PSYCH 7A MIDTERM 2 (Lofgren)

Categorization is the process of

recognizing similarities and differences among concepts.

Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as

the ability to store and retrieve learned information.

The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which

you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis about dreaming, the content of dreams results from

your brain attempting to make meaning out of random bursts of neural activity.

You do not act out your vivid dreams because

your brain inhibits motor neurons, and you cannot move

Which of the following individuals is displaying superstition?

The last time Rose hit a homerun, she patted her batting helmet just before taking her swing; now she pats her batting helmet every time she enters the batting box.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates our

circadian rhythm

The theory of learned helplessness has been used to explain

clinical depression

A child with fetal alcohol syndrome often has

close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip.

Drugs like psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and mescaline are classified as hallucinogens because they cause

heightened euphoria associated with improved vision.

Which of the following would be the most likely response from a Wernicke's aphasia patient who is asked if he or she is having a good day?

"The day I'm having today before the time ran out on the clock was ringing."

CHAPTER 10

10

According to the figure, what is the IQ score of an individual in the 50th percentile?

100

Millie is an 11-year-old girl with a mental age of 11 years. Her IQ, as originally defined, would have been

100

CHAPTER 11

11

Most estimates of the heritability of IQ are close to the estimate that about _______ percent of the variability in IQ scores is due to genetic variability.

50

CHAPTER 6

6

CHAPTER 7

7

CHAPTER 8

8

Chang is an 8-year-old boy who can do all the tasks a typical 10-year-old can do. His chronological age is

8

CHAPTER 9

9

When we examine the standard distribution of IQ scores, we see that about _______ percent of the population will achieve an IQ score _______.

95; between 70 and 130

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

A piece of blueberry pie

Which is an example of positive punishment?

A student is caught texting in class and the professor reprimands him in front of his classmates

Which statement describes information likely stored in episodic memory?

George recalls the first time he saw his girlfriend.

Which of the following is a prototype of "bird"?

Beak

Which is a major criticism of the Stanford-Binet test?

Because the Stanford-Binet test compares chronological and metal age, it is not appropriate for testing adults.

Which of the following best demonstrates observational learning?

Ben watched a skateboarder do a trick many times and now Ben can perform the trick, himself.

An early intelligence test consisting of thirty tasks of increasing difficulty was the

Binet-Simon Scale

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates size constancy?

C) As you approach a monument, you perceive that the monument remains the same size.

In classical conditioning, the _______ and the _______ are usually the same.

CR; UR

The table provides details on some of the typical stages of language development. What can you conclude from the table?

Children who are between two and three years of age generally understand more words than they are able to speak.

Which of the following statements best captures the essence of experiments on free will, consciousness, and brain activity?

Conscious decisions are immediately preceded by activity in the motor cortex

Which pair of words would be most closely related in a semantic web?

Dog and dig

The figure shows a model of the stages of memory. Which process would correctly be inserted into arrow B of the model?

Encoding

Which of the following is an example of a person who is in the cognitive stage of skill acquisition?

George is just beginning to learn how to play the guitar and has to concentrate hard to avoid hitting the wrong notes.

Which situation involves the concept of priming?

Grace read an article about her favorite actor, and later, when choosing a movie, she unknowingly chose to watch a movie with that actor.

Two groups of subjects are asked to work their way through a maze. Group 1 is allowed to view the maze from 15 feet above before beginning; Group 2 is given a practice run through the maze before beginning. Predict the performance of the groups.

Group 1 will be less capable of working their way through the maze as Group 2.

Which of the following research questions is a psychophysicist likely to be most interested in asking?

How much louder must a sound be before a person can detect that it is louder than the original sound?

Which statement about the capacity of long-term memory is most accurate?

Human memory has a nearly limitless capacity that is difficult to quantify.

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?

Identical twins reared together

Observational learning requires the presence of which of the following elements?

Imitation

Which of the following best distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning?

In operant conditioning, a behavior elicits a stimulus; in classical conditioning, a stimulus elicits a behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a person in the autonomous phase of skill acquisition?

