Psych Ch. 4

86. _____, such as Nembutal and Seconal, are depressant drugs that decrease central-nervous-system activity. A. Barbiturates B. Amphetamines C. Hallucinogens D. Stimulants

A. Barbiturates

30. Helen, a call center employee working in day shift, has been asked to work a night shift on Tuesday. During her night shift, Hannah falls asleep at her desk around midnight. Which of the following can best explain her behavior? A. Her biological clock has become desynchronized. B. She is experiencing an altered state of consciousness. C. She is demonstrating incubation. D. Her metacognition level has significantly increased.

A. Her biological clock has become desynchronized.

107. _____ is an altered state of consciousness or psychological state of altered attention in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions. A. Hypnosis B. Meditation C. Caffeinism D. Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A. Hypnosis

8. Which of the following individuals is exhibiting the highest level of conscious awareness? A. Maria, who is working out an algebra problem on a piece of paper B. Keiko, who is daydreaming about her upcoming vacation this weekend C. Jackson, who is hypnotized in his therapist's office D. Benjamin, who is asleep

A. Maria, who is working out an algebra problem on a piece of paper

115. _____ involves attaining a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worry. A. Meditation B. Hypnosis C. Self-actualization D. Stage 1 sleep

A. Meditation

49. _____ are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer from REM sleep. _____ involve sudden arousal from sleep and an intense physiological fear reaction (e.g., screaming, heavy breathing, and perspiration). A. Nightmares/Night terrors B. Night terrors/ Somnambulisms C. Somnambulisms/Nightmares D. Somnambulisms/Night terrors

A. Nightmares/Night terrors

113. _____ is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave. A. The social-cognitive-behavior view of hypnosis B. Time line therapy C. The divided-consciousness view of hypnosis D. Interactive-phenomenological perspective

A. The social-cognitive-behavior view of hypnosis

87. Identify the true statement about barbiturates. A. They are most often used in suicide attempts. B. They enhance decision making. C. They improve memory retention. D. They are most effective in curing somnambulism and somniloquy.

A. They are most often used in suicide attempts.

90. _____, such as Valium, are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation. A. Tranquilizers B. Opiates C. Hallucinogens D. Stimulants

A. Tranquilizers

1. William James described the mind as A. a stream of consciousness that consists of a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. B. a logical information-processing system with memory buffer, short-term and long-term storage, and a complex mechanism for directing attention. C. an unconscious drive that satisfies primal biological urges. D. a stable, slow, and predictable set of sensations.

A. a stream of consciousness that consists of a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

99. Brett takes a drug that increases his feeling of euphoria. The drug also enhances his level of activity and pleasurable feelings. Which of the following drugs did he most likely take? A. amphetamine B. barbiturate C. heroin D. valium

A. amphetamine

48. Night terrors differ from nightmares in that night terrors A. are less common than nightmares. B. are frightening dreams that awaken a dreamer. C. are absent during slow-wave sleep. D. occur during the REM sleep.

A. are less common than nightmares.

89. Sleeping pills are classified as a(n) A. barbiturate. B. opiate. C. hallucinogen. D. stimulant.

A. barbiturate.

26. The biological cycle that regulates our pattern of sleep is called A. circadian rhythm. B. myoclonic event. C. non-REM sequence. D. dormant rhythm.

A. circadian rhythm.

9. Frank buys a new smartphone and tries exploring the phone's features as soon as he reaches home. While doing so, he fails to hear the doorbell, which has been ringing for five minutes. This illustrates the concept of A. controlled processes. B. automatic processes. C. altered states of consciousness. D. subconscious awareness.

A. controlled processes.

78. College students who consume large amounts of alcohol on weekends are abusing which type(s) of drugs? A. depressants B. stimulants C. hallucinogens D. amphetamines

A. depressants

52. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which individuals A. fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities. B. have difficulty falling asleep at the hour at which they would like. C. wake up earlier than desired, sometimes several times a night. D. stop breathing while they are sleeping.

A. fall unexpectedly into a deep sleep in the middle of daily activities.

19. Altered states of consciousness can be produced by A. fatigue. B. daydreaming. C. sleeping. D. dreaming.

A. fatigue.

69. Your mother must always have an early morning cup of coffee. She usually has several more cups throughout the day. If she misses her daily doses of coffee, she gets a headache. The fact that your mother experiences headaches when she discontinues the use of caffeine is an example of A. physical dependence. B. psychological dependence. C. a circadian rhythm anomaly. D. a hypnogogic reverie.

