Psych CH 2 - Parts of the Brain, PSYC 104: Chapter Three: Neuroscience and Behavior - Short Answer, Fill in the Blank, Multiple Choice, and other practice
What is referred to as an "all or none" event? resting potential neurotransmitter antagonism refractory period action potential
action potential
Lobes of the Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
1. Frontal Lobe 2. Parietal Lobe 3. Occipital Lobe 4. Temporal Lobe
Processing Areas of the Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
1. Prefrontal Cortex 2. Primary Motor Cortex 3. Primary Somatosensory Cortex 4. Primary Visual Cortex 5. Fusiform Face area 6. Primary Auditory Cortex
Monozygotic twins share _____ of their genes. 25 percent 50 percent between 50 and 100 percent 100 percent
100 percent
Monozygotic twins share _____ of their genes.
100%
Alex has been suffering from seizures. He may be suffering from a low level of which neurotransmitter? a. GABA b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. serotonin
A
Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____.
are not; synapse
The ______ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other. a. action potential b. hypothalamus c. retina d. resting potential
A
_____ direct(s) and produce(s) human behaviors, personality traits, and even psychological disorders. Genes The environment Both genes and the environment Evolution
Both genes and the environment
The three basic parts of a neuron include the
cell body, axon, and dendrites.
The benefit of using functional neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to: a. observe dynamic activity of the brain as it happens during specific tasks. b. produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas. c. determine cause and effect relationships between brain and behavior. d. make fundamental discoveries about the nature of sleep.
A
Within a neuron, information is transmitted as a(n) ______ from the dendrites to the cell body and throughout the axon. a. electrical signal b. chemical signal c. gas d. liquid
A
Hippocampus
A curved forebrain structure, seahorse-like shape. Controls formation of new memories, involved in remembering placement of locations and objects in space.
Frontal Lobe
A region of the forebrain that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
Parietal Lobe
A region of the forebrain whose functions include processing information about touch, spatial relations.
Amygdala
Associates things with emotional responses. Intensifies memory during emotional states. Recognizes facial expressions.
Functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) directly measures the: a. neural activity of the brain during a specific task. b. activity of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood in the brain and body. c. electrical activity in the brain. d. different functions of the brain's two hemispheres
B
The main focus of the nervous system is to: a. convey electrochemical signals within the brain only. b. provide a large network of interacting nerve fibers passing information throughout the body. c. transmit emotions. d. prepare the body to respond to emergencies.
B
The three major types of neurons include: a. sensory, dendritic, and motor neurons. b. sensory, motor, and interneurons. c. motor, mirror, and interneurons. d. sensory, motor and mirror neurons.
B
Medulla
Base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination and orgasm.
_____ direct(s) and produce(s) human behaviors, personality traits, and even psychological disorders.
Both genes and the environment
The three basic parts of a neuron include the: a. cell body, axon, and synapse. b. cell body, dendrites, and synapse. c. cell body, axon, and dendrites. d. synapse, axon, and dendrites.
C
Vijay has problems orienting to sounds. For example, he cannot tell which direction music is coming from, either the television or the stereo, when he is at home. What area of the central nervous system is likely malfunctioning to be responsible for this behavior? a. the spinal cord b. the hindbrain c. the midbrain d. the amygdala
C
_____ direct(s) and produce(s) human behaviors, personality traits, and even psychological disorders. a. Genes b. The environment c. Both genes and the environment d. Evolution
C
_____ consist of strands of DNA wound around each other.
Chromosomes
_____ consist of strands of DNA wound around each other. Chromosomes Genes Alleles Neurons
Chromosomes
Pons
Connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum. Sleep and arousal and coordinating movements between left and right brain.
