PSYCH CH 9 SB
One important factor for the sensation of _____ is the change in the glucose levels in the blood.
hunger
Motivation for sexual behavior is centered in the _______________________________ in the brain.
hypothalamus
Researchers have shown the importance of the _____ in sexual activity by electrically stimulating or surgically removing it.
hypothalamus
Gender differences in emotion are _____.
more tied to social context than biological sex
is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.
motivation
In drive reduction theory, a _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce that deprivation.
need
Emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as which of the following?
negative affect
Which of the following has been shown to predict people's sexual orientations?
neither their parent's sexual orientation nor their parents' parenting style
investigators typically find ____________ differences among lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and heterosexuals in a wide range of attitudes, behaviors, and psychological adjustment
no
Jeannie loves to sew and used to spend many hours sewing for pleasure. Now that her friends pay her to make and mend clothes for them, Jeannie finds sewing to be a chore. According to research on motivation, Jeannie's loss of intrinsic motivation may be due to the fact that she _____.
now perceives the money as her sole motivation to sew
Research on the role of genetics in obesity has found that _____.
obesity has a significant genetic component
The deep feeling of relaxation that follows orgasm is linked with which hormone?
oxytocin
Which psychologist demonstrated the universality of emotions by studying members of an isolated New Guinea jungle tribe?
paul ekman
Why doesn't drive reduction theory comprehensively explain human behavior?
people frequently behave in ways that increase drives
Which of these are results of research on eating behavior? (Select all that apply.)
people frequently ignore stomach cues when deciding how much to eat larger portion sizes are associated with increased food intake
The basic premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _____.
people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs
According to Maslow, the most basic need is _____.
physiological
The James-Lange theory says that emotion results from _____ states triggered by stimuli in the environment.
physiological
place maslow's stages in order, starting with the bottom of the pyramid
physiological safety love and belongingness esteem self-actualization
the two lowest-level needs in maslow's hierarchy of needs are _____________ needs and ______________ needs
physiological; safety
Emotions such as happiness and joy are classified as which of the following?
positive affect
A key difference between the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is that in the first, physiological changes _____; in the latter, physiological changes _____.
precede emotional experience; occur at the same time
Research has shown that an important aspect of sexual minority well-being is coping with _____.
prejudice and discrimination
Which of the following have been shown by research to be effective at reducing mindless eating? (Select all that apply.)
providing visual cues regarding how much has been eaten using smaller dishes
In a study by Schachter and Singer (1962), participants who were aroused as a result of receiving an injection of epinephrine did which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
rated themselves as happy when they were with a happy person rated themselves as angry when they were with an angry person were not influenced by the emotions of others if they had been told the injection would make them feel jittery
Research with rats has shown that damage to the lateral hypothalamus has what effect?
rats may starve to death
The process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self-_____.
regulation
in self-determination theory, _____________ refers to the need to belong and feel close to others
relatedness
The capacity to thrive during difficult times and cope successfully with adversity is known as _____.
resilience
The sympathetic nervous system causes an increase in which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
respiration heart rate blood pressure
according to maslow, _________________ __________________ is the motivation to reach one's full potential as a human being
self-actualization
Michael wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. To achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. Michael's behavior is consistent with the process of _____.
self-regulation
When looking at the biology of weight, the point is partly determined by the amount of fat stored in the body.
set
Which of the following could researchers possibly define as "having sex"?
sexting an attractive friend
The direction of someone's erotic interests is called their _____.
sexual orientation
When setting goals, people can maximize their odds of success if they form goals that are _____.
specific and moderately challenging
Research has called into question many of the established differences between males and females, primarily due to what reason?
study design
Both Max and Suzie are excellent and well practiced singers. During their American Idol audition, Max is feeling super relaxed, whereas Suzie is feeling a little bit nervous. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, who should perform best in the audition?
suzie
the _______________ nervous system prepares the body for action, whereas the ________________ nervous system calms the body
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Increasing _____ in women increases sex drive and the frequency of satisfying sexual experiences, thought it may amplify the risk for breast cancer.
testosterone
Which of the following play an important role in the biology of hunger? (Select all that apply.)
the hypothalamus stomach contractions blood chemistry
According to Maslow, self-actualization is _____.
the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being
Which statements about the accuracy of polygraphs are correct? (Select all that apply.)
the results can be affected by drugs in the person's body results can be flawed because people may be aroused for reasons other than lying
Paul Ekman's study demonstrated that different cultures express emotions in _____.
the same way
Which of the following represents a controversy concerning self-determination theory?