A. physical dependence.

97. Kate, a long-time coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when she skips her coffee in the morning. What is the likely cause of these complaints? A. removal of a psychoactive drug from diet B. a change in GABA C. psychological addiction D. a placebo effect

A. removal of a psychoactive drug from diet

14. Automatic processes A. require lower levels of attention than controlled processes. B. need more conscious effort than controlled processes. C. interfere with other ongoing activities. D. are unconscious behaviors.

A. require lower levels of attention than controlled processes.

101. Jacob's friend Sarah loves the warmth she feels for everybody when she takes Ecstasy. Jacob warns her that repeated use of this drug could have lasting negative effects on the neurotransmitter A. serotonin. B. endorphin. C. adenosine. D. GABA.

A. serotonin.

56. Mr. Owens always sleeps restlessly, snoring and gasping during the night. It is most likely that Mr. Owens suffers from A. sleep apnea. B. narcolepsy. C. night terror. D. insomnia.

A. sleep apnea.

85. Depressants _____ whereas stimulants _____. A. slow down central-nervous-system activity/increase central-nervous-system activity B. increase central-nervous-system activity/slow down central-nervous-system activity C. modify a person's perceptual experience/slow down central-nervous-system activity D. slow down central-nervous-system activity/modify a person's perceptual experience

A. slow down central-nervous-system activity/increase central-nervous-system activity

32. While attending a lecture, Lea starts yawning and fights hard to stay awake. She reclines in her chair and within minutes she falls asleep with her head jerking upward at short intervals. Lea is in A. stage 1 sleep. B. stage 2 sleep. C. stage 3 sleep. D. stage 4 sleep.

A. stage 1 sleep

93. Gloria can't get through the day without several cups of coffee and energy drinks. She says she needs the caffeine to function normally. What type of drug is Gloria dependent on? A. stimulant B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. narcotic

A. stimulant

63. According to _____, dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower brain. A. the activation-synthesis theory B. Freud's psychoanalytic theory C. the cognitive theory of dreaming D. circadian theory

A. the activation-synthesis theory

120. Which of the following regions of the brain are involved in meditation? A. the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex B. the amygdala and hippocampus C. the hippocampus and corpus callosum D. broca's area and the hypothalamus

A. the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

74. The brain's reward pathway is located in the A. ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. B. hippocampus and hypothalamus. C. occipital lobe and temporal lobe. D. thalamus and limbic system.

A. ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.

53. _____ is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly. A.Sleep apnea B.Narcolepsy C.Night terrors D.Sleep deprivation syndrome

A.Sleep apnea

70. Ian repeatedly uses heroin to reduce stress and enhance the feeling of well-being. Ian's behavior exemplifies A.psychological dependence. B.narcolepsy. C.insomnia. D.increased tolerance.

A.psychological dependence.

117. Which of the following statements is true of meditation? A. Meditation is an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions. B. As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both. C. The meditator is ignorant of his or her thoughts and feelings and is, therefore, not consumed by them. D. A meditative state is exactly similar to the hypnotic state.

B. As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both.

4. _____ is a state of being conscious of what is going on, whereas _____ is a physiological state of being engaged with the environment. A. Arousal/awareness B. Awareness/arousal C. Arousal/alertness D. Alertness/arousal

B. Awareness/arousal

105. Identify the true statement about LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). A. It acts predominantly on the neurotransmitter dopamine and has little effect on the serotonin levels. B. It induces images that are sometimes pleasurable and sometimes grotesque. C. It is the most powerful type of depressant. D. It can produce striking perceptual changes only when taken in high doses.

B. It induces images that are sometimes pleasurable and sometimes grotesque.

68. _____ drug dependence is the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued, whereas _____ drug dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons. A. Psychological/physical B. Physical/psychological C. Dissociated/neodissociated D. Neodissociated/dissociated

B. Physical/psychological

114. Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of hypnosis is FALSE? A. Hypnosis is most effective when combined with psychotherapy. B. Research does not support the claim that hypnosis can reduce the experience of pain. C. Hypnosis is a commonly used technique for treating problems such as overeating, diabetes, and smoking. D. Psychology and medicine recognize hypnosis as a legitimate process.

