psych ch 7

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the _____ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Ginkgo biloba

the disruption of memory because other information competes with teh information we are trying to recall

Interference

Occurs when retrieval of encoded and stored memories is actively inhibited; often associated w.memories of traumatic experience, "recovered memories"

Repression

inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of a disease or an injury

Retrograde

implicit long-term memory occurs in the _____ (basil ganglia, amygdala, cerebellum)

Subcortex

ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

acronym

memory loss due to brain injury or disease

amnesia

selective recall of past events to fit out current beliefs; rewriting/editing memories of past events based on what we now know/believe

consistency bias

consists of the conscious recall of facts and events

explicit

Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:

forgetting curve

The repeated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long-term one occurs mostly in the

hippocampus

consolidates the memory through repetition and rehearsal; consolidation process; requires prefrontal engagement to maintain focus ("working memory")

hippocampus

is critical in forming long-term memories

hippocampus

made up of knowledge based on previous experiences; resides outside of conscious awareness

implicit

When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into

implicit memory

part of memory that has capacity to store vast amounts of information; 30 seconds to upwards of a lifetime

long-term memory

In the context of memory distortion, _____ occurs when information learned after the original event (crime) is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true.

misinformation effect

________ of memory; human memory is not an objective recorder of events

nature

are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other.

neural networks

type of implicit mem- ____________ memory

nondeclarative

In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the stage of midlevel processing?

phonemic

part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a brief period of time; typically 0.5 seconds or less but upwards of 2-3 seconds

sensory memory

carry sensation from sense organs to the thalamus

sensory neurons

part of memory that temporality stores limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten, 2-30 seconds, necessary for tasks like reading, talking listening

short-term memory

occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by someone else or some other source; ie). Eye witness testimony and false memories (Loftus)

suggestibility

relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex for processing

thalamus

part of memory required to attend and solve a problem at hand

working memory

chronic degenerative brain disease; results in progressive memory loss, ending w/complete memory loss, typically affects people ages 60+, typical life expectancy after diagnosis is 3-9 years

Alzheimer's disease

Inability to retrieve some information once it is stored; type-of-the-tongue phenomenom

Blocking

In the context of memory distortion, when is an individual most prone to having his or her memories modified through suggestibility?

In the interval between an experience and the time he or she is asked to recall it

belief that a memory came form one source when it actually came from another; confusion sources vs. memory binding, cryptomnesia

Misattribution

forgetfulness due to the fleeting nature of some memories; most common (decay)

Transcience

type of explicit mem- ______ memory

declaratory memory

Which is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?

focusing and switching attention

collected through feeling or touching something

haptiuc

general to specific; type of storage

heirchary

brief visual record left on the retina of the eye

ionic memory

the ability to store and use information, also refers to the store of what has been learned and remembered

memory

visiual cortex belongs to the ________ lobe

occipital

sensory cortex belongs to the ______ lobe

parietal

occurs because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information; cause of serial position effect

proactive

recovery of information stored in memory; explicit vs implicit

retrieval

tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position on the list; primary vs recency

serial position effects

retention of memory over time; common methods of storing: hierarchy, schemas, networks

storage

capacity for short term memory is limited between _____ items

5-9

explicit long-term memory occurs in the _______ (specifically area where original sensation was processed)

Cortex

unintentional plagiarism of someone else's ideas, believing an idea to be original or new

Cryptomnesia

different types of long-term memory are stored in; explicit vs implicit

Different places in the brain

In the context of memory formation, what is a characteristic of flashbulb memories?

They are highly emotionally charged

process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; resists distraction, inference, and decay, role of sleep in consolidation

consolidation

short-term retention of sounds

echoic memory

is the first processing stage in long-term em or formation

encoding

process by which brain attends to, take in, and integrates new information; automatic processing, effortfull processing

encoding

type of explicit mem- recalls the experience we have had

episodic memory

weakening or loss of memories over time

forgettinmg

To study _____, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word.

midlevel processing

type of implicit mem- behavior, physical skills

procedural memory

In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon of short-term memory called

serial position effect

Forgetfulness that results from inattention; results from dividend attention, increases w/age

Absent-mindness

inability to remember events and experiences that occur after

anterograde

process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units

chunking

Occurs with careful attention and conscious effort

effort-full processing

repeated recall of please at or unpleasant experiences even when trying to actively forget them; frequently connected to emotions, ie). PTSD

persistence

active in the recall of long-term memory; requires attention and focus, hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

determines where to focus attention in our environment, transfers information to hippocampus

prefrontal cortex

type of implicit mem- recall improved by earlier exposure to same/similar stimuli

priming

occurs because new experiences of information cause people to forget previously learned experiences or information; ie). Eyewitness testimony

retroactive

memories created through association of characterstics; type of storage

schemas

type of explicit mem- recalls fast and general knowledge

semantic memory

False memories are an example of

suggestibility

auditory complex belongs to the ______ lobe

temporal