James's basketball play is so fluid that he looks as if he were born to play.

Imagine you are caring for a patient who in the past abused alcohol. You find that the patient's memory is heavily impaired. It is very likely that that the patient has

Korsakoff's syndrome

_______ learning is hidden until it becomes useful.

Latent

Which example best represents memorization by hierarchy?

Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color

Which of the following statements about learning is correct

Learning leads to a relatively permanent change in behavior.

Which of Howard Gardner's eight intelligences are the abilities that Robert Sternberg collectively calls analytical intelligence?

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiments?

Noise

Which statement about non-associative and associative learning is true?

Non-associative learning involves forming a relationship between multiple events, while associative learning involves exposure to a single event.

A group of parents are discussing whether music videos featuring scantily clad women are encouraging teenagers to become sexually active. Which of the following processes is being considered by the parents as the reason that music videos influence sexual activity in teens?

Observational learning

Which of the following statements draws the most accurate conclusion about the difference between human and nonhuman animal communication?

Other animals, most notably birds, use complex generative systems for producing new forms of communication.

_______ are the basic speech sounds that make up language, while _______ are the basic units of meaning in a language.

Phonemes; morphemes

As we age, which type of sleep will eventually cease altogether?

REM

Which of the following is the best example of social referencing?

Rachel is not hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she were badly injured.

Which task is an example of nondeclarative skill learning?

Rhonda improves her speed in assembling toys in the factory after 100 hours of work.

Which of the following describes the downside of savant-level memory ability?

Savants find it difficult to maintain close relationships.

Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores?

School performance

Which of the following is most like the opposite of habituation?

Sensisitization

_______ memory gives us a very brief impression of what we feel when we first detect a stimulus.

Sensory

Bethany grows up in a home where her mother is unloving toward Bethany's father. She hears her mother insult her father, and she notices that her father rarely protests being treated this way. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Bethany's future relationships?

She may treat men with disrespect, as she is apt to repeat her mother's behavior.

Who coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans?

Sir Francis Galton

Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests?

Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization establishes the performance average and variability.

What makes motherese appealing to babies?

The singsong qualities of motherese communicate positive emotion and reward.

Imagine that the image were redrawn with the man in dark pants moved to the back and the man in light pants moved to the front. How would this affect the viewer's perception?

The steel tracks would appear to be parallel rather than converging.

A reluctance to take a risk that might lead to a loss of money is an example of

loss aversion

How are fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome similar?

They are both mental disabilities that have a genetic basis.

Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables as stimuli in his memory research?

They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them.

Ivy is told that men far outperform women on standardized math tests. Which of the following reflects stereotype threat?

Though Ivy is a gifted mathematician, she performs poorly on the SAT math section.

Which conclusion about sleep is most consistent with the data shown?

We spend the majority of our sleep hours in stage 3 sleep.

The main difference between binocular and monocular depth cues is that

binocular cues require information from both eyes, while monocular cues do not.

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of confirmation bias?

You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control.

Which of the following best demonstrates the simulation aspect of the function of consciousness?

You can imagine how your parents might react when you show them your new tattoo.

Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal?

You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone.

Which of the following is the best example of a sensation?

Your skin receptors detect the touch of a student walking by.

The delta waves seen in the EEG when someone is in stage 3 sleep can be likened to

a busy parking lot with cars moving in different directions.

An abstract idea or mental representation of an object or event is called

a concept

Neuropathic pain is caused by

a damaged or malfunctioning nervous system

experience of flow is best exemplified by

a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing.

Aphasia, which is often the result of brain injury or disease, is a term that refers to

a language impairment that occurs after language is acquired.

In the word "rebuilt," re is

a morpheme, but not a phoneme

George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall

a row of letters in a visual array

Mental imagery refers to the

ability to visualize images or events in our minds.

Retrieval is the process of

accessing information from long-term memory.