B. Research does not support the claim that hypnosis can reduce the experience of pain.

108. Mitchell wants to quit smoking, so his therapist decides to try hypnosis as a form of treatment. What is the first step that the therapist will most likely take when attempting to hypnotize Mitchell? A. She will tell Mitchell what to expect in the hypnotic state. B. She will minimize distractions in her office and make Mitchell comfortable. C. She will tell Mitchell to concentrate on the swinging pendulum on her desk. D. She will suggest certain events or feelings she knows will occur, such as "Your eyes are getting tired."

B. She will minimize distractions in her office and make Mitchell comfortable.

65. Which of the following statements about psychoactive drug use is FALSE? A. Illicit drug use is a global problem. B. The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation. C. Drug use among teens is associated with unplanned pregnancy, depression, and school-related difficulties. D. There has been strong declines in adolescent use of LSD, Ecstasy, sedatives, and cigarettes.

B. The United States has the lowest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation.

36. Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep? A. REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming does not occur. B. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming. C. REM sleep is characterized by a lack of rapid eye movement. D. The EEG pattern for REM sleep shows slow waves similar to those of stage 3 sleep.

B. The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.

15. States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called A. controlled processes. B. automatic processes. C. subconscious processes. D. executive processes.

B. automatic processes.

3. Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness? A. awareness and responsiveness B. awareness and arousal C. tolerance and arousal D. alertness and tolerance

B. awareness and arousal

31. Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to A. increase memory performance. B. decrease memory performance. C. improve test scores. D. increase long-term memory.

B. decrease memory performance.

77. Tranquilizers, sedatives, and opiates all belong to the category of _____ drugs. A. stimulant B. depressant C. hallucinogenic D. inhalant

B. depressant

73. Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in addiction? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. melatonin D. glutamate

B. dopamine

35. When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that he is A. in the lowest level of sleep. B. dreaming. C. in a hypnagogic state. D. experiencing night terrors.

B. dreaming.

47. Night terrors typically occur A. among older adults. B. during non-REM sleep. C. following sleep apnea. D. within three hours of falling asleep.

B. during non-REM sleep.

60. Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, "You won't believe what I dreamed. I was being chased by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me down!" If Gary described his dream to a psychotherapist, the therapist would tell him that what he had dreamed about was his fear of financial issues and not being able to pay all his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the latent content of the dream? A. the briefcases the men were carrying B. gary's concern over monthly bills C. the horses D. the therapist's plan to help Gary

B. gary's concern over monthly bills

119. Meditation has been compared to _____, the relaxed sense that all is well. A. high consciousness B. hypnagogic reverie C. self-actualization D. activation-synthesis

B. hypnagogic reverie

118. As Carlton is just about to fall asleep, he experiences an overwhelming feeling of wellness and a sense that everything is going to work out. This state of mind is referred to as A. high consciousness. B. hypnagogic reverie. C. self-actualization. D. activation-synthesis.

B. hypnagogic reverie.

16. Daydreaming would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness? A. higher-level consciousness B. lower-level consciousness C. subconscious awareness D. no awareness

B. lower-level consciousness

81. What is the definition of a binge-drinking episode? A. more than two drinks in a row B. more than five drinks in a row C. more than four drinks in a row D. more than three drinks in a row

B. more than five drinks in a row

92. Ricardo broke his wrist while rollerblading in the park. Since the accident he has been taking morphine, a powerful pain killer. What type of drug is Ricardo taking? A. barbiturate B. opiate C. hallucinogen D. stimulant

B. opiate

55. Which of the following disorders is characterized by the temporary cessation of breathing while asleep? A. narcolepsy B. sleep apnea C. night terror D. insomnia

B. sleep apnea

33. Sleep spindles are defining characteristic of _____ sleep. A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 D. stage 4

B. stage 2

27. The _____ is a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark. A. cerebellum B. suprachiasmatic nucleus C. prefrontal cortex D. corpus callosum

B. suprachiasmatic nucleus

59. Homer goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Homer's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Homer's therapist is displaying an interest in A. the manifest content of Homer's dream. B. the latent content of Homer's dream. C. Homer's neurological dream activity. D. Homer's conscious thoughts and desires.

