psych chap 3

Which of the following is most likely to occur if an individual did not have a sense of smell?

An onion and an apple might taste the same.

__________refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.

Clairvoyance

_________ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.​

Closure

Which of the following scenarios illustrates subliminal stimulation?

In an experiment, an audio track was played at such low volume that the participants were not even conscious of it.

Which of the following is true of psychokinesis?

It refers to mentally manipulating or moving objects.

Despite being blind, Brian has never had a problem understanding how to use his limbs. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?

Kinesthesis

Which of the following is the function of the iris?

Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye

Explain Ronald Melzack's gate theory.

Ronald Melzack's gate theory explains that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region. Basically, the nervous system can only process a limited amount of information at a time.

_________ usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. People with this condition tend to be more sensitive to some pitches than others.​

Sensorineural deafness

__________usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. People with this condition tend to be more sensitive to some pitches than others.

Sensorineural-deafness

What is sensory adaptation? Define the two types of sensory adaptation.

Sensory adaptation is the process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that remain the same, such as the background noises outside the window. Two types of sensory adaptation are sensitization, which is the process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation, and desensitization, which is the process by becoming less sensitive to stimulation.

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.

TRUE

Frequency and amplitude are independent.

TRUE

Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

TRUE

In the context of the pitch and loudness of sound, which of the following is true?

The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound.

Amy and George were practicing singing for their university cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Amy sing the verses in a high pitch as it sounded better. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision?

The pitch of a woman's voice is usually higher than that of man's voice.

What are the two types of deafness? Distinguish between the two of them.

The two types of deafness are conductive and sensorineural. Conductive deafness stems from damage to the structures of the middle ear whereas sensorineural deafness stems from the damage to the inner ear.

Kevin, a 25-year-old man, is scared of sleeping in the dark at night. However, he cannot keep the lights on in the room as they are too bright. So, Kevin buys a bedside lamp that emits minimal light, which is just enough for him to see. Which concept does this scenario exemplify and is it the same for everyone?

This concept is dark adaptation because it is the process by adjusting to lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones. It can be much different depending on the person because the rate of how rods and cones adjust vary from person to person

In which of the following ways do receptor neurons transmit information about odors to the brain?

Through the olfactory nerve

Which of the following is a function of the middle ear?

To increase the pressure of air entering the ear

Distinguish between top-down and bottom-up processing.

Top-down processing is the use of contextual information/knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern whereas bottom-up processing is the organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize or form an image of, the pattern they compose.

Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?

Visual illusion

Which of the following is true of Weber's constant?

Weber's constant for light is inaccurate when extremely bright or dull lights are compared.

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?

When skin temperature decreases

Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surface of the different pieces of fabric to get an exact feel of it. This continuous feeling provided sensory input from the object and was known as _____.​

active touching

Vibrations in the fluids within the chambers of the inner ear press against the _________.​

basilar membrane

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled _________.​

complementary colors

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled__________.

complementary colors

Jack was teaching his son, Philip, types of geometric shapes. As part of an exercise, Jack asked Philip to identify the different shapes drawn on a sheet of paper. Jack noticed that a part of the image of circle was erased accidentally, and there was a blot of ink left on that spot. Nevertheless, Philip identified the shape as a circle. This response of Philip is best explained by the law of__________.

continuity

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed _________.

extrasensory perception

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed__________.

extrasensory-perception

While looking at a painting in an art gallery, many of Jinan's brain cells fire in response to lines presented at various angles, while others fire in response to specific colors. These brain cells are termed _____.​

feature detectors

Visual acuity (sharpness and detail) is greatest at the _________.​

fovea

According to the _________, the nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time.

gate theory

The term__________is derived from the ancient Greek words for "motion" and "perception".

kinesthesis

The__________adjusts or accommodates to the image by changing its thickness.

lens

When Shae was going through a book, she noticed a page on which several stars were drawn. Even though all the stars were identical and equal in size, some of them were closer to each other while the others were far away. This led Shae to immediately perceive the stars as belonging to two different groups. This perception of groups can be best explained by the law of__________.

proximity

In the context of the human eye, the size of the _________ is also sensitive to an individual's emotions.​

pupil

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater, which exits into the courtyard of a mall. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.​

pupils

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?

savory

Michelle is walking on the road when she suddenly hears an intermittent ringing of church bells. She is unable to detect the source of the sound and looks around. She continues to walk ahead and slightly turns her head to the right. The intensity suddenly increases in her left ear. In this case, the sound of the church bells is most likely coming from__________.

the-front

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations constitutes _____. ​

visible light

Which of the following statements is true in the context of color blindness?

Dichromats are sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow colors.

In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?

Frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.

Mitch has been an organizer for rock concerts for over five years. He enjoys rock concerts and has attended several since the time he was in high school. For the past few days, he has been experiencing a weird ringing sensation in his ears, after getting out of a concert. He also finds it difficult to hear people who are very soft-spoken. What is likely to have happened to Mitch, is it likely to get worse, and what could be the solution?

Mitch most likely is experiencing sensorineural deafness that is from being around loud noises too frequently. It could get worse over years if he keeps exposing himself to those situations with loud sounds. The solution could be to get cochlear implants that contain microphones that sense sounds and electronic equipment that transmits sounds past damaged hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve.

In the context of difference threshold, identify the correct statement.

On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1%.

In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?

Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.