_____ refers to the fact that each hemisphere in the brain controls the functions of the opposite side of the body.
Contralateral control
_____ refers to the fact that each hemisphere in the brain controls the functions of the opposite side of the body. Ipsilateral control Contralateral control Bilateralization Hierarchical control
Contralateral control
Substantia Nigra
Controls voluntary movements and initiating movements. Involved in production of dopamine
During the _____, the ions of the neuron are imbalanced and it _____ immediately send another signal. a. action potential; can b. refractory period; can c. resting potential; cannot d. refractory period; cannot
D
Why is it informative to study people with damage to certain regions of the brain? a. There is no benefit to studying these patients and they should not be included in psychological research. b. There is often wide spread damage which can help us localize the associated brain regions with particular behaviors. c. These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors and we can determine a cause and effect relationship between brain and behavior. d. These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors and we can correlate this behavior with the specific region that has been damaged.
D
What is TRUE about the spinal cord?
Different areas have different functions.
Which statement about the spinal cord is true? All areas are responsible for the same functions. Different areas have different functions. Damage lower in the spinal cord leads to greater loss of function. The spinal cord quickly grows back after damage.
Different areas have different functions.
Increasing the electrical signal beyond the threshold that initiates an action potential has what effect on a neuron?
It does not increase the strength of the action potential.
Fusiform Face Area
Facial Recognition. Part of brain dedicated to recognizing people's faces; different patterns represent different people
Temporal Lobe
Hearing, An area on each hemisphere of the forebrain near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information, also memory.
Primary Auditory Cortex
Hearing. Receives and processes sounds from both ears.
Which of the following points about heritability is FALSE?
Heritability is not dependent on the environment.
Which statement about heritability is false? Heritability tells us nothing about specific genes that contribute to a trait. Heritability tells us nothing about an individual. Heritability is not dependent on the environment. Heritability is not fate.
Heritability is not dependent on the environment.
Which statement is false? Heritability is an abstract concept. Heritability is a population concept. Heritability is dependent on the environment. Heritability tells us which treatments will and won't work for particular people.
Heritability tells us which treatments will and won't work for particular people.
Parts of the Hindbrain
Involved in breathing, heartbeat, swallowing, moving. 1. Medulla 2. Cerebellum 3. Pons
Parts of the Midbrain
Involved in reflexive movement of eyes and body. 1. Substantia Nigra
Parts of the Forebrain
Involved in thinking, movement, emotions, reward, senses, and memories. 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Hippocampus 4. Amygdala 5. Basal Ganglia 6. Cerebral Cortex
How does cardiovascular exercise affect brain structures?
It promotes neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus.
How does cardiovascular exercise affect brain structures? It decreases the number of synaptic connections in the brain. It promotes neuron growth in the amygdala. It promotes neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus. It decreases the plasticity of the brain.
It promotes neuron growth and increased synaptic connections in the hippocampus.
Cerebellum
Located behind medulla and pons. Controls fine motor coordination, balance, motor learning, and motor memory. Involved in making plans, remembering, using language, experiencing emotion.
Hypothalamus
Lying below the thalamus. Regulates body temperatures, sleeping, waking, blood pressure, blood sugar. Involved in rewards like drinking, eating, aggression, and intimacy.
_____ affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, influencing the systems that help us perceive visual images.
Methamphetamine
_____ are activated when watching another animal's behavior and are involved in social behavior.
Mirror neurons
Primary Motor Cortex
Motor actions. A strip of neural tissue at the rear of the frontal lobe that is specifically involved in controlling voluntary bodily movements
Basal Ganglia
Motor planning, movement, reward. A portion of the forebrain that coordinates muscle movement and routes information from the cortex to the brain and spinal cord.
_____ are the billions of cells in the human brain that communicate with each other to perform information-processing tasks. Glial cells Dendrites Neurons Axons
Neurons
Prefrontal Cortex
Part of frontal lobe responsible for rational thought. Self control, planning, and language, social processes, multitasking.