B. the latent content of Homer's dream.

67. Blake smokes marijuana. When he first started using, he used to get high off one joint, but now he finds he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high. This is an example of A. withdrawal. B. tolerance. C. dopamine dependence. D. serotonin dependence.

B. tolerance.

91. Rebecca's mother suffers from frequent panic attacks. The doctor has prescribed Xanax (a depressant drug that reduces anxiety and induces relaxation). Xanax is classified as a(n) A. stimulant. B. tranquilizer. C. opiate. D. hallucinogen.

B. tranquilizer.

58. According to Sigmund Freud, dreams symbolize A. our conscious thoughts and feelings. B. unconscious wishes and hidden desires. C. random neurological activity. D. our biological urges and needs.

B. unconscious wishes and hidden desires.

84. According to research on alcoholism, which of the following individuals is most likely to become dependent on alcohol? A. Edward, who began drinking at age 40 B. Sophia, who began drinking at age 65 C. Aaron, who began drinking at age 12 with the neighborhood kids D. Michael, who began drinking in graduate school at age 25

C. Aaron, who began drinking at age 12 with the neighborhood kids

80. Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? A. Alcohol is a type of hallucinogen. B. Alcohol decreases the concentration of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is widely distributed in many brain areas. C. Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes. D. Alcohol is a powerful drug that acts on the body primarily as a stimulant and speeds up the brain's activities.

C. Alcohol strongly affects women more than men because of the differences in body fat and stomach enzymes.

46. Lily has been battling insomnia for a very long time. She recently began taking medication to help her sleep. After several weeks of taking the drug, she noticed that she no longer fits into most of her clothes. She realizes that she has put on ten pounds. Which of the following medications is she most likely taking? A. Valium B. Tylenol C. Ambien D. Prosom

C. Ambien

17. Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming? A. Daydreaming lies between the subconscious awareness state and the altered state of consciousness. B. Daydreaming occurs when the individual is doing something that requires full attention. C. Daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering. D. Daydreaming makes the mind completely idle and inactive.

C. Daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering.

37. Which of the following is true of a night's sleep? A. Individuals normally spend about 20 percent of sleep in light sleep. B. REM sleep decreases as the night progresses. C. Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep. D. Most REM sleep takes place during stage 1 of a night's sleep

C. Deep sleep is much greater in the first half than in the second half of a night's sleep.

62. Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive theory of dreaming? A. The theory rests on the idea that dreams are essentially conscious cognitive processing. B. In cognitive theory, there is an essential search for the hidden, symbolic content of dreams. C. Dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams under the cognitive theory. D. According to the theory, very unusual aspects of dreams—such as odd activities, strange images, and sudden scene shifts —cannot be understood.

C. Dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams under the cognitive theory.

110. Which of the following statements is true of hypnosis? A. Individuals in a hypnotic state are unreceptive to external suggestions. B. Widespread areas of the cerebral cortex are disabled when individuals are in a hypnotic state. C. Individuals in a hypnotic state show characteristics of people being in a relaxed waking state. D. Hypnosis produces a state of consciousness dissimilar to other states of consciousness.

C. Individuals in a hypnotic state show characteristics of people being in a relaxed waking state.

95. Which of the following statements is true of caffeine? A. It is the most widely used type of depressant drug. B. It decreases central-nervous-system activity. C. It is derived from natural components of plants. D. It is a main psychoactive ingredient of smokeless tobacco.

C. It is derived from natural components of plants.

44. Identify the true statement about sleepwalking. A. It occurs usually due to the use of sleeping pills. B. It involves a sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. C. It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived. D. It is a symptom of sleep apnea.

C. It is more likely to occur when individuals are sleep deprived.

34. _____ is characterized by myoclonic jerks and theta waves, whereas _____ are characterized by delta waves. A. Stage 5 sleep/ stage 3 and stage 4 sleep B. Stage 5 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep C. Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and stage 4 sleep D. Stage 3 sleep/stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

C. Stage 1 sleep/stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

88. Which of the following is true of opiates? A. They decrease the risk of exposure to HIV. B. They aggravate body pain. C. They depress the central nervous system's activity. D. They decrease a person's appetite for food and sex.