Section A of the chart best illustrates

acquisition

You accidentally break off the pull tab when attempting to open a can of soup. You are about to reach for another can when it occurs to you that you can use a regular can opener. You have just demonstrated

acquisition

Some psychoactive drugs work as _______, meaning that they artificially stimulate receptors in a neurotransmitter system. Others work as _______, meaning that they block activity at particular receptors.

agonists; antagonists

A(n) _______ is a specific set of steps that will always solve a particular problem, whereas _______ are easy-to-follow rules that often solve a problem.

algorithm; heuristics

According to Howard Gardner, emotional intelligence involves

an understanding of one's own strengths and the capacity to respond to the moods of others.

In the popular cartoon Where's Waldo, viewers search for a character in a red-and-white striped shirt and hat. This character, Waldo, is hidden among numerous people and objects, many of which are also colored red and white, making Waldo very difficult to locate. In this cartoon, the red-and-white-stripe theme is the

anchoring effect

A stimulus is

any sensory event that an individual can detect.

The concept of inattentional blindness is illustrated when you

are concentrating so hard on studying that you fail to notice your roommate leaving for class.

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

are genetically identical

The illusion that the upper man is bigger than the lower man arises from a _______ depth cue caused by _______.

binocular; parallax

The "Flynn effect" refers to the finding that the average scores on IQ tests

are negatively correlated with education levels. D) have substantially increased since the first IQ tests were developed.

If Tuan wanted to use the method of loci to help him remember a list of items to get at the grocery story, he should

associate each item on the grocery list with a physical location in his house.

Standard deviation is the

average amount that each score falls above or below the mean.

If you had a device implanted in your brain that allowed you to stimulate the release of dopamine in the forebrain, you would likely

avoid all other activities in favor of self-stimulation.

Babies string meaningless sounds—like "da"—together over and over again. Linguists call this

babbling

To learn anything through observation, the learner must

be rewarded for a specific behavior

The ability to fluently use more than one language is called

bilingualism

As you and a friend throw a softball back and forth, you depend on _______ to help you determine how close the ball is getting to you and when and where to catch it.

binocular cues

The primary active substance in marijuana, THC, binds to _______ receptors.

cannabinoid

English language units like "-ing" and "-ed" are considered morphemes because they

change the meanings of words when used as suffixes.

In order for a percentile score to be useful, you must

compare the score with those of other people in the same population.

Attention is best defined as the

concentration of the mind on a particular object or process.

Whenever a rat pushes a red button, it is rewarded with a piece of food. This is an example of a(n) _______ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence.

creative

Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence.

crystallized

The drop in total IQ after age 45 is due mostly to declines in

crystallized intelligence

A circadian rhythm is a

cycle of sleeping and waking that occurs approximately every 24 hours.

Hypnosis can be effective in reducing pain, if the hypnotist trains the patient to

disconnect from the unpleasant emotions attached to the pain.

Analytical intelligence is best described as the ability to

deal with abstract information to solve problems.

In philosophical terms, free will is essentially the opposite of

decision-making

The surgery that H.M. underwent impaired his _______ memory but left his _______ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing.

declarative; nondeclarative

For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to

determine how various experiences result in different behaviors

The hypothesis of linguistic _______ holds that the properties of a given language _______ the way speakers of that language think.

determinism; influence

Damage to Broca's area leads to an aphasia characterized by

difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension.

If you were an artist drawing a cityscape, you would apply the linear perspective depth cue by

drawing the streets converging with the edges of buildings at the horizon.

Your professor has invented a device that can measure the change in brain activity of each student in her class, and she can now tell if you are dozing off during her lecture. She has solved the

easy problem of consciousness

Research on memory consolidation and interference suggests that if you are studying for an exam, you should A) study early in the day when you are feeling well rested.

engage in proactive interference to limit the intrusion of old memories.

Another name for the physical memory trace in the brain is the

engram

Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ.

environmental

Episodic memory describes memory for

events and autobiographical knowledge.

Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, skill, attitudes, or understanding as a result of

experience

Section B of the chart best illustrates

extinction

Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as

flashbulb memories

Damage to Wernicke's area in the brain leads to an aphasia characterized by

fluent speech, which may be garbled.