The specialization of neurons by location is exemplified by _____, which connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and spinal cord. sensory neurons Purkinje cells pyramidal neurons bipolar cells
Purkinje cells
_____, which are found in the cerebral cortex, have a single, long dendrite and several smaller dendrites. Sensory neurons Purkinje cells Pyramidal neurons Bipolar cells
Pyramidal neurons
_____ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated.
Refractory period
Thalamus
Sensory gateway for sensory information. Receives almost all sensory information, organizes, and relays to cortex.
There are three major types of neurons
Sensory neurons receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord. They have specialized endings on their dendrites that receive signals for light, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Motor neurons carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement. These neurons often have long axons that can stretch to muscles at our extremities. interneurons, which connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons
Broca's Area
Small portion of the left frontal region of the brain, crucial for speech.
_____ of neurons occurs because the brain must process a wide variety of types of information. Lamination Specialization Action potential Resting potential
Specialization
When the face or arm of an amputee is stimulated, what happens?
The individual reports feeling a phantom limb.
Cerebral Cortex
The outer layer of the forebrain. Left Hemisphere responsible for logic, thought and language. Right hemisphere responsible for spatial relationships, locations, objects around you.
When the face or arm of an amputee is stimulated, what happens? The person feels pain in his or her spine. The person reports feeling a phantom limb. The person reports feeling just the facial touch. It depends on the person.
The person reports feeling a phantom limb.
_____ refers to the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated. Excitatory postsynaptic response Degradation Osmosis The refractory period
The refractory period
Why is it informative to study people with damage to certain regions of the brain?
These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and we can correlate this behavior with the specific region that has been damaged.
Why is it informative to study people with damage to certain regions of the brain? There is no benefit to studying these patients, and they should not be included in psychological research. There is often widespread damage, which can help us localize the associated brain regions with particular behaviors. These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and we can determine a cause-and-effect relationship between brain and behavior. These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and we can correlate this behavior with the specific region that has been damaged.
These patients often demonstrate problems performing specific behaviors, and we can correlate this behavior with the specific region that has been damaged.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Touch. Involved in muscle-stretch and joint receptors
Primary Visual Cortex
Vision. The region of the cerebral cortex that receives information from the visual system; located in the occipital lobe
Occipital Lobe
Vision. A region of the forebrain that processes visual information
Neurons
_____ are the billions of cells in your brain that process information, resulting in cognitive processes and behaviors.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is: used in brain imaging. used to create split-brain patients. a technique to reverse brain damage. a technique that can simulate brain damage.
a technique that can simulate brain damage.
Which of the following is NOT an all-or-nothing event?
accelerating in a car
Alex recently quit smoking. Now he has trouble paying attention at work and forgets simple things. Which neurotransmitter is most likely causing Alex's symptoms? GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) dopamine acetylcholine serotonin
acetylcholine
Jane's grandmother was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Jane wanted to do some research so that she could help her grandmother better understand this disease. Through her research, Jane found that Alzheimer's involves the deterioration of what neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
Jane's grandmother was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Jane wanted to do some research so that she could help her grandmother better understand this disease. Through her research, Jane found that Alzheimer's involves the deterioration of: dopamine acetylcholine serotonin GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
acetylcholine
The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other.
action potential
The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other. action potential hypothalamus retina resting potential
action potential
What is referred to as an all-or-nothing event?
action potential
The amygdala plays a key role in:
aggression
L-Dopa is a drug given to individuals with Parkinson's disease. This drug helps with the symptoms of the disease because it is a(n) _____ for dopamine. endorphin agonist antagonist neurotransmitter
agonist
L-dopa is a drug given to individuals with Parkinson's disease. This drug helps with the symptoms of the disease because it is a(n) _____ for dopamine.
agonist
Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter are called:
agonists.
Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter are called: antagonists. agonists. addictive. inhibitors.
agonists.
The myelinated sheath of an axon:
allows for faster transmission of signals to other neurons, organs, or muscles.