C. They depress the central nervous system's activity.

72. Why do psychoactive drugs make people feel good? A. They increase epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways. B. They decrease epinephrine in the brain's reward pathways. C. They increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways. D. They decrease dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.

C. They increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways.

39. REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive. A. serotonin B. norepinephrine C. acetylcholine D. cortisol

C. acetylcholine

21. Losing one's sense of self-consciousness and hallucinating specifically during the use of drugs exemplifies A. daydreaming. B. automatic processes. C. altered states of consciousness. D. subconscious awareness.

C. altered states of consciousness.

100. What type of drug is crystal meth? A. opiate B. depressant C. amphetamine D. hallucinogen

C. amphetamine

13. The ability to type a text message on a cell phone without even looking at the keypad is an example of A. complete lack of awareness. B. executive function. C. automatic processing. D. an altered state of consciousness.

C. automatic processing.

79. What is the most widely used drug in the United States? A. marijuana B. heroin C. caffeine D. alcohol

C. caffeine

61. What theory of dreaming proposes that dreaming involves information processing and memory? A. Sigmund Freud's theory B. William James's theory C. cognitive theory of dreaming D. activation-synthesis theory of dreaming

C. cognitive theory of dreaming

18. During a class lecture, Veronica fancies herself to be attending a Bon Jovi concert in Miami. She is most likely A. in an altered state of consciousness. B. exhibiting controlled processing. C. daydreaming. D. lacking awareness.

C. daydreaming.

76. Tranquilizers and alcohol are A. stimulants. B. hallucinogens. C. depressants. D. amphetamines.

C. depressants.

98. Nicotine raises _____ levels in the brain. A. serotonin B. GABA C. dopamine D. epinephrine

C. dopamine

102. Which category of drugs modify a person's perceptual experiences and produces visual images that are not real? A. stimulants B. depressants C. hallucinogens D. narcotics

C. hallucinogens

103. Marijuana and LSD are considered to be A. depressants. B. stimulants. C. hallucinogens. D. barbiturates.

C. hallucinogens.

109. In a television reality show, Trevor, the host, puts one of his contestants in a trance and asks her to pretend to be a famous singer. The contestant starts singing with confidence even though she has never sung publicly before. The contestant is in a state of A. somniloquy. B. somnambulism. C. hypnosis. D. meditation.

C. hypnosis.

22. Betty has dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Harper hypnotizes her to interact with the other personalities that she exhibits as a result of her condition. Betty is most likely A. exhibiting increased level of consciousness. B. demonstrating automatic processing. C. in an altered state of consciousness. D. representing higher executive function.

C. in an altered state of consciousness.

41. Jerry is in the process of getting a divorce and is having trouble at his job. Previously he had not had any sleep disorders but is bothered by one now. Lately he has experienced serious difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. Which disorder has Jerry most likely developed? A. somniloquy B. narcolepsy C. insomnia D. somnambulism

C. insomnia

45. Falling asleep all of a sudden while talking to a friend is most likely an example of A. somniloquy. B. narcolepsy. C. insomnia. D. somnambulism.

C. insomnia.

38. Compared with to dreams that occur during the REM stage, those that occur during the non-REM stage are A. more emotional. B. more visual. C. less vivid. D. longer.

C. less vivid.

64. A criticism of activation-synthesis theory is that A. neural activity begins with the brain. B. dreams are random. C. life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges. D. dreams are caused by neurotransmitter levels.

C. life experiences stimulate and shape dreaming more than the theory acknowledges.

29. Your friend Helen just started working the night shift at the post office. This change in her work hours A. will result in decreasing levels of cortisol in the body. B. might lead to an increased probability of daydreaming. C. may cause Helen to be at increased risk for heart disease. D. will result in longer hours of sleep.

C. may cause Helen to be at increased risk for heart disease.

50. Nolan and his wife were standing in the middle of the kitchen discussing vacation plans when he suddenly crashed to the floor in a deep REM sleep. Nolan may suffer from A. sleep apnea. B. insomnia. C. narcolepsy. D. night terrors.

