristic; constraints B) algorithm; heuristics C) heuristic; algorithms D) initial state; heuristics

B) algorithm; heuristics

The term heuristic is a scientific term for a A) researcher bias. B) carefully crafted algorithm. C) rule of thumb or an educated guess. D) phenomenon that can be only loosely measured.

C) rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Motherese is a A) language spoken only by women. B) type of speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies. C) simple form of language that parents teach to their children. D) term used to describe the attachment bond between mother and infant.

C) simple form of language that parents teach to their children.

When studying problem solving and the phenomena that lead to failure, psychologists tend to employ problems that can be solved with A) careful consideration of all possible biases. B) presenting problems by way of the framing effect. C) using a systematic approach involving a variety of methods. D) employing the availability heuristic exclusively.

C) using a systematic approach involving a variety of methods.

You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask for a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you an hourly rate close toyour initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the A) Monty Hall problem. B) anchoring effect. C) framing effect. D) availability heuristic.

B) anchoring effect.

Problem solving is often described in terms of the situation at the beginning of the problem, or _______, and the desired outcome of the problem, or _______. A) algorithm; end game B) initial state; goal state C) heuristics; goal state D) operators; initial state

B) initial state; goal state

While attempting to solve a riddle, if you go from not having a clue what the answer is to solving the riddle in a flash (without resorting to trial and error), you have most likely experienced A) subliminal perception. B) insight. C) an impasse. D) the framing effect.

B) insight.

The sentence "Martha hit the man with the umbrella" could be understood to mean that Martha used the umbrella to hit the man or that Martha hit the man who was holding an umbrella. Therefore, the sentence has A) one surface structure but no deep structure. B) one surface structure and multiple deep structures. C) one deep structure but no surface structure. D) multiple surface structures and deep structures.

B) one surface structure and multiple deep structures.

Apes have demonstrated the most compelling evidence of their ability to use language by A) learning to vocalize limited numbers of words. B) producing novel combinations of words. C) exhibiting deep comprehension of abstract concepts. D) developing their own gestures to refer to objects.

B) producing novel combinations of words

A(n) _______ is defined as the best example of a concept that fits a particular category. A) surface structure B) prototype C) algorithm D) mental image

B) prototype

Psychoanalyst C. G. Jung measured patients' _______ in word association tasks in order to study mental processing. A) recall accuracy B) reaction time C) mental imagery D) insight

B) reaction time

Categorization is the process of A) constructing concepts from specific events in our lives. B) recognizing similarities and differences among concepts. C) mentally representing concepts with a prototype. D) taking a mental shortcut to find a quick solution to a problem.

B) recognizing similarities and differences among concepts.

The study of the meanings of words is known as A) phonemes. B) semantics. C) decoding. D) syntax.

B) semantics.

For a sentence that is grammatical and meaningful, the rules of _______ determine its _______ structure. A) morphemes; deep B) syntax; surface C) phonemes; deep D) semantics; surface

B) syntax; surface

Cognitive psychologists focus on studying how A) our behaviors are influenced by genetics. B) we acquire and process information to gain knowledge. C) sensory information is registered by sensory receptors. D) social influences shape behavior.

B) we acquire and process information to gain knowledge.

Which of the following is an example of babbling? A) "Mommy, pick me up." B) "This! Me, this!" C) "Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa." D) "Nooooo!"

C) "Ba-ba-ba-pa-pa."

_______ is most characteristic of the experience of flow. A) Heightened perception of difficulty B) Increased planning of steps in a process C) A sense of time passing quickly D) The ability to spread attention widely

C) A sense of time passing quickly

Which of the following is a prototype of "bird"? A) Feathers B) Beak C) Sparrow D) Ability to fly

C) Sparrow

The figure shows data from an infant who sucked on a pacifier in order to hear sounds. By comparing graphs B and C, determine which of the following conclusions is supported. A) The infant can easily tell the difference between any two phonemes. B) When the infant hears an unfamiliar phoneme, his or her rate of sucking instantly decreases. C) The less similar two phonemes are, the more likely the infant is to notice a change in sound between the phoneme that is presented first and the phoneme that is presented second. D) When the infant hears the same phoneme over and over again, his or her rate of sucking increases gradually.

C) The less similar two phonemes are, the more likely the infant is to notice a change in sound between the phoneme that is presented first and the phoneme that is presented second.

Roger is at a party talking and laughing with a group of friends. He sets his plastic soda cup down and seconds later picks up the glass mug that someone put in its place. He fails to notice that the drink was replaced. This is an example of A) the cocktail party effect. B) attentional blink. C) change blindness. D) inattentional blindness.

C) change blindness.

Rules that govern how you can get from the situation at the beginning of a problem to the desired outcome are called A) heuristics. B) algorithms. C) constraints. D) operators.

C) constraints.

Dyslexia is defined as difficulty in A) writing long sentences with words that sound similar to one another. B) constructing grammatical sentences while speaking. C) developing a normal vocabulary. D) learning to read.

