Psych Ch 12
what is white matter?
"axons" or nerve fibers that transmit information between neurons to distant regions of the brain
what do the temporal and parietal lobes deal with?
-sensory functions -language -spatial understanding
What did the study of sleep patterns of 7-12 year olds find?
-significant gender and age differences -older children went to sleep later and slept less (1 hour less for 12 yr olds than 7 yr olds) -older children reported more morning drowsiness and were more likely to fall asleep during the day -girls slept longer and more soundly than boys
what long term health benefits does regular physical activity have?
-weight control -lower blood pressure -improved cardiorespiratory functions -enhanced self esteem and well being
the more time children spend watching TV at bedtime...
...the more likely they are to: -resist going to bed - be slow in falling asleep - be anxious around bedtime - wake up early
as children get older, about ___ in ____ get less sleep on weekends
1 in 4
many older school-aged children get at least ____ of their calories from snacks
1/3
9 year olds usually sleep_______ a day
10 hours
about ____% of schoolchildren's free play in early grades consists of rough and tumble play
10%
what is the recommended number of hours of sleep a first-fifth grader should be getting?
10-11
5 year olds usually sleep ______ a day
11 hours
today, the average 10 year old weight about ______ pounds more than the average 10 year old 40 years ago
11 pounds
in the US, only ___% of parents of school-aged children think their child has a sleep problem
11%
_____% of children awaken during the night in need of help
14%
6-19 years old
15% of ____-____ year olds , predominantly boys, have some hearing loss
_____% of children snore
18%
Children grow about _____ inches per year between ages 6-11
2-3
none
22.6 % of 9-13 year olds engage in _____ free time physical activity
how many calories on average do schoolchildren need per day?
2400 (more for older, less for younger)
____% of children have difficulty getting up in the morning
29%
to avoid overweight and prevent cardiac problems, children should get only about _____% of their total calories from fat and <10% of the total calories from saturated fat
30% from fat 10% from saturated fat
>____% of US children have a TV in their bedroom
40%
_____% of children regularly stall going to bed
42%
What is a normal adult height for a woman?
59 inches
between ages _____, striking growth takes place in connections between the temporal and parietal lobes
6 and 13
___ to_____ year olds need more flexible rules, shorter instruction time, and more free time for practice than older children
6 to 9
at ages ___ to ____ girls and boys are pretty equal in weight, height, endurance, and motor skills development
6 to 9
What is a normal adult height for a man?
63
fruit, juice, sweetened beverages should be limited to ____ oz per day
8-10
Average weight for a boy at age 10
85 pounds
Average weight for a girl at age 10
88 pounds
first-fifth graders average _______ hours a day
9 1/2
13 year olds usually sleep_______ a day
9 hours
150 minutes
National association of state boards of education recommends ___ minutes of physical education each week for elementary schools
understanding of the causes of health and illness and of how people can promote their own health
as children's experience with illness increases, so does their ___
30%
asthma is ____ more common in boys
How fast are primary teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
at a rate of about 4 teeth per year for the next 5 years
How long must the therapy be continued?
daily, for 4-7 years
body image
descriptive and evaluative beliefs about one's appearance
children ________ their weight during the period of 6-11 years old
double
When does a synthetic growth hormone produce the most rapid growth in height?
during the first two year of life
when do most adult teeth arrive?
early in middle childhood
- efforts of parents, schools, physicians, communities, and the larger culture
effective weight management programs should include:
persistant developmental stuttering (PDS)
especially noticeable at the beginning of a word or phrase or in a long complex sentences -70% for monozygotic twins and 30% for dizygotic twins and 18% percent for same sex siblings GENETIC COMPONENT
obesity & antibiotics
evidence points to an association between ________&______ and asthma
t/f sleep problems are NOT highly correlated with psychological and behavioral problems
false, they ARE
t/f active children DON'T tend to become active adults
false, they DO
what factor is associated with sleep quality?
family stress
cognitive development - as they mature, their explanation for disease change - before middle school children are egocentric and they believe that illness is magically produced by human actions, often their own - later they explain disease as the doing of all powerful germs -as they approach adolescence, they realize there are multiple causes of disease and that people can do a lot to stay healthy
from a piagetian perspective, childrens understanding of health and illness is tied to...
7.7
girls who are overweight before puberty are ___ times more likely than their peers to be overweight as an adult
what do recess games promote?
growth in agility and social competence and foster adjustment to school
Mexican American girls at age 6...
have a higher percentage of body fat than white girls that are the same size
African American girls at age 6....
have more muscle and bone mass than white or Mexican American girls
hypertension
high blood pressure is also called; termed an "evolving epidemic"
23000
how many children suffer each year to serious brain injuries from bicycle accidents? -88% of these can be prevented by wearing helmets
body image
how one believes one looks
drug treatment can be considered
if blood pressure does not come down after the primary treatments, what can you do?
