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Define counter conditioning, and describe the techniques used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

Counter conditioning uses classical conditioning techniques to pair new responses with old stimuli that have triggered maladaptive behaviors. Exposure therapies (including systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy) train people to relax (a response that cannot co-exist with fear) and then gradually but repeatedly expose them to the things they fear and avoid. Exposure therapies try to substitute a positive response (relaxation) for a negative one (fear). Aversive conditioning uses counter conditioning techniques to pair an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. Aversive conditioning tries to substitute a negative response (such as nausea) for a positive one (pleasure) to a harmful stimulus (alcohol).

identify the basic characteristics of the humanistic therapies and describe the specific goals and techniques of Carl roger's client centered therapy

Humanistic therapists focus on clients' present and future experiences, on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts, and on taking responsibility for one's feelings and actions. One of the most famous humanistic therapies was Carl Rogers' client centered therapy. Rogers proposed that therapists' most important contributions are to function as a psychological mirror for the client through active listening, and to provide an environment of unconditional positive regard, characterized by genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. In this growth-fostering environment, Rogers believed, clients would increase their own self-understanding and self-acceptance

State the main premise of therapy based on operant conditioning principles, and describe the views of proponents and critics of behavior modification

Operant conditioning therapies are based on the principle that voluntary behaviors are strongly influenced by their consequences. Behavior modification procedures thus enforce desired behaviors and withhold reinforcement for, or punish, undesired behaviors. Therapists sometimes create token economies, in which people receive tokens for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later trade the tokens for a privilege or treat. Critics object (1) on the practical grounds that these behaviors may disappear when the tokens are discontinued, and (2) on the ethical grounds that it is not right to control other people's behavior. Proponents counter with the arguments that (1) social or intrinsic rewards can replace the tokens and continue to be reinforcing, and (2) reinforcing adaptive behavior is justified because, with or without behavior modification, rewards and punishers will always control people's behavior.

define psychoanalysis and discuss the aims of this form of therapy

Psychoanalysis is Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique of using a patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences, and the therapist's interpretations of them, to help the person release previously repressed feelings and gain insight into current conflicts. Clinicians working from the psychoanalytic perspective try to help people gain insight into the unconscious origins of their disorders, work through the accompanying feelings, and take responsibility for their own growth.

describe some methods used in psychoanalysis and list some criticisms of this for, of therapy

Psychoanalysts may ask patients to free associate (saying aloud anything that comes to mind) and watch for pauses or diversions that may indicate resistance (the defensive blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material). Analysts may offer patients their interpretations of these instances of resistance, of dreams, and of other behaviors, such as transference (transferring to the therapist the strong feelings harbored against a family member or other significant person). Critics note that traditional psychoanalysis has relied on after-the fact interpretations and repressed memories, and that it is time-consuming and very costly.

contrast psychodynamic and interpersonal therapy with traditional psychoanalysis

Psychodynamic therapy was influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but is briefer and less expensive. A psychodynamic therapist attempts to focus on and conceptualize a patient's current conflicts and defenses by searching for themes common to many past and present important relationships, including(but not limited to) childhood experiences and interactions with the therapist. Interpersonal therapy (a brief12- to 16-session form of psychodynamic therapy) focuses primarily on relieving current symptoms (such as depression) rather than on an intensive interpretation of the origins of unconscious conflicts.

Explain how the basic assumption of behavior therapy differs from those of traditional psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies.

To help people alleviate current conflicts and problems, traditional psychoanalytic therapists attempt to explain the origin of behaviors, and humanistic therapists attempt to promote self-acceptance and self-awareness. Behavior therapists assume the problem behaviors are the problem, and they attempt to change them through new learning.