the three needs may not be universal
Which statement about sexual orientation is most accurate?
there is no credible research showing sexual orientation to be something that can be voluntarily changed
Which of the following is true of positive and negative emotions?
they can be high or low in arousal
During the weeks following the 9/11 crisis, researchers found which of the following about resilient individuals? (Select all that apply.)
they demonstrated the capacity to experience positive emotions alongside negative ones they were less likely than nonresilient individuals to feel depressed they remained more aware of the positive aspect of life
The _____ theory of emotion says that emotion is affected by both physiological arousal and our interpretation of the situation.
two-factor
While hiking with friends, you notice the trail is coming close to a cliff. You're not sure if you should feel nervous so you look at your friends' faces. They look scared, so you begin to feel scared. What theory of emotion does this support?
two-factor
Donald Marshall found that Mangaian boys in the South Pacific _____. (Select all that apply.)
undergo a ritual that includes having intercourse with an experienced woman are taught about masturbation are encouraged to masturbate as often as they would like to
Which of the following would researchers define as "having sex"? (Select all that apply.)
vaginal intercourse oral and anal sex
What is the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion called?
valence
A person who is sexually attracted to people of both sexes might self-identify as which of the following?
bisexual
Which of the following fundamental needs operate via homeostasis? (Select all that apply.)
body temperature sleep
Which of the following is correct with respect to the primacy debate of cognition and emotion?
both views are probably right
Which statements about gender and emotion are true? (Select all that apply.)
brain studies show that men are typically more responsive than women to positive stimuli men and women generally describe their emotional experiences similarly
Barbara Fredrickson proposed the _____ model, which argues that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on our attention and ability to build resources.
broaden and build
What is the difference between a drive and a need, according to drive reduction theory?
a need is a physical deprivation, whereas a drive is an aroused state that occurs in response to the need
Researchers today think of sexual orientation as on a continuum. What does this mean?
a person's erotic interests may range from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations
With respect to research on gender differences in emotional expressions, which of the following is true?
women and men are often more alike in the way they experience emotions than stereotypes suggest
The _____ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal.
yerkes-dodson law
according to research, approx ___________american children are overweight
1 in 6
Around _____ percent of American children are overweight or obese.
16
Our bodies have a hormone that signals the brain and tells it that it is time to stop eating. What is this hormone called?
CCK
the _______________-only approach to sex education emphasizes that sexual behavior should be reserved for marriage
abstinence
The _____ is one of the brain structures involved in emotion, although most research has focused on its role in the experience of negative emotion.
amygdala
class of sex hormones, such as testosterone, that are predominant in males
androgens
stomach contractions play an important role in the biology of
arousal
Two independent dimensions describe a large number of emotional states. This is sometimes called a circumplex model or wheel of mood states. What are these two independent dimensions?
arousal and valence
in self-determination theory, the need of _______________ refers to our desire to have control over our own lives
autonomy
The classic experiment that revealed a close association between stomach contractions and hunger was conducted by which of the following researchers?
cannon and washburn
Which hormone helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating?
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Which of the following have been shown to enhance happiness? (Select all that apply:)
committing to personally meaningful goals actively focusing on things to be gratetful for physical activity
The polygraph test attempts to detect lies by _____.
comparing a person's heart rate and breathing when answering various questions
In self-determination theory, ____________________ refers to the need to be effective and master the skills needed to produce desired outcomes.
competence
In self-determination theory, the need of _____ involves self-efficacy and mastery.
competence
The three basic needs of self-determination theory are which of the following?
competence, autonomy, and relatedness
The Cannon and Washburn experiment proved that every time we have hunger pangs, the stomach also
contracts
In male cats, damage to the temporal lobe may result in _____.
copulation with inappropriate partners
Sexual beliefs and behaviors vary from place to place, suggesting that _____ factors play a role in sexual motivation.
cultural
An early sex research pioneer, Alfred Kinsey, gathered data from anyone willing to talk to him. Why was using this interview technique and collecting data in this way a problem?
his sample was essentially self-selected and not representative
the body's tendency to maintain a balanced state
homeostasis
The ordering of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is _____.
debatable
Compared to abstinence-only education, sex education programs that emphasize contraceptive knowledge _____ the rates of adolescent pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections.
decrease
Which of the following physiological changes are associated with activation of the parasympathetic nervous system? (Select all that apply.)
decreased blood pressure promotion of healing an increase in the digestion of food
Happiness is a universally expressed emotion, but when, where, and how it is exhibited may vary from one culture to another. This is an example of the cultural-specificity of rules.
