PSYCH Ch 1

Which of the following is true regarding experimental and correlational research? (Select all that apply) A) Correlational research looks at natural associations. B) Correlational research looks to see if X causes Y to happen. C) Experimental research looks for causal relationships. D) Experimental research tends to look at relationships instead of causes.

A) Correlational research looks at natural associations., and C) Experimental research looks for causal relationships.

Which of the following are true about experimental realism? (Select all that apply) A) It may involve deception. B) It is the degree to which an experiment involves the participants. C) It is the degree to which an experiment is similar to real life. D) It always requires the use of deception.

A) It may involve deception., and B) It is the degree to which an experiment involves the participants.

Which of the following is an example of experimental research? A) Manipulating lecture styles in different classrooms to see whether they cause different test grades B) Observing students in the classroom to see whether behavior differs based on a particular variable C) Examining whether naturally occurring class attendance is related to higher grades D) Asking students to report their class attendance and GPAs, then testing to see whether the two variables are related

A) Manipulating lecture styles in different classrooms to see whether they cause different test grades

What are the two major advantages of experimental research over correlational studies? (Select all that apply) A) Random assignment is possible. B) Sample size is always greater in experiments. C) Experiments are more efficient. D) Causal relationships can be inferred

A) Random assignment is possible., and D) Causal relationships can be inferred.

Which of the following are the fundamental principles in social psychology? (Select all that apply) A) Social behavior is shaped by biology. B) Individual personality is a stronger influence than social situations. C) We socially construct our world view. D) Our power to resist social influence is tremendous. E) Social behavior is shaped by others and ourselves.

A) Social behavior is shaped by biology., C) We socially construct our world view., and E) Social behavior is shaped by others and ourselves.

Jewels has just been accepted to graduate school in social psychology but she is not sure what area to do her research. Based on your reading, she could do research in: (Select all that apply) A) Social influence B) Social thinking C) Social Groups D) Social relations

A) Social influence, B) Social thinking, and D) Social relations

Jewels has just been accepted to graduate school in social psychology but she is not sure what area to do her research. Based on your reading, she could do research in: (Select all that apply) A) Social thinking B) Social Groups C) Social relations D) Social influence

A) Social thinking, C) Social relations, and D) Social influence

Culture is composed of which of the following? (Select all that apply) A) Traditions B) Attitudes C) Ideas D) Facts

A) Traditions, B) Attitudes, and C) Ideas

What are the two essential components of every social psychological experiment? (Select all that apply) A) control B) a cover story C) correlational results D) random assignment

A) control, and D) random assignment

According to research, differences such as preferred body size in mates, definitions of social justice, and whether you are expressive or reserved are based primarily on ______. A) culture B) age C) birth order D) intelligence

A) culture

When subjects receive experimenter cues that guide their behavior and suggest how to act, they are experiencing ______. A) demand characteristics B) framing C) informed consent D) debriefing

A) demand characteristics

When everyone participating in a survey has an equal chance of being selected, it is called a ______. A) random sample B) biased sample C) confounded sample D) representative sample

A) random sample

A good theory ______. (Select all that apply) A) summarizes many observations B) confirms a hypothesis C) makes clear predictions D) suggests practical applications

A) summarizes many observations, C) makes clear predictions, and D) suggests practical applications

Social intuition can be a problem because we may ______. (Select all that apply) A) trust our memories more than we should B) construct our social world C) predict our future incorrectly D) predict the future based on dreams

A) trust our memories more than we should. and C) predict our future incorrectly

Which of the following are reasons why individuals construct their social reality? (Select all that apply) A) As humans we prefer complicated explanations over simple ones. B) As humans we like to have events be predictable. C) As humans we like to have order in our world. D) As humans we like to attribute behavior to some cause.

B) As humans we like to have events be predictable., C) As humans we like to have order in our world., and D) As humans we like to attribute behavior to some cause.

Which of the examples below would be affected by social influences? (Select all that apply) A) Physiological reactions to fear (fight versus flight) B) Attraction to small versus large body size in potential mates C) The release of serotonin in the brain causing happiness or sadness D) Beliefs about whether same-sex relationships are acceptable

B) Attraction to small versus large body size in potential mates and D) Beliefs about whether same-sex relationships are acceptable

Which of the following are true about an experiment? (Select all that apply) A) It always involves deception. B) It should have experimental realism. C) It should follow ethical guidelines. D) It must always have mundane realism.

B) It should have experimental realism., and C) It should follow ethical guidelines.

