Psych Ch8 extra review

8. Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely: A. to be depressed. B. to achieve more in school. C. to have lots of friends. D. to be foreclosed.

A. to be depressed.

33. Bruce, a second-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is in: A. a state of psychological confusion. B. a period of crystallization. C. a state of deindividuation. D. a state of psychosocial moratorium.

D. a state of psychosocial moratorium.

28. According to the textbook, which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem? A. academic achievement B. parental love C. supportive friends D. religious affiliation

D. religious affiliation

40. Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity moratorium state? A. Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them B. Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration C. Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration D. Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity; she has made identity commitments after a period of exploration

C. Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration

41. Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity diffusion state? A. Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them B. Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration C. Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration D. Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity; she has made identity commitments after a period of exploration

A. Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make them

18. Based on findings from research studies, compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8- to 11-year-olds), which of the following statements about young adolescents' self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false? A. Early adolescents experience a sharp increase in self-esteem'. B. Early adolescents have lower self-esteem. C. Early adolescents are more self-conscious. D. Early adolescents have a more unstable self-image.

A. Early adolescents experience a sharp increase in self-esteem'.

32. Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity? A. Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas B. Melvin, who has a moderate number of alternatives available to him in a few different arenas C. Jay, who has few alternatives available to him and is expected to follow in his father's footsteps D. All of these adolescents are likely to have difficulty establishing a sense of identity.

A. Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

26. Tony and Jeff, both Black adolescents, attend different schools. Tony attends a school where his ethnic group is in the majority and Jeff attends a predominately White school. What do studies predict about Tony and/or Jeff's self-perception? A. Tony will have fewer self-image problems than Jeff. B. Tony will have more self-image problems than Jeff. C. Both Tony and Jeff will have high self-esteem. D. Both Tony and Jeff will have low self-esteem.

A. Tony will have fewer self-image problems than Jeff.

25. Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves? A. White females B. White males C. Black females D. Black males

A. White females

39. According to the textbook, which identity status is associated with a coherent sense of identity? A. achievement B. foreclosure C. moratorium D. diffusion

A. achievement

50. According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for their ethnic group typically: A. are more sensitive to racial cues. B. are less sensitive to racial cues. C. have low private regard. D. have high private regard.

A. are more sensitive to racial cues.

52. The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporary increases during middle adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis. A. gender intensification B. self-image stability C. sex-role stereotyping D. androgyny

A. gender intensification

36. James has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing: A. identity diffusion. B. negative identity. C. identity foreclosure. D. psychosocial moratorium.

A. identity diffusion

37. Identities that are undesirable to parents and community members are referred to by Erikson as: A. negative identities. B. marginal identities. C. false identities. D. offensive identities.

A. negative identities.

53. Which of the following statements is not true regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence? A. During adolescence, girls can be highly pressured to behave in feminine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some masculine traits at the same time. B. During adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time. C. Boys' gender-role socialization does not intensify during adolescence as much as it does for girls because boys' gender-role socialization is very intense from childhood. D. Girls may feel increasingly pressured to dress nicely and to wear makeup when they reach adolescence, but they are not pressured to give up athletics.

B. During adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time.

29. Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true? A. Having high self-esteem boosts scholastic achievement. B. High achievement in school boosts self-esteem. C. High achievement in school and high self-esteem are spuriously related. D. The direction of the effect between high achievement in school and high self-esteem is bidirectional.

B. High achievement in school boosts self-esteem.

34. Since Ignacio became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Ignacio's parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he's going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called: A. identity foreclosure. B. psychosocial moratorium. C. identity confusion. D. negative identity.

B. psychosocial moratorium.

9. Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects: A. the drive toward positive self-esteem. B. the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves. C. a false sense of self-concept. D. All of the above.

B. the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

49. According to the textbook, having race as a central part of one's identity has the following impact(s) on adolescent development: A. it may make adolescents more sensitive to discrimination. B. it may help adolescents cope better with discrimination. C. A and B are both true. D. Neither A nor B is true.

C. A and B are both true.

6. When the author of the textbook, Laurence Steinberg, says that "Some researchers have argued that the question of whether self-esteem is stable during adolescence is a poor one," what does he mean? A. Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because it is impossible to measure self-esteem, let alone measure whether it changes during adolescence. B. Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because self-esteem does not change across development; self-esteem is one of the most stable traits. C. Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hide substantial differences between people. D. Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is poor because the answer is incredibly obvious and, as a result, it does not deserve any more scientific research.

C. Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hide substantial differences between people.

35. Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called: A. false-self behavior. B. moratorium. C. identity diffusion. D. marginal identity.

C. identity diffusion.

10. Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ with close friends. A. authentically; inauthentic behavior B. authentically; authentic behavior C. inauthentically; false-self behavior D. inauthentically; true-self behavior

C. inauthentically; false-self behavior

14. Racial socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is not one of these themes? A. getting along in mainstream society B. dealing with racism C. intolerance of the majority culture D. understanding one's own culture

C. intolerance of the majority culture

7. Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent's and the child's self-concept? A. Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children. B. Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves. C. The adolescent's self varies over time and across situations. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above.

43. Recent identity research has debunked which of the following myths about identity development in adolescence? A. There is an identity crisis that is resolved during adolescence. B. There is a clear, systematic order in which all individuals must pass through the stages of identity development. C. Identity achievement is the final state of identity development for all individuals. D. All of these ideas about identity development in adolescence are myths that have been debunked in research studies.

D. All of these ideas about identity development in adolescence are myths that have been debunked in research studies.

20. Which of the following is not a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image? A. egocentrism B. they are learning that it is not always possible to tell what people are thinking on the basis of how they act or what they say C. because of the increased importance of peers in early adolescence D. because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

D. because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

21. According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves: A. globally B. along several distinct dimensions C. in constant comparison to their peers and their ideal self D. both A and B are correct

D. both A and B are correct

5. As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more: A. negative. B. optimistic. C. disorganized. D. differentiated.

D. differentiated.

42. A sense of identity is typically crystallized: A. in early adolescence. B. throughout the adolescent period. C. in late adolescence. D. in late adolescence to the early 20s.

D. in late adolescence to the early 20s.