As part of the limbic system, the _____ attaches significance to previously neutral events that are associated with fear, punishment, or reward.
amygdala
Dr. Billings studies brain wave patterns that occur when people are dreaming. He attaches a device to the outside of people's skulls to measure electrical activity in their brains. What type of device is he using? an MRI a PET scan a CT scan an EEG
an EEG
Alice thinks she's having a stroke. What would be the best way to diagnose a stroke? a physical exam of spinal reflexes a PET scan an fMRI an MRI
an MRI
Neurons _____ connected physically and communicate with each other at the _____. are; synapse are not; synapse are; dendrites are not; cell body
are not; synapse
The _____ of the brain allow information to be connected to meaning, with neurons in these regions being more adaptable to change.
association areas
the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs
autonomic nervous system
is a set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands. The ANS has two major subdivisions, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Compared with the _____, we have voluntary control over the _____.
autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
Unlike the _____, people have voluntary control over the _____ . autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
The synapse is typically located between the ______ of the first (sending) neuron and the _______ of the second (receiving) neuron. cell body; axon axon; dendrite myelin sheath; cell body axon; axon
axon; dendrite
Jayden damaged his motor cortex during a car accident, but over time, part of his frontal lobe cortex nearby began to coordinate some muscle movements. This is an example of: brain lateralization. brain specialization. brain plasticity. brain compensation.
brain plasticity.
Jayden damaged his motor cortex during a car accident, but over time, part of the frontal lobe cortex nearby began to coordinate some muscle movements. This is an example of:
brain plasticity.
The _____ is the part of the neuron that keeps the cell alive.
cell body
The _____ is the part of the neuron that keeps the cell alive. axon dendrite synapse cell body
cell body
The _____ processes and coordinates sensory input from the body in order to send signals from the brain and spinal cord back to the muscles and bones in the body.
central nervous system
is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
the spinal cord and the brain
central nervous system
Compared to vertebrates, invertebrates lack a hierarchical organization of their: subcortical structures. reticular formations. association areas. central nervous systems.
central nervous systems.
Compared with vertebrates, invertebrates lack a hierarchical organization of their:
central nervous systems.
Denton could pitch a baseball in what looked like one effortless and smooth movement. What part of the hindbrain is most associated with this highly coordinated motion?
cerebellum
Which area of the brain is associated with classical conditioning and motor movements?
cerebellum
Split-brain studies revealed that: information is processed in the same hemisphere as it is received. certain tasks and behaviors seem localized to either the left or right hemisphere. the corpus callosum does not help the two hemispheres exchange information. the right and left hemispheres have no independent functions.
certain tasks and behaviors seem localized to either the left or right hemisphere.
Which is NOT one of the functions that can be performed by a neuron in the human body? convey sensory information from the sensory organs to the brain communicate with other neurons carry messages from the spinal cord to muscles to produce movement change the chemical structure of hormones in the endocrine system
change the chemical structure of hormones in the endocrine system
Neurons are not connected physically and communicate _____with each other at the _____. electrically; synapse chemically; synapse electrically; dendrites chemically; axons
chemically; synapse
Neurons communicate _____with each other at the _____.
chemically; synapse
Drugs are able to specifically target certain behaviors because neurons:
communicate along certain pathways and have specific receptor sites for different neurotransmitters.
The first stage of neural communication, _____, is the movement of the signal within a single neuron. _____ is the movement of a signal between neurons.
conduction; Transmission
The first stage of neural communication, _____, is the movement of the signal within a single neuron. _____ is the movement of a signal between neurons. transmission; Conduction conduction; Transmission conduction; Signaling signaling; Transmission
conduction; Transmission
If this area were severed the two sides of the brain would not be able to communicate with each other.
corpus callosum
Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET and fMRI, allow researchers to _____ brain activity in certain areas with particular behaviors. directly link establish cause and effect between correlate coordinate
correlate
The _____ receives information from other neurons and the _____ sends that information on to the next neuron.
dendrite; axon
The _____ receives information from other neurons, and the _____ sends that information on to the next neuron. axon; dendrite axon; soma dendrite; axon dendrite; soma
dendrite; axon
The synapse is located between the _____ and _____ of neighboring cells.
dendrite; axon
Which of the following is the correct sequence for information travelling within a single neuron?
dendrites, cell body, axon
Neurons are functionally _____, in that they support _____ functions.
distinct; 3 major types of
Neurons:
do all of the things mentioned here.