How can a growth disorder arise?
if the body fails to produce enough growth hormone
what happens after children outgrow rough and tumble play?
they often begin to play games with rules and join organized, adult led sports
boys and recess
they play more physically active games
girls and recess
they prefer games that include verbal expression or counting aloud ex: hopscotch and jumprope
t/f African American girls and boys tend to grow faster than white children
true
t/f as children grow older, pressures and opportunities for unhealthy eating increase
true
t/f brain development during childhood is less dramatic than during infancy, but important changes do still occur
true
t/f earlier sleep problems tend to predict later sleep problems
true
t/f sex differences HAVE been found in these patterns of brain development
true
t/f some children show no response to the Synthetic Growth Therapy
true
t/f the prevalence of sleep problems declines between preschool and school age
true
by how many inches does hormone therapy typically increase adult height?
usually 1-2 1/2 inches
what medicine development for major childhood illnesses has made middle childhood a pretty safe time of life?
vaccines
rough and tumble play
vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming
white and latino
vision problems are reported more often for ____ and ____ kids than for african americans
what did the national survey on physical play find?
-school age children spend less time each week on sports and outdoor activities than in the early 1980s -they spend more time on HW -on avg. they spend 12-14 hours a week watching TV and playing computer activities
children with sleep problems often have...
-allergies -ear infections -hearing problems
what did the study of boys and girls age 6-17 show?
-boys have a greater loss in gray matter and growth in white matter and corpus callosum fibers -Girls showed these changes also, but at a slower rate
How are children's food choice influenced?
-by the media -by being so busy you only have time to order a pizza -by buying stuff from the school vending machine, which is often unhealthy
what did the national survey of US 9-13 year olds and their parents find?
-found that 38.5% reported participation in an organized sport outside of school hours -about twice as many children participated in unorganized activity like biking and shooting baskets
From an evolutionary standpoint, what are some adaptive benefits of rough and tumble play?
-hones skeletal and muscle development -offers safe practice for hunting and fighting skills -channels aggression and competition -by age 11 it often becomes a way to est. dominance within the peer group
what kind of changes are being proposed to make sure kids are eating healthier?
-nutrition education in schools (when combined w/ parental education) -changes in school lunch menus -changes in food-labeling -taxes on unhealthy foods -restrictions on foods provided by govt. supported school lunch programs -regulation of food advertising directed toward children -requiring restaurants to list nutrition info on menus
What are some details about Synthetic Growth Hormone Therapy?
-purpose has been controversial -approved by Food and Drug Administration in 2003 for healthy children whose projected growth rate is too slow to reach a normal adult height
what kind of sleep problems are common during these years?
-resistance going to bed -insomnia -daytime sleepiness
Girls and weight gain
-retain more fatty tissue than boys **this will continue into adulthood
TRUE
T O F: asthma is the third leading cause of hospitalization of children under 18 in the US following pneumonia and injuries
FALSE
T O F: girls are more likely to be injured than boys
false: brief
T O F: illness in middle childhood tends to be long
TRUE
T O F: lack of access to insurance and health care accounts for only o\part of the disparity in disadvantaged children health
TRUE
T O F: most children have keener vision in middle childhood than when they were younger
TRUE
T O F: there is virtually no risk of infecting classmates
FALSE
T O F: treating obesity is easier and less costly than prevention of weight gain
TRUE
T O False: childhood obesity is a stronger predictor of some diseases than adult obesity
FALSE -causes are uncertain but a genetic predisposition is likely to be involved
T OR F: genetics have nothing to do with asthma
TRUE
T OR F: most kids who are infected with HIV who reach school age function normally their their quality of life may be effected
true
T OR F: obese children tend to become obese adults
FALSE; the children who try to lose weight are not always the ones who need to do so
T OR F: the children who try to lose weight are always the ones who need to do so
What happened between 1971-1974 and then 1988-1994?
The number of US children ages 6-18 w/ untreated cavities dropped almost 80%
12.7%
___ % of US children up to age 17 had been diagnosed with asthma at some time
ethnic minority
___ is not a risk factor in health but is associated with low income
60%
___% of all children experience coverage gaps of at least 4 months
13%
___% of children under 18 are estimated to be blind or to have impaired vision
33%
___% of children with chronic health problems are underinsured
black
____ children are 20% more likely to be diagnosed with asthma
weight reduction through dietary modification and regular exercise
____ is the primary treatment for overweight related hypertension
2.2 million
_____ million children under age 15 are living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); these children are at high risk for developing AIDS
50%
_____% of the children in North and South America are overweight
What kind of diet do nutritionists recommend?
a varied diet including plenty of -grains -fruits -veggies -high levels of complex carbs **can be found in potatoes, pasta, bread, cereal
When does white matter growth in these regions of the brain stop?
around the end of the critical period for language learning
19%
about _____% of school age children in 2003-4 were overweight
when do primary teeth begin to fall out?