Theories are ______. (Select all that apply) A) identical to facts B) a scientific shorthand C) used to explain events D) used to make predictions

B) a scientific shorthand, C) used to explain events, and D) used to make predictions

Social psychological principles have the ability to influence ______. A) no aspects of our lives B) almost all aspects of our lives C) only aspects of how we think and behave D) some aspects of our lives

B) almost all aspects of our lives

A major advantage of experiments over correlational studies is ______. A) it's more ethical B) cause can be inferred C) ease of designing D) natural setting

B) cause can be inferred

One of the major themes in social psychology is that humans ________ their social reality. (Select all answers that can fit) A) fear B) construct C) dislike D) shape

B) construct and D) shape

Tyler is participating in a research project. The researcher has given Tyler enough information to help him make a decision about participating. This is called ______. A) protection for harm B) informed consent C) debriefing D) confidentiality

B) informed consent

Kruglanski & Gigerenzer describe our thinking as _____. A) implicit and explicit B) intuitive and deliberate C) active and passive D) positive and negative

B) intuitive and deliberate

What letter is used to indicate a correlation coefficient? A) c B) r C) t D) d

B) r

Social neuroscience is a combination of which two perspectives below? (Select all that apply) A) clinical B) social C) biological D) anthropological

B) social and C) biological

The biggest advantage of correlational research includes ______. A) the use of important manipulated variables B) the use of important variables in a real-world setting C) the use of random assignment D) the ability to draw causal conclusions

B) the use of important variables in a real-world setting

The text lists several "big ideas" in social psychology. Choose all of the ideas below that are included. (Select all that apply) A) Social influence is much more powerful than biological influence. B) Much of social behavior is driven by mental illness. C) Attitudes shape behavior, and behavior shapes attitudes. D) Social psychology's principles are applicable to everyday life.

C) Attitudes shape behavior, and behavior shapes attitudes. and D) Social psychology's principles are applicable to everyday life.

Which of the following is true about theories and facts? A) Facts and theories are interchangeable terms. B) Facts are ideas that summarize information. C) Facts are agreed-upon statements about what is observed. D) Theories have almost 100 percent agreement among scientists about their validity.

C) Facts are agreed-upon statements about what is observed.

Which of the following are true about debriefing? (Select all that apply) A) It primarily takes place before the experiment is completed. B) It tells participants enough information to let them decide whether they want to participate. C) It usually discloses any deception involved. D) It takes place after the experiment is completed.

C) It usually discloses any deception involved., and D) It takes place after the experiment is completed.

Dr. R. is conducting an experiment to determine whether using LearnSmart has an effect on students' grades. One group of students is assigned LearnSmart for the course and the other group of students is not assigned LearnSmart. At the end of the course, student grades are assessed. In this experiment what is the independent variable? A) Students who were not assigned LearnSmart B) Grades C) LearnSmart D) Students who were assigned LearnSmart

C) LearnSmart

Which of the following is an example of correlational research? A) Observing students in the classroom B) Assigning students to be in a room with music or without music C) Measuring whether GPA and class attendance are related D) Giving people a drug or a placebo to measure the drug's effects

C) Measuring whether GPA and class attendance are related

Which of the following statements is/are true about values? (Select all that apply) A) Culture influence values, but not the other way around. B) Values play no role in social psychology. C) Values can play a role in the choice of research topics. D) Values can influence the types of people entering a major field of study.

C) Values can play a role in the choice of research topics., and D) Values can influence the types of people entering a major field of study.

The disclosure of deception is typically done in the ________ portion of an experiment. A) recruitment B) Deception is never disclosed. C) debriefing D) informed consent

C) debriefing

Tom is an extrovert and therefore he loves going to parties and talking to people. Tom's personality has influenced his behavior, an example of behavior being changed by ______. A) the fundamental attribution error B) external forces C) internal forces D) heuristics

C) internal forces

Europe has given researchers a major theory of _____. A) individualism B) goal-setting C) social identity D) self-consciousness

C) social identity

Social psychological studies ________ use deception. A) rarely B) never C) sometimes D) always

C) sometimes

________________ research examines relationships while _______________ research examines cause and effect.

Correlational research, experimental research

Dr. R. is conducting an experiment to determine whether using LearnSmart has an effect on students' grades. One group of students is assigned LearnSmart and the other group of students is not assigned LearnSmart. At the end of the course, student grades are assessed. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable? A) Students who were not assigned LearnSmart B) LearnSmart C) Students who were assigned LearnSmart D) Grades

D) Grades

A major disadvantage of a correlational research is the ambiguous interpretation of _____. A) manipulated factors B) everyday situations C) field research D) cause and effect

D) cause and effect

In order for experimental realism to be achieved, ______. A) informed consent must be given B) debriefing must occur C) a laboratory must be created to exactly simulate the real world D) deception may be necessary