The spinal cord allows us to:
do all of these things.
Which neurotransmitter is associated with seeking pleasure and plays a role in drug addiction?
dopamine
Which neurotransmitter is associated with seeking pleasure and plays a role in drug addiction? acetylcholine endorphins dopamine glutamate
dopamine
Within a neuron, information is transmitted as a(n) _____ from the dendrites to the cell body and throughout the axon.
electrical signal
Information is transmitted within the neuron as a(n) _____ signal, and information transmission between neurons is a(n) _____ signal.
electrical; chemical
Information is transmitted within the neuron as a(n) _____ signal, and information transmission between neurons is a(n) _____ signal. electrical; electrical electrical; chemical chemical; electrical chemical; chemical
electrical; chemical
Dan is running a marathon, and after 15 miles he doesn't think he can take it anymore. Just as he is about to give up, the pain suddenly subsides and he feels much better and motivated to run the rest of the race. Dan is most likely feeling the effects of what neurotransmitter?
endorphins
Dan is running a marathon, and after 15 miles he doesn't think he can take another step. Just as he is about to give up, the pain suddenly subsides. He feels renewed and motivated to run the rest of the race. Dan has most likely just experienced a larger release of: acetylcholine. dopamine. endorphins. serotonin.
endorphins.
Which of the following is an all-or-nothing event?
flushing a toilet
Which part of the brain is responsible for movement, abstract thinking, and planning?
frontal lobe
Through the case study of Phineas Gage, researchers found that the:
frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.
Through the case study of Phineas Gage, researchers found that the: frontal lobe was not involved in emotion regulation. temporal lobe is primarily responsible for planning. spinal cord plays an important part in decision making. frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.
frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.
Which area of the brain sets humans apart from other animals?
frontal lobes
What guides the development of the brain for both an individual and a species?
genes
What guides the development of the brain for both an individual and a species? dopamine genes the frontal lobe the X chromosome
genes
The main focus of the nervous system is to: convey electrochemical signals within the brain. have nerve fibers pass information throughout the body. transmit emotions. prepare the body to respond to emergencies.
have nerve fibers pass information throughout the body.
Which major area of the brain deals with information coming in from and going out through the spinal cord?
hindbrain
With only which two portions of your central nervous system could you survive?
hindbrain and midbrain
The brain can be organized into areas that perform simple functions and areas that perform complex functions. Which answer choice begins with the area that is most simple in its functions and ends with the area that is most complex in its functions? cerebral cortex, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain hindbrain, cerebral cortex, midbrain, forebrain hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, cerebral cortex
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex
The brain can be organized into areas that perform simple functions to areas that perform complex functions. Which order below begins with the area that is most simple in its functions and ends with the area that is most complex in its functions?
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex
Gerard has brain damage that has affected his long term memory and ability to navigate in his environment. Gerard MOST likely has damage to his:
hippocampus
Patients with amnesia who cannot form new memories usually have damage to the:
hippocampus.
Patients with amnesia who cannot form new memories usually have damage to the: midbrain. hippocampus. amygdala. motor cortex.
hippocampus.
Sexual behavior is MOST closely associated with the:
hypothalamus
The pituitary gland is controlled by the:
hypothalamus
Which of the following is part of the limbic system?
hypothalamus
Although neurons do not physically touch each other, the synapse is a small gap between neurons where:
information from the axon of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron.