Jaeggi and colleagues (2008, 2010) claim that training on the n-back task increases _______ intelligence in young adults.

fluid

Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence

fluid

Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained

for a few seconds.

Opioid receptors are responsible for the pain-killing effects of morphine. One area of the brain in which opioids are found is the

forebrain

You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask for a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you an hourly rate close to your initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the

framing effect

A plot showing the range of scores on the x-axis and the number of people who got each score on the y-axis is called a

frequency distribution

The primary function of the outer ear, or pinna, is to

gather sounds and direct them to the middle ear.

Today your speech will include sentences that you have never exactly uttered before. This illustrates the _______ capacity of language.

generative

When you eat a slice of pizza, your blissful experience, called _______, is the combined stimulation provided to taste receptors in the mouth and olfactory receptors in the nose.

gustation

For the first few nights after you purchased a clock, you had trouble sleeping because the ticking of the second hand disturbed you. Now you do not notice the sound of the second hand at all. This is an example of

habituation

The specialized receptor cells inside the cochlea are called

hair cells

Your friend comes home from a party in an altered state and mistakes your housecat for a lion. Your friend may have taken a(n)

hallucinogen

Which statement is consistent with the conclusion from Sperling's study of sensory memory?

he duration of sensory memory is brief, lasting less than 300 milliseconds.

In a sense, phantom limb pain is a purely _______ phenomenon.

perceptual

Imagine that you know someone who developed a tumor that affected his or her ability to form new long-term memories. Though many parts of the brain are involved with memory, the part of the brain most likely affected by the tumor is the

hippocampus

The _______ appears to be especially important in the formation of cognitive maps.

hippocampus

The social theory of hypnosis states that

hypnosis is likely a function of a person accommodating the hypnotist.

The tendency of baby birds to recognize, bond with, and follow the first moving object they see is called

imprinting

Researchers have suggested that insight occurs

in animals that can imitate humans.

Memory researchers define forgetting as the

inability to retrieve information from long-term memory.

Problem solving is often described in terms of the situation at the beginning of the problem, or _______, and the desired outcome of the problem, or _______.

initial state; goal state

The _______ houses the cochlea and other organs that are important for balance.

inner ear

While attempting to solve a riddle, if you go from not having a clue what the answer is to solving the riddle in a flash (without resorting to trial and error), you have most likely experienced

insight

People who in the past would have been referred to as "mentally retarded" are now generally said to have

intellectual disabilities

The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge is called

intelligence

The main distinction between sensation and perception is that only perception involves

interpreting what the stimulus is

According to the figure, President Nixon's War on Drugs

is correlated with a large increase in the number of people in prison.

A team of psychologists has devised a new intelligence test. Some versions of the test have 20 questions, and some have 50 questions. Some allow the test-takers one hour to complete the test; others give the test-takers as much time as they need. From this information you know that this new intelligence test

is not standardized

One of the best sources of evidence that there is a sensitive period for human language development is that

it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language.

Weber's fraction expresses the _______ as a proportion of the original stimulus.

just noticeable difference (JND)

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon describes the experience of believing that you

know something but cannot quite articulate it.

The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test

lacks test-retest reliability

Students who are given unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only token attempts to solve new problems, even if the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is most likely due to

learned helplessness.

Dyslexia is defined as difficulty in

learning to read

The flexible, transparent structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the back of the eye's interior is called the

lens

If you could recall a dream from non-REM sleep it would likely be

less vivid than an REM dream

Photoreceptors are the

light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina.

Scientists who study language are called

linguists

Due to a lack of thiamine, people with Korsakoff's syndrome develop cell loss in the

mammillary bodies

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a brain imaging technique that

measures rapid changes in voltage (electrical potential) throughout the brain.