age 6
What do these brain development changes result in?
an increase in the speed and efficiency of the brain processes
what is one reason these sleep problems may be occurring?
because many children as they get older are allowed to set their own bedtimes
why do African American girls and boys tend to grow faster than white children?
because of the loss of density grey matter, and an increase of density of white matter
what are some long term affects for synthetic growth hormone therapy?
because the treatment is relatively new, no known long term effects yet
are boys or girls more likely to be overweight?
boys
do boys or girls participate more in rough and tumble play?
boys
6
by age ___ vision usually is more acute and because the two eyes are better coordinated so they can focus better
what is another way neuroscientists measure brain development?
by changes in the thickness of the cortex
why do boys play more rough and tumble?
perhaps b/c of hormonal differences and socialization ** this may be one of the reasons for sex segregation during play
overweight parents or other relatives
children are more likely to be overweight if they have ...
6
children under ___ tend to be farsighted
200
children who eat out consume an estimated ____ more calories a day than when the same foods are eaten at home
4.6
children who watch tv 5 hours a day are ___ times more likely to be overweight as those who watch no more than 2 hours
10 school days 20 days of limited activity
children with asthma miss an average of ___ school days each year and experience ___ days of limited activity
asthma
chronic respiratory disease apparently allergy based and characterized by sudden attacks of coughing wheezing and difficulty breathing -narrowing of airways when a sufferer inhales certain substances such as smoke -increasing world wife
what is gray matter?
closely packed neuronal bodies
what are the characteristics of games played at recess?
informal and spontaneous
stuttering
involuntary audible or silent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables - usually begins at ages 2-5 - by fifth grade, it is 4 times more common in boys than in girls -5% of children stutter for a period of 6 months or more but 3/4 of these children recover by late childhood - only 1% of these kids have this long term problem -regarded as a neurological condition -no cure
how is this loss of density of gray matter balanced?
it is balanced by a steady increase in white matter
What happens if the therapy is unsuccessful?
it may do psychological harm by creating unfulfilled expectations or by giving short children the feeling that something is wrong with them
do children with TV in their rooms get more or less sleep than other children?
less
-children classified as overweight or obese fell behind their class mates in physical and social functioning by age 10 -when they were asked to rate their health related quality of life , they said they were impaired as compared with healthy peers
longitudinal study of 1456 primary students in Australia
30%
more than ___% of nationally representative sample of 6121 children reported eating fast foods
is rough and tumble play only a thing in the US?
no, the places like India, Mexico, the Phillipines, Okinawa, England, and Africa are familiar with it too
mexican boys and non hispanic black girls
obesity is most prevalent among ______
hypertension
obesity is the leading factor of..
high blood pressure high cholesteral high insulin levels
obesity leads to the following medical conditions:
too little exercise and too much of the wrong kinds of food
obesity often results from an inherited tendency aggravated by ....
acute medical conditions
occasional, short term conditions such as infections and warts (common)
reduce have the number of overweight girls that age
one additional hour of exercise per week in kindergarten and first grade could....
when does rough and tumble play peak? when does it drop?
peaks: in middle childhood drops: to about 5% at age 11
chronic medical conditions
physical , developmental ,behavioral , or emotional conditions requiring special health services - 12.8% of US children have or are at risk for this
- use of internet education of patients and their families in symptom monitoring and medication led to improved compliance and reduced symptoms
randomized controlled study of 134 asthmatic inner city children ages 8-16 showed...
what should organized, athletic organizations for children focus on?
should focus on including as many children as possible, rather than concentrating on a few natural athletes, and should concentrate on building skills not winning games
increased
since 1980, the prevalence of childhood obesity has ______ in almost all countries
does growth slow down or speed up during middle childhood?
slows down considerably
Synthetic Growth Hormone Therapy
sometimes used for children who are much shorter than other children their age, but whose bodies are producing normal quantities of the hormone
what results come from a moderately low-fat diet for schoolchildren?
studies have found NO negative affects on height, weight, body mass, or neurological development from a moderately low-fat diet
TRUE
t or f; long term drug use for children with obesity has unknown side effects and long term effects
t/f girls tend to spend less time than boys on sports and more time on housework, studying, and personal care
textbook answer: true my answer: FALSE
85-98
the average school offers physical education only ___ minutes a week
what is the improvement in children's dental health attributed to?
the use of adhesive sealants
what is one important change that does occur in brain development during childhood?
there is a "loss of density of gray matter" in certain regions of the cerebral cortex
how is the loss of gray matter and increase in white matter connected?
these connections thicken and become insulated, beginning with the frontal lobes and moving to the rear of the brain
- no trampolines
what does the AAP committee suggest to parents?
early detection
what is important in regards to aids or hiv
accidental injuries
what is the leading cause of death among school age US children
genetic factors
what may effect the ammonia systems response to HIV and AIDS?
does that % of fat correlate to adult diets too?
yes