Heritability scores between 0 and 1.00 indicate the: interaction between genetics and the environment in producing a particular trait. contribution of genetics alone in producing all behaviors. contribution of environmental factors alone in producing all behaviors. contribution of evolutionary development in producing all behaviors.
interaction between genetics and the environment in producing a particular trait.
After damage to the spinal cord, the amount of function that is lost:
is based on the localization of the damage.
The cerebellum is MOST closely associated with:
learning
An electroencephalogram is a beneficial tool for: studying the interaction between the heart and behaviors. linking brain structures and regions to particular behavior responses. localizing regions of the brain responsible only for unconscious processes. studying the effects of the spinal cord on cognitive processes.
linking brain structures and regions to particular behavior responses.
Damage to this area of the brain can be deadly as this structure controls heart rate, respiration, and circulation.
medulla
Grace's _____ directs her vision towards the most important elements in the environment.
midbrain
Motor and sensory functions are integrated in the:
midbrain
Vijay has problems orienting to sounds. For example, he cannot tell whether the music is coming from the television or the stereo when he is at home. What area of the central nervous system is likely malfunctioning and causing problem?
midbrain
Research has shown that when certain groups of animals observe another engaging in a particular behavior, some of the same neurons also become active in the observer animal. This is due to the action of _____ neurons. primary motor mirror cognitive executive
mirror
Research has shown that when certain groups of animals observe one another engaging in a particular behavior, some of the same neurons also become active in the observer animal. This is due to the action of what type of neuron?
mirror neurons
Different parts of the _____ are associated with different parts of the body.
motor and somatosensory cortices
Adjacent areas of the body are represented in adjacent regions of the:
motor cortex
Diseases such as multiple sclerosis usually involve a deterioration of what part of a neuron?
myelin sheath
The _____ is made up of _____ and helps to insulate the axon. dendrite; glial cells myelin sheath; glial cells glial cell; the myelin sheath cell body; glial cells
myelin sheath; glial cells
The _____ is made up of _____vand helps to insulate the axon.
myelin sheath; glial cells
the body's fast communication system, consisting of billions of neurons; divided into the peripheral and central nervous system
nervous system
The _____ forms the basis of the spinal cord during prenatal development. embryo neural tube cerebral cortex cerebellum
neural tube
a single nerve cell, forming the basis of the nervous system
neuron
Cajal was the first to note that: brain activity caused behavior. the brain was like a tapestry of continuous fibers. neurons could communicate with each other. one could stain neurons to look at them directly.
neurons could communicate with each other.
Chemicals that pass information across the tiny gap between neurons are called:
neurotransmitters.
Chemicals that pass information across the tiny gap between neurons are called: neurotransmitters. receptors. terminal buttons. synapses.
neurotransmitters.
The benefit of using functional neuroimaging techniques is that they allow researchers to: observe dynamic activity of the brain as it happens during specific tasks. produce static pictures of the brain that help locate damaged areas. determine cause-and-effect relationships between brain and behavior. make fundamental discoveries about the nature of sleep.
observe dynamic activity of the brain as it happens during specific tasks.
The visual pathway projects from the retina, along the optic nerve, through the thalamus to the:
occipital lobe.
the part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body after a stressful event has passed
parasympathetic division
ANS, helps the body return to a normal resting state. When you're far away from your would-be attacker, your body doesn't need to remain on red alert.
parasympathetic nervous system
connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles, composed of two major subdivisions, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system:
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
The brain is remarkably adaptive and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon?
plasticity
The brain is remarkably adaptive and the functions of areas that are damaged may be taken over by other areas of the brain. What is the term for this phenomenon? plasticity refractory period glial compensation subcortical pruning
plasticity
This area serves as a bridge from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
pons
The main focus of the nervous system is to:
provide a large network of interacting nerve fibers passing information throughout the body.