C. narcolepsy.

71. Drug addiction occurs when A. an individual will lie about taking a drug. B. a drug no longer causes a person to get high, but they take it again. C. physical and/or psychological dependence develops. D. a person experiences unpleasant physical symptoms when using a drug.

C. physical and/or psychological dependence develops.

43. Sleepwalking occurs during _____ of the sleep cycle. A. stage 1 B. stage 2 C. stage 3 and stage 4 D. stage 5 and stage 6

C. stage 3 and stage 4

2. Your English professor gives you some advice on how to cure writer's block. She tells you to sit at your computer for 15 minutes and write whatever comes into your head. You don't censor yourself or worry about spelling or grammar. Instead you merely translate your thoughts into words. This technique will allow your _____ to flow. A. river of dreams B. circadian rhythm C. stream of consciousness D .level of awareness

C. stream of consciousness

23. Sleeping would be considered an example of which of the following levels of awareness? A. higher-level consciousness B. lower-level consciousness C. subconscious awareness D. no awareness

C. subconscious awareness

51. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by A. sleepwalking and sleep talking. B. an anxious, panicky feeling. C. sudden, uncontrollable urge to fall asleep. D. excessively long sleep periods.

C. sudden, uncontrollable urge to fall asleep.

112. Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two separate components, one of which follows the hypnotist's commands and the other of which acts as a "hidden observer" is known as A. the social-cognitive-behavior view of hypnosis. B. time line therapy. C. the divided-consciousness view of hypnosis. D. interactive-phenomenological perspective.

C. the divided-consciousness view of hypnosis.

66. The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect that a lower dose used to bring is called A. dependence. B. addiction. C. tolerance. D. psychoactivity.

C. tolerance.

123. Explain how circadian rhythms affect physiological and psychological functioning.

Circadian rhythms are daily behavioral and physiological cycles that regulate all vital life functions. Daily circadian rhythms regulate a person's sleep/wakefulness cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. When circadian rhythms are disrupted (e.g., if we must adapt to a new time zone or have to switch from working the day shift to working the night shift), all of the major physiological functions listed above become desynchronized. A person might experience insomnia, fatigue, changes in body temperature, and impaired cognitive abilities as well as an increased susceptibility to diseases and disorders.

122. Explain the distinction between automatic and controlled processes.

Controlled processing requires active conscious effort. Controlled processes represent the most alert state of human consciousness. Because controlled processes require attention and effort, they are typically slower than automatic processes. Automatic processes are states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. Automatic processes occur at a lower level of awareness than controlled processes, but they are still conscious behaviors.

25. Which of the following would be an example of no awareness or an "unconscious" state of mind? A. Daydreaming about your upcoming vacation B. Sleeping C. Mapping out the location of your vacation destination D. Being anesthetized

D. Being anesthetized

104. Which of the following statements is true of marijuana? A. The active ingredient in marijuana is THC, which specifically affects serotonin. B. Repeated usage of marijuana can enhance attention and memory. C. Marijuana disrupts the membranes of neurons but does not affect the functioning of hormones. D. Marijuana can trigger increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors.

D. Marijuana can trigger increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors.

116. _____ meditation has beneficial effects on a variety of conditions, including depression, panic attacks, anxiety, chronic pain, stress, and psoriasis. A. View B. Concentration C. Soul D. Mindfulness

D. Mindfulness

6. _____ refers to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences. A .Theory of activation-synthesis B. Theory of mechanism C. Theory of awareness D. Theory of mind

D. Theory of mind

83. What is the most common negative consequence that binge-drinking college students create for others? A. They have serious arguments with others. B. They push or assault others. C. They damage other people's property. D. They interrupt others people's study or sleep.

D. They interrupt others people's study or sleep.

10. Identify the true statement about controlled processes. A. They require less conscious effort than automatic processes. B. They include concentrating on a specific aspect of experience while also paying attention to others. C. They are faster than automatic processes and are less likely to involve the prefrontal cortex. D. They involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.

D. They involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal.

20. Drugs, trauma, fatigue, hypnosis, and sensory deprivation typically produce A. automatic processing. B. sleep apneA.C.a state called hypnagogic reverie. D. altered states of consciousness.

D. altered states of consciousness.

12. Controlled processes A. do not require selective attention. B. occur during REM sleep. C. are the lowest or least alert state of human consciousness. D. are slower than automatic processes.