Failure of animals to perform well on the non-matching-to-sample task resulted from a combination of lesions to the hippocampus and the _______ lobes.

medial temporal

During your therapy session, your therapist speaks very softly, suggesting that you concentrate first on her voice and then on the image of a calm, cool ocean. This therapist is likely practicing

meditation

You come home to find your roommate sitting in the middle of the floor, slowly repeating the words "relax, let go, be at peace" with his eyes closed. He is practicing

meditation

The overwhelming majority of people who are classified as having an intellectual disability have a _______ disability.

mild

In terms of prototypes and concepts, a desk is to office furniture as a _______ is to _______.

milkshake; beverage

The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the

misinformation effect

The hindsight bias describes the tendency to

misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs.

You associate each line of a poem that you need to memorize with a particular object in your dorm room. This is an example of aiding your memory via

mnemonic devices

Occlusion is a _______ depth cue.

monocular

The active substance in the opium poppy is _______, one of the most effective _______, or painkillers.

morphine; stimulants

The notion of semantic webs emphasizes the fact that

most memories connect with several other memories.

The sentence "Martha hit the man with the umbrella" could be understood to mean that Martha used the umbrella to hit the man or that Martha hit the man who was holding an umbrella. Therefore, the sentence has

multiple surface structures and deep structures.

Your friend sometimes falls asleep during short car rides, meals, and even conversations. He also seems to have sudden bouts of muscle weakness and severe fatigue whenever he gets excited or stressed. He is likely suffering from

narcolepsy

In an experiment, a loud buzzer is turned off every fifth time a rat presses a button. This represents both _______ reinforcement and a _______ schedule of reinforcement.

negative; fixed ratio

A friend tells you that she typically sleeps for about eight hours but often wakes up in the morning right out of anxiety-provoking dreams. Based on the figure, you tell her that this is

normal, because our final episode of REM sleep occurs right before waking.

The process of shaping

not only speeds up learning, but it can also be used to teach very complex tasks.

A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe.

nucleus accumbens

The results shown in the graphs hold true for pairs of

objects that are in the same position but are shown in different sizes.

The olfactory system routes information directly to the _______ of the brain.

olfactory bulb

The olfactory epithelium, which lines the inside of the nose, houses the

olfactory receptor neurons

According to the figure, about _______ of all people have an IQ score between 100 and 115.

one-third

Psychologists describe consciousness as one's

perception of his or her own mental processes.

Some people claim to be able to recall whole images with exact detail, an ability called _______ memory.

photographic

When testing a split-brain patient, the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant

point to an object with his or her left hand.

Heritability estimates for IQ apply to _______ but tell us nothing about _______.

populations; individuals

The _______ is the region of the occipital lobe where most visual information first arrives

primary visual cortex

Sensory adaptation is the

progressive loss of responsiveness in sensory cells exposed to a constant stimulus.

If someone shined a flashlight into your eye, your _______ would constrict.

pupil

Edward Thorndike was known for his experiments with

puzzle boxes

Chunking information facilitates encoding because it

reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.

If you accidentally ingested PCP, you would probably feel

relaxed and euphoric

The alpha rhythm is a pattern of brain waves that occurs during

relaxed wakefulness

While you are sitting in a park, you see a tulip that is exposed to the sun. Shortly after you notice it, the tulip is exposed to the shade. According to the concept of color constancy, you perceive that the color of the tulip has

remained the same, but the lighting conditions have changed.

Kim Peek was described as a savant mainly because he was able to

remember all of the details of every book he had ever read.

Early studies of short-term memory by Brown and Peterson showed that information in short-term memory vanishes in about 20 seconds unless you

repeat the information to yourself

According to memory researchers, the best way to prepare for an exam is to

repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam

Retrograde amnesia involves a loss of the ability to

retrieve old memories

When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference.

retroactive; proactive

Jamal has multiple intellectual disabilities. Yet, he has an extraordinary ability in mathematics and is able to solve complex mathematical problems within seconds. On this basis, Jamal would most likely be characterized as displaying

savant syndrome

Suppose you have been conditioned to blink your eyes each time an experimenter sounds a buzzer. Art some point, the experimenter says the word "buzz" before sounding the buzzer. Eventually, you will learn to blink your eyes when the experimenter simply says the word "buzz"—even if the buzzer is not sounded. This is an example of

second-order conditioning

Our knowledge of facts, such as the year that President Kennedy was shot or the fact that Paris is a city in France, is collectively called _______ memory.

semantic

The study of the meanings of words is known as

semantics

A specialized sensory cell that detects stimuli is called a

sensory receptor cell

The concept of labeled lines refers to the fact that

separate areas of the thalamus process all of the sensory information at once.