In order for a neuron to respond to a particular neurotransmitter it must possess a(n) _____ for that neurochemical.
receptor
In order for a neurotransmitter to affect surrounding neurons the molecular structure of the neurotransmitter must fit into the _____ like a key fits into a lock.
receptor
The part of a neuron that is stimulated by a neurotransmitter into initiating or preventing a new electrical signal is called a(n): receptor. myelin sheath. agonist. terminal button.
receptor.
During the _____, it is not possible for a new action potential to be generated.
refractory period
During the _____, the ions of the neuron are imbalanced and it _____ immediately send another signal.
refractory period; cannot
The typical sequence of events for neuronal activity is:
resting potential, action potential, refractory period.
The typical sequence of events for neuronal activity is: action potential, resting potential, refractory period. resting potential, action potential, refractory period. refractory period, action potential, resting potential. resting potential, refractory period, action potential.
resting potential, action potential, refractory period.
The typical state of a neuron is the _____, but when electrical signals stimulate it to its threshold, the _____ is immediately observed.
resting potential; action potential
The typical state of a neuron is the _____, but when electrical signals stimulate it to its threshold, the _____ is immediately observed. resting potential; refractory period resting potential; action potential action potential; resting potential action potential; refractory period
resting potential; action potential
A person with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have problems with their:
reticular formation
In order to process information from the external world, _____ receive input from the body and transfer the information to the brain through the spinal cord.
sensory neurons
In order to process information from the external world, _____ receive input from the body and transfer the information to the brain through the spinal cord. sensory neurons motor neurons Purkinje cell neurons interneurons
sensory neurons
Janell holds her hand close to a fire. Her _____ allow her to feel the heat, while her _____ allow her to move her hand away from the fire.
sensory neurons; motor neurons
The three major types of neurons include:
sensory, motor, and interneurons.
Prozac and other antidepressant drugs work on the _____ system. dopamine GABA serotonin norepinephrine
serotonin
Suzanne has been having difficulty falling asleep and waking up in the morning. She has also noticed that her appetite has changed and that she has become somewhat more aggressive. What neurotransmitter is MOST likely involved in Suzanne's symptoms? serotonin glutamate dopamine acetylcholine
serotonin
Suzanne has been having difficulty falling asleep and waking up in the morning. She has also noticed that her appetite has changed and that she has become somewhat more aggressive. What neurotransmitter is most likely involved in Suzanne's symptoms?
serotonin
set of nerves that conveys information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system. Humans have conscious control over this system and use it to perceive, think, and coordinate their behaviors.
somatic nerves
the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information and controls body movements
somatic nervous system
The homunculus shown in the book illustrates how much of the _____ is devoted to each area of the body. motor cortex association cortex cerebral cortex somatosensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
The homunculus shown in your book illustrates how much of the _____ is devoted to each area of the body.
somatosensory cortex
When an electrode stimulates Brian's _____ he feels a tingling in his leg.
somatosensory cortex
The ______ branches down from the brain and allows messages to be sent to different parts of the body. peripheral nervous system endocrine system somatic nervous system spinal cord
spinal cord
the part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body for action
sympathetic division
ANS, is a set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
sympathetic nervous system
You are driving down an unfamiliar road at night and an animal darts out in front of your car. You quickly slam on the brakes and avoid hitting the animal. Your ability to respond quickly to this situation was most likely promoted by your:
sympathetic nervous system.
You are driving down an unfamiliar road at night, and an animal darts out in front of your car. You quickly slam on the brakes and avoid hitting the animal. Your ability to respond quickly to this situation was MOST likely prompted by your: sympathetic nervous system. parasympathetic nervous system. spinal reflexes. somatic nervous system.
sympathetic nervous system.
If the human autonomic nervous system was compared to a car, the _____ nervous system functions like the car's accelerator, and the _____ nervous system functions like the car's brake. sympathetic; parasympathetic parasympathetic; sympathetic peripheral; somatic central; peripheral
sympathetic; parasympathetic
If we were to compare the autonomic nervous system with a car we could say that the _____ nervous system functions like a car's accelerator and the _____ nervous system functions like a car's brake.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The thalamus receives information from the sensory systems, including:
taste, vision, touch, and sound.