D) deception may be necessary

In an experiment, the variable that is being measured is called the ______. A) independent variable B) correlation coefficient C) confounded variable D) dependent variable

D) dependent variable

Juror decisions, marketing, smoking, and helping behavior all illustrate how social psychology is applied to ______. A) abstract ethics B) intrinsic behaviors C) experimental designs D) everyday life

D) everyday life

Sondra is very shy and she hates giving speeches in class. This is an example of Sondra's behavior being influenced by ______. A) situational forces B) attitudes C) culture D) personality

D) personality

Scientists in Country A found an interesting result from their study. Scientists in Country B then repeat the procedure with people from their own country to see whether the results are the same in both countries. When the same study is conducted in multiple settings to see whether results are consistent, it is called ______. A) random sampling B) random assignment C) mundane realism D) replication

D) replication

__________________ realism is the degree to which an experiment involves subjects and ________________ realism is the degree to which the experiment is similar to the real world.

Experiment realism; mundane realism

_________________ are agreed-upon statements about what is observed.

Facts

_____________________ research is research in everyday situations while controlled research takes place in the ________________.

Field research; lab

____________ psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Social

Investigating what areas of the brain become active during altruistic behaviors is an example in the social psychology subfield of ___________ ______________.

Social neuroscience

________________ ____________________ is an integration of both biology and social perspectives that explore the neural and psychological bases of social behavior.

Social neuroscience

What psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

Social psychology

______________ are ideas that summarize and explain facts.

Theories

The two essential ingredients of every social psychology experiment are _______________ and _______________ __________.

control; random assignment

The study of naturally occurring relationships among two variables is called ______________ research.

correlational

Observing whether years of education and scores on a test of intelligence are related is an example of ______________ __________.

correlational research/correlational study

Dr. T. is studying the transmission of values from one generation to the next. Dr. T. is studying _____________.

culture

Ideas, behaviors, and traditions shared by a large group of people and that are transmitted from one generation to another is called _____________________ transmission.

culture

The post-experimental explanation of a study to the participants is called ______________.

debriefing

Researchers misled subjects in Milgram's now-classic study in obedience to authority. In other words, researchers used ___________.

deception

Words the experimenter uses, tone of voice, and gestures that suggest how a participant should act are all examples of ____________ _____________.

demand characteristics

The manipulated variable is also known as the ____________ ____________

dependent variable

Studies that have the ability to examine cause-effect relationships are called _______________ studies.

experimental

A theory is an integrated set of principles that is used to ________________ and _________________ observed events.

explain, predict

Dexter is studying teens at the mall. Dexter is conducting ______. A) correlational research B) field research C) a controlled study D) an experiment

field research

Another name for the research in everyday situations is called ______________ research.

field research/observational research

After the winner of a hotly contested presidential primary was announced, Tina stated, "Well duh, who didn't know that would happen?" This is an example of the .________________ _________________

hindsight bias

Another name for the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon is the _________________ _________.

hindsight bias

The tendency to exaggerate your ability to have foreseen the results after you learn the outcome is called the _________________ _________.

hindsight bias

A _________________ is a testable prediction, sometimes based on observing patterns in everyday life.

hypothesis

Testable predictions are called ______________

hypothesis

When research participants are told enough information to help them decide whether they want to participate, it is called __________ ____________.

informed consent

In experimental research, one or more factors are ________________ while other factors are held constant.

manipulated

Kendra is designing an experiment that will reflect everyday life, at least superficially. Kendra's experiment will reflect _____________ realism.

mundane

The degree that an experiment is superficially similar to everyday life is called ____________ __________.

mundane realism

Correlations coefficients range from _______________ to ______________.

plus one, minus one

If class attendance and GPAs rise and fall together, we can conclude that the direction of the correlation coefficient is ________.

positive/strong

People often construct their social world to explain behavior and make it seem orderly, _________________ , and ___________________

predictable and controllable

A good theory effectively ________ many observations. A) confounds B) summarizes C) predicts D) generalizes

predicts

Abby is participating in a survey. She was told that everyone in the survey had an equal chance of being selected. The type of sample that Abby is part of is a _________ ______________.

random assignment

When everyone in a population under investigation has an equal chance of being included in the survey, it is called a ________________ __________.

random sample/random assignment

When researchers repeat a study several times in different settings to see whether the results stay consistent each time, they are completing _________ studies.

replication

Social psychology is a science that studies how ______________ influence us.

situations

Beliefs about sexual preference, marriage, and education all reflect a person's ___________

values

Personal convictions about what is right and how people should behave are called ____________

values