C) developing a normal vocabulary.

At seven years of age, Krista is learning to type on a computer keyboard. According to the work of Fitts and Posner (1967), the cognitive phase of Krista's skill acquisition is best characterized when she A) can type quickly while looking at the keyboard. B) can type rapidly while listening to music. C) has to pause to find each individual letter on the keyboard. D) is able to type without looking, as long as there are no distractions.

C) has to pause to find each individual letter on the keyboard.

The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is known as A) lateralization. B) the availability heuristic. C) linguistic relativism. D) insight.

C) linguistic relativism.

Scientists who study language are called A) psychologists. B) behaviorists. C) linguists. D) analysts.

C) linguists.

The hypothesis of linguistic _______ holds that the properties of a given language _______ the way speakers of that language think. A) determinism; influence B) determinism; dictate C) relativism; influence D) relativism; dictate

C) relativism; influence

Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day? A) "Yes...uh...th...th...a...nks." B) "Yes, today has been very good." C) "Y-y-y-yes, I-I'm having a l-l-l-lovely day." D) "The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."

D) "The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."

All of the following are examples of the cocktail party effect except: A) You are sitting across from a friend in a coffee shop, looking her in the eye and nodding as she speaks, but you are really listening to the man at the next table describing a car accident. B) You are in the soccer stadium watching a game as everyone around you cheers, but you manage to hear the announcer explain a penalty on the field. C) All of your friends are singing "Happy Birthday" to you, but you pay particular attention to the loud soprano voice in the back of the room. D) As you wait in a theater for a movie to begin, you tune out all of the chatter around you while you focus on a text message that has just arrived from your cousin.

D) As you wait in a theater for a movie to begin, you tune out all of the chatter around you while you focus on a text message that has just arrived from your cousin.

The rare genetic disorder that is characterized by normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning is called A) Wernicke's aphasia. B) Huntington's disease. C) Williams syndrome. D) Parkinson's disease.

D) Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following situations best demonstrates the anchoring effect? A) Stacy is trying to sell the house she purchased several years ago, but she refuses any offer that is less than 120 percent of the price she originally paid. B) Johann spends more on a new computer than he planned to because he selected his desired model online and then decided to add a number of features. C) Marcia declines to purchase auto insurance beyond the legally required minimum because she has never been involved in a car accident. D) Ronald feels that he got a terrific bargain on his new car by paying 20 percent less than the listed manufacturer's suggested retail price.

D) Ronald feels that he got a terrific bargain on his new car by paying 20 percent less than the listed manufacturer's suggested retail price.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of the working backward heuristic? A) When you lose your keys, you begin to scour your dorm room because you know that you will eventually find them that way. B) When creating a presentation for class, you judge how close you are to finishing by looking at the quality of your presentation so far. C) In order to efficiently solve a crossword puzzle, you meticulously inspect each of the "across" questions and each of the "down" questions. D) To organize documents in your computer, you create an "All Documents" folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders.

D) To organize documents in your computer, you create an "All Documents" folder and proceed to subdivide it into increasingly specific folders.

Which of the following situations best exemplifies the gambler's fallacy? A) Tony turns down a bet of $100 in which he would have a chance of winning $500 but makes a bet of $10 in which he has a chance of winning only $12. B) Brenda turns down a bet in which she would have a 10 percent chance of losing $50 but makes a bet in which she has a 90 percent chance of winning $10. C) Tina believes that her chances of winning the lottery within a year will go down if she plays the same numbers every week. D) Tyson believes that his chances of winning the next raffle drawing have improved because he has lost five drawings in a row.

D) Tyson believes that his chances of winning the next raffle drawing have improved because he has lost five drawings in a row.

English language units like "-ing" and "-ed" are considered morphemes because they A) change the meanings of words when used as suffixes. B) are used differently than other common suffixes. C) change words in subtle and gradual ways. D) are used in sentences to meet certain rules of grammar.

D) are used in sentences to meet certain rules of grammar.

Research on the framing effect shows that when people have to choose between an option framed in terms of a gain and an option framed in terms of a loss, most people A) protest and say that the choice is unfair. B) choose the option framed in terms of a loss. C) remain indecisive. D) choose the option framed in terms of a gain.

D) choose the option framed in terms of a gain.

The ability of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences is called _______ capacity. A) linguistic B) specialized C) infinite D) generative

D) generative

The basic units of meaning in a language are called A) semantics. B) phonemes. C) linguistics. D) morphemes.

D) morphemes.

Apes have demonstrated the most compelling evidence of their ability to use language by A) learning to vocalize limited numbers of words. B) developing their own gestures to refer to objects. C) exhibiting deep comprehension of abstract concepts. D) producing novel combinations of words.

D) producing novel combinations of words.

Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of A) babbling. B) linguistic relativism. C) overgeneralization. D) telegraphic speech.

D) telegraphic speech.