You stop after reading two or three paragraphs of a magazine article to think about what you have read before continuing on. By doing so, you are trying to put the material into your _______ memory.

short-term

In serial position studies, the recency effect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginning of recall because _______ during the delay.

short-term memory decays

You volunteer for a sleep study and the researchers discover that your blood oxygen level drops many times during the night. It is likely that you have

sleep apnea

Your roommate walks into the kitchen rather shaken and tells you that, upon waking, she was unable to move or speak for about thirty seconds. This phenomenon is called

sleep paralysis

Stage 2 sleep is marked by the appearance of _______, trains of spikes in the EEG, and also larger single spikes called _______.

sleep spindles; K complexes

Drugs classified as depressants typically

slow down neural transmission and behavior.

Young children playing tag in the park are engaged in

social learning.

Research suggests that racial differences in average IQ among Americans is most likely due to

socioeconomic factoros

Your cat comes running as soon as she hears you open a can of food. In this example, the _______ is the conditioned stimulus.

sound of the can being opened

Psychologists use the term "sensory modality" to refer to a

specific sense, such as vision or olfaction.

Stimulant drugs generally

speed up mental activity and neural transmission.

Writing down the names of all twentieth-century U.S. presidents from memory requires you to engage in

spreading activation

By definition, a test that has been _______ has been administered to many people so that the performance average and variability are established.

standardized

Ever since Ryan was bitten by a gray cat, he cries when he sees any gray cat. One day, he sees a gray squirrel scamper across his front yard and he begins crying. Ryan's behavior illustrates

stimulus generalization

The observation that animals tend to readily form associations between certain stimuli and responses, such as taste and nausea, due to the survival value of the learning is called

stimulus generalization

A reinforcer is a consequence that _______ a behavior.

strengthen

Psychologists have clinically defined drug addiction as substance use disorder, which is essentially the

strong desire to self-administer a drug of abuse.

The key aspect of the hard problem of consciousness is the _______ of each individual's conscious experience.

subjectivity

The retina is the

surface at the back of the eye where the image is focused.

Biting into a lemon is likely to stimulate taste receptor cells for _______ and _______.

sweet; sour

A chemical that encounters a taste receptor cell and excites it is called a(n)

tastant

Our two chemosensory systems are the _______ system and the _______ system.

taste; olfactory

Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of

telegraphic speech

Nociceptors are free nerve endings that are specialized to sense

temperature changes

In psychology, the word "noise" is defined as

the firing of a sensory cell without a stimulus or in response to an irrelevant stimulus

Believing that a coin is more likely to land on "tails" because it has landed on "heads" for the last four tosses is an example of

the gambler's fallacy

The fact that people with Williams syndrome have normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning suggests that

the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks

When a culturally unbiased intelligence test is being constructed, it should

the minimum the use of the language

The main idea behind Gestalt psychology is that

the whole perception is more than just the sum of our separate sensations.

The results show that

there is no observable difference in mental processing time for the two tasks.

If your doctor prescribes Xanax to alleviate anxiety, she is prescribing a(n)

tranquilizer

The primary function of the three ossicles of the middle ear is to

transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

Thorndike believed that most learning occurred by

trial and error

The greatest adaptive, perceptual advantage to having two ears rather than one is that

we are more easily able to localize sounds with two ears.

The visual field is

what we can see without moving our eyes

The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine

which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I.

Short-term memory is now discussed by psychologists in terms of a system that keeps memories available during performance. This is also known as _______ memory.

working