D. are slower than automatic processes.

96. The most widely used stimulants in the world are _____ and _____. A. marijuana/cocaine B. marijuana/valium C. alcohol/cocaine D. caffeine/nicotine

D. caffeine/nicotine

75. Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity are called A. inhalants. B. stimulants. C. hallucinogens. D. depressants.

D. depressants.

40. Insomnia is a disorder involving A. the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. B. sudden uncontrollable seizures. C. periodic attacks of uncontrollable sleepiness. D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

D. difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

28. Jet lag may be best explained by the A. elevation of serotonin in the prefrontal cortex. B. dramatic changes in environmental stimuli. C. dietary changes. D. effect of time shifts on the circadian rhythm.

D. effect of time shifts on the circadian rhythm.

111. The divided-consciousness view of hypnosis holds that A. hypnosis can block sensory input. B. the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave. C. hypnosis involves the retention of a single state of consciousness. D. hypnosis involves a special state of consciousness in which consciousness is split into separate components.

D. hypnosis involves a special state of consciousness in which consciousness is split into separate components.

24. It is the end of the month and Cindy has several bills yet to pay, but she does not have much money left. She spends most of the day thinking how she is going to make the payments. Later, while watching TV, she finds a solution to her problem. Cindy is demonstrating A. metacognition. B. meditation. C. hypnosis. D. incubation.

D. incubation.

42. Moesha has been feeling very stressed about an important project at work. She has difficulty falling asleep and awakens frequently during the night. Moesha is most likely suffering from A. somnambulism. B. somniloquy. C. narcolepsy. D. insomnia.

D. insomnia.

106. Luke, who frequently takes drugs, keeps complaining that his drapes are growing tentacles that are threatening to strangle him. Luke is most likely taking A. alcohol. B. Ecstasy. C. crack. D. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

D. lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

82. Which of the following is the most common negative consequence that binge-drinking college students create for themselves? A. getting hurt B. damaging property C. getting into trouble with campus or local police D. missing class

D. missing class

5. Awareness and arousal are associated with different parts of the brain. Awareness involves the _____, whereas arousal is determined by the _____. A. amygdala/hippocampus B. hippocampus/corpus callosum C. corpus callosum/hippocampus D. prefrontal cortex/reticular activating system

D. prefrontal cortex/reticular activating system

57. Grandpa is napping in his recliner, snoring loudly, when suddenly he stops snoring. You look to see if he woke up, but he is still asleep and appears to not be breathing. For a moment you wonder if he's dead, but suddenly he snorts and resumes snoring. Grandpa is displaying signs of A. insomnia. B. somnambulism. C. narcolepsy. D. sleep apnea.

D. sleep apnea.

94. Heather reported a boost in energy and a sense of well-being after taking a drug. Medical tests revealed increased activity of her central nervous system. The drug she took is most likely a A. depressant. B. tranquilizer. C. hallucinogen. D. stimulant.

D. stimulant.

7. Developmental psychologists have used a procedure called the false belief task to examine children's A. theory of activation-synthesis. B. theory of mechanism. C. theory of relativity. D. theory of mind.

D. theory of mind.

11. Identify the true statement about automatic processes. A.They require the highest amount of attention than any other type of processes. B.They need more conscious effort than controlled processes. C.They interfere with other ongoing activities. D.They are considered to be conscious behaviors.

D.They are considered to be conscious behaviors.

54. Kevin suffers from _____. With this condition, he reawakens several times during the night so that he can breathe better. A.somnambulism B.narcolepsy C.night terrors D.sleep apnea

D.sleep apnea

121. Define the five levels of awareness and give an example of each.

Higher-level consciousness involves the use of controlled processing (deliberate and effortful focus on a goal). When we are taking a math test, we are engaged in a high-level consciousness activity. Lower levels of awareness include automatic processes and daydreaming. Punching in a number on a cell phone is one such example. Automatic processes require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. Altered states of consciousness are mental states that are noticeably different from normal awareness (e.g., sleeping or dreaming). Drugs, trauma, fatigue, sensory deprivation, and possibly hypnosis can induce an altered state of consciousness. Subconscious awareness can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming. "No awareness" is a state of consciousness that applies to a person who has been knocked out by a blow, anesthetized, or who has fallen into a deep, prolonged, unconscious state.