display
_____ rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.
display
In some cultures, people are expected to be more open about expressing their emotions in public, but in others, people are expected to maintain a neutral facial expression and only discuss emotions in private with close friends and family. This is an example of _____ in action.
display rules
A ____________________________is the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
drive
What is term for the motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need?
drive
A _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas a _____ involves a physiological state.
drive; need
Damage to the hypothalamus may produce dramatic changes in _____.
eating
are the main class of female sex hormones, produced principally by the ovaries.
estrogens
People are most likely to accomplish their goals if they do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
evaluate their progress periodically set concrete goals
The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history.
evolutionary
the _________________ approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior
evolutionary
The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of nonspecific arousal based on which of the following?
external cues
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the _____ hypothesis.
facial-feedback
True or false: A person's sexual orientation is defined by whom he or she has engaged in sexual activity with.
false
True or false: Most psychologists agree that the polygraph is an effective method of lie detection.
false
True or false: People can be talked into changing their sexual orientation.
false
Which of the following are examples of a need, according to drive reduction theory? (Select all that apply.)
food oxygen
Although they play a role in sexual orientation, _____ are not as strong an influence as they are for other characteristics, such as intelligence.
genes
Studies suggest that we can increase our happiness and psychological well-being by expressing which of the following?
gratitude
In activities such as sports, being too aroused usually _____ athletes.
harms
Which of these are measured by a polygraph test? (Select all that apply.)
heart rate respiration skin conductance level
What has research shown about the role of genes in explaining sexual orientation?
heritability for sexual orientation appears to be modest
most gay individuals have _____________ parents
heterosexual
How has Maslow's hierarchy of needs been criticized? (Select all that apply.)
in real life, people often forgo lower-level needs in order to meet higher-level ones maslow underestimated the human capacity for actualization even in difficult circumstances
Which of the following stimulate hunger? (Select all that apply.)
increased levels of insulin low blood glucose levels
Many of the the things we do, such as taking a challenging course at school or raising a family, involve _____ drives.
increasing
Self-determination theory has been criticized by some studies for being focused on values more important to _____ cultures.
individualistic
When an infant begins sucking when something is placed in their mouth, this is an example of a(n)
instinct
When somebody says, "All people have aggressive tendencies. It's necessary for survival," they are endorsing the _____ approach to motivation.
instinct
an innate or inborn biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species
instinct
The hormone _____ plays an important role in glucose control.
insulin
The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation.
intrinsic; extrinsic
Research shows that people typically are more enthusiastic about an activity and show improved performance when they are _____ motivated.
intrinsically
Do thoughts precede emotions or emotions precede thoughts?
it can go either way, depending on the circumstances
What happens to the sensation of hunger as blood glucose levels rise?
it declines
Which of the following are true about the amygdala in the brain? (Select all that apply.)
it is activated when we encounter survival relevant stimuli it plays a central role in the emotion of fear it is linked with emotional memories
When you are on a first date, your hands begin to sweat, and you begin to feel nervous. What theory of emotion would say that the sweating caused the nervousness?
james-lange
Which of the following are true of Kinsey and his interview techniques? (Select all that apply.)
kinsey used an interview technique in which he talked to whomever volunteered kinsey was a pioneer in sexual research
damage to the ____________ hypothalamus may cause an animal to starve to death
lateral
the __________ hypothalamus stimulates eating, whereas the ______________ hypothalamus reduces eating behavior
lateral; ventromedial
Michael always craves cake at birthday parties, even though he rarely thinks about cake otherwise. This is an example of a(n) _____.
learned association
A gene that controls the production of _____ appears to be implicated in human obesity.
leptin
Research on facial expressions of emotion has shown that _____.
many emotions are expressed the same way in all cultures
Which of the following trends are shown in recent research on Americans' sexual behavior? (Select all that apply.)
married individuals report that sexual satisfaction matters to relationship satisfaction unmarried individuals reported having sex more often than their married peers
Research results show that men _____. (Select all that apply.)q
masturbate more frequently more than women do rate the strength of their sex drive higher than women do have more permissive attitudes about casual sex than women do
Providing information about the number of calories and amount of fat contained in the food offered at restaurants has been shown to help reduce _____.
mindless eating
Compared to nonresilient individuals, resilient individuals are which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
more able to buffer themselves from distress by using positive emotions less likely to respond to negative events with depression better at regulating their emotional response to stressors
According to research, those born in the 1930s reported having sex _____ those born in the 1990s.
more often than