Damage to this area of your brain could leave you unable to navigate your way through a room.
tectum
A stroke or other damage in the _______ lobes can lead to deficits in hearing and language. temporal occipital parietal frontal
temporal
The action potential travels down the length of the axon and when it gets to the _____, the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. terminal buttons autoreceptors dendrites myelin sheat
terminal buttons
The action potential travels down the length of the axon, and when it gets to the _____, the neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
terminal buttons
The limbic system forms a ring around the:
thalamus
the brain's relay station between all of the senses, except smell, and other areas of the brain
thalamus
Which of the following make up the major components of the peripheral nervous system?
the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
Which parts make up the major components of the peripheral nervous system? the brain and spinal cord the sympathetic and autonomic nervous systems the autonomic and somatic nervous systems the parasympathetic and central nervous systems
the autonomic and somatic nervous systems
The synapse is a small gap between neurons where information from: the axon of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron. the dendrite of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron. the dendrite of one neuron is sent to the axon of another neuron. the axon of one neuron is sent to the axon of another neuron.
the axon of one neuron is sent to the dendrite of another neuron.
The central nervous system is composed of:
the brain and the spinal cord.
The central nervous system is comprised of: the sympathetic and somatic nervous systems. the brain and the mind. the brain and the spinal cord. the midbrain and the sensory neurons
the brain and the spinal cord.
Denton pitches a baseball in what looks like one effortless, smooth movement. What part of the hindbrain is MOST associated with this highly coordinated motion? the pons the cerebellum the medulla the spinal cord
the cerebellum
Which part of the brain forms first in prenatal development? the cerebral cortex the frontal lobes the midbrain the hindbrain
the hindbrain
Damage to this area of the brain can be deadly as this structure controls heart rate, respiration, and circulation. the cerebellum the forebrain the thalamus the medulla
the medulla
Which area of the brain controls breathing?
the medulla
What part of the brain triggers a head movement in response to a loud sound in the environment?
the midbrain
Diseases such as multiple sclerosis usually involve a deterioration of what part of a neuron? the cell body the dendrites the myelin sheath the axon
the myelin sheath
This area serves as a bridge from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. the pons the medulla the tectum the spinal cord
the pons
Which area of the brain is most closely associated with sleep and dreaming, as well as coordinating well-practiced body movements?
the pons
Which area of the brain is MOST closely associated with alertness?
the reticular formation
Information that is received on the left side of the body is processed in _____ of the brain.
the right hemisphere
Information that is received on the left side of the body is processed in _____ of the brain. the left hemisphere the right hemisphere both hemispheres the corpus callosum
the right hemisphere
Spinal reflexes require input from:
the spinal cord.
Spinal reflexes require input from: the spinal cord. the brain. both the spinal cord and the brain. the midbrain.
the spinal cord.
Olu is hiking in the woods when he comes across a bear. What part of the nervous system is coordinating his body as he decides whether he should run away from the bear or stay still?
the sympathetic nervous system
A split-brain patient is shown a picture of a dog on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a tree on the right side of a computer screen. When asked to say what object he saw, he will report _____ and when asked to use his right hand to draw the object he saw, he will draw a picture of a _____ . dog; tree tree; dog tree; tree dog; dog
tree; tree
A split-brain patient is shown a picture of a dog on the left side of a computer screen and a picture of a tree on the right side of a computer screen. When asked to say what object he saw, he will report a _____. When asked to use his right hand to draw the object he saw, he will draw a picture of a _____.
tree; tree
The occipital lobe is to _____ as the parietal lobe is to _____ .
vision; touch
Jamie fell backwards and bumped her head. She briefly "saw stars". This is because her fall stimulated her:
visual cortex