128. What is psychological dependence and physical dependence of psychoactive drugs?

Psychological dependence is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons. Physical dependence is a physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, such as pain or craving.

125. Garrett pulled an "all-nighter" before his chemistry exam. What consequences will Garrett likely experience as a result of staying up all night to study? Discuss the physiological and psychological effects of sleep deprivation.

Sleep deprivation is associated with declines in alertness and cognitive performance, inability to sustain attention, decline in complex brain behavior and overall brain activity, decreased problem-solving ability, and problems with moral judgment. Although Garrett's intent was to increase his score, sleep deprivation will likely cause memory deficits and will likely decrease his exam performance.

124. Why do we sleep? What role does sleep play in influencing our psychological and physical health?

Sleep is essential for physical and psychological well-being. Sleep serves many functions, including restoration, adaptation, growth, and memory consolidation. All animals require sleep. Thus, sleep seems absolutely fundamental for survival. Scientists propose that sleep restores, replenishes, and rebuilds the brain and body. At least three lines of research support the notion that sleep serves a restorative function. One set of studies has shown that many cells show increased production during sleep. Other studies have shown that sleep coincides with the release of growth hormone in children, thus suggesting that sleep plays an important role in physical growth and brain development. Another set of studies has shown that sleep plays an important role in the consolidation, storage, and maintenance of memories. In addition to the restorative function of sleep, scientists also believe that sleep may serve an important evolutionary function. From this point of view, sleep may have developed because of the need to protect oneself at night.

126. Compare and contrast rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep. Do we dream during each type of sleep? If so, are there distinctions between REM and non-REM dreams?

Specialists refer to sleep stages 1-4 as non-REM sleep. REM is an active stage of sleep that occurs in stage 5. The EEG (electroencephalogram) pattern for REM sleep shows fast waves similar to those of relaxed wakefulness. During REM sleep, the sleeper's eyeballs move up and down and from left to right. Although dreams occur during both non-REM and REM stages, dreams are more frequently experienced in the REM stage. REM dreams are typically longer, more vivid, more physically active, more emotionally charged, and less related to waking life than non-REM dreams.

129. Discuss the distinctions among depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Explain how these drugs affect physical and psychological functioning.

Stimulants, like caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, increase activity in the central nervous system. Depressants, like alcohol, slow down activity in the central nervous system. Hallucinogens, like LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), and marijuana, are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences. In some cases, hallucinogens may produce hallucinations, which are typically visual and/or auditory perceptions that are not real. These drugs can affect people cognitively

127. Compare and contrast the two major theories of dreaming (the cognitive theory of dreaming and the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming).

The cognitive theory of dreaming claims that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind. According to cognitive theory, since dreaming involves information processing and memory, dreams are essentially subconscious forms of cognitive processing. Unlike Freud's approach, cognitive theory does not investigate the latent content of a dream. Instead, dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns. According to activation-synthesis theory, dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain. From this point of view, dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity. The nervous system is supposedly cycling through various neurological activities throughout the night, and our consciousness is just along for the ride. Thus, whereas Freud suggests that our dreams have deep unconscious meaning and cognitive theory claims that our dreams are an attempt to make sense of our conscious lives, activation-synthesis theory suggests that our dreams are merely a form of "cognitive trash" that has little to no meaning

130. Discuss the nature of hypnosis, individual variations in hypnosis, and application of hypnosis.

When under hypnosis, individuals are aware of what is happening. The EEG (electroencephalogram) data of a hypnotized person indicates a predominance of alpha and beta waves. A hypnotic state is most similar to a relaxed waking state. Some people are more easily hypnotized than others, and some are more strongly influenced by hypnotic suggestions. Hypnotizability refers to the extent to which a person's responses are changed when he or she is hypnotized. Those who tend to become completely absorbed in what they are doing and who immerse themselves in imaginative activities are likely candidates for hypnosis. Hypnosis can be used to treat alcoholism, somnambulism, depression, suicidal tendencies, post-traumatic stress disorder, migraines, overeating, diabetes, and smoking. Research indicates that hypnosis is most useful for pain reduction.