Psych Chapter 10

If you asked 4-year-old Hannah to describe herself, which of the following is she most likely to say? A) "I am friendly." B) "I am smart." C) "I am helpful." D) "I do not like bugs."

"I do not like bugs."

If you asked 3-year-old Aidan to tell you about himself, which of the following is he most likely to say? A) "I have a new cat." B) "I am funny." C) "I am a good boy." D) "I am shy."

"I have a new cat."

Which of the following is supported by research on child abuse? A) A single abusive personality type is a common thread among abusers B) Most parents who were abused as children become child abusers. C) Fathers engage in neglect more often than mothers. D) Maternal and paternal rates of physical abuse are fairly similar.

Maternal and paternal rates of physical abuse are fairly similar.

Of the following, which is supported by research on emotional understanding? A) Preschoolers whose mothers negotiate during conflicts with them show delayed emotional understanding. B) Preschoolers whose parents talk about diverse emotions are better able to judge others' emotions. C) With age, preschoolers engage in less emotion talk with siblings and friends. D) The less preschoolers refer to feelings when interacting with peers, the better they are liked by their peers.

Preschoolers whose parents talk about diverse emotions are better able to judge others' emotions.

___________ plays a role in whether empathy prompts sympathetic, prosocial behavior or a personally distressed, self-focused response. A) Effortful control B) Emotional masking C) Temperament D) Birth order

Temperament

When her friend, Reagan, loses her favorite toy, 4-year-old Nahla puts her arm around Reagan and offers to give Reagan a cookie from her lunch. Nahla's emotional response to Reagan's loss exhibits A) sympathy. B) effortful control . C) emotional self-regulation. D) empathy.

empathy.

Two-year-old Beck runs around the room, grabs a car and rolls it on the floor, and then pokes at some play dough. Beck is engaging in ___________ play. A) constructive B) functional C) parallel D) make-believe

functional

Research on gender typing demonstrates that teachers A) tend to negotiate with boys who misbehave, coming up with a joint plan to improve behavior. B) use more disapproval and controlling discipline with girls than with boys. C) give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities. D) seem to expect girls to misbehave more often than boys.

give girls more encouragement than boys to participate in adult-structured activities.

By age 3, children with a history of parental criticism A) give up easily when faced with a challenge. B) are usually nonemotional after failing. C) are nonetheless enthusiastic and highly motivated. D) seek approval and anticipate it.

give up easily when faced with a challenge.

When guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not accompanied by shame, it is related to A) ineffective parenting. B) good adjustment. C) poor emotional self-regulatory skills. D) an insecure attachment.

good adjustment.

A child who believes that all firefighters are boys A) is a gender-aschematic child. B) has not yet attained gender constancy. C) has an incomplete gender identity. D) has well-formed gender schemas.

has well-formed gender schemas.

When her two sons fight over rights and possessions, Laura allows the boys to negotiate and work out their first ideas about justice and fairness. She then talks to them warmly and discusses moral issues with them. As a result, Laura's sons will probably A) have advanced moral thinking. B) rarely fight with each other. C) tend toward physical, rather than verbal, aggression in fights. D) experience feelings of frustration and be delayed in moral reasoning.

have advanced moral thinking.

Shelby and Sharon are 4 years old and are best friends. They probably A) count on each other's emotional support. B) have similar values and attitudes. C) feel lasting trust and caring for each other. D) have fun playing together.

have fun playing together.

Androgynous children and adults A) are less adaptable than those with traditional gender identities. B) score low on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. C) are less able to show feminine sensitivity than masculine individuals. D) have higher self-esteem than feminine individuals.

have higher self-esteem than feminine individuals.

Inductive discipline A) promotes only momentary compliance, not lasting changes in behavior. B) teaches children to expect rewards for good behavior. C) helps children see how their actions affect others. D) often leads to high levels of self-blame among children.

helps children see how their actions affect others.

One of the best ways for Johann's mom to promote peer interaction skills is for her to A) provide opportunities for Johann to play with peers. B) avoid arranging frequent play dates that may overwhelm Johann. C) avoid providing specific suggestions to Johann on how to interact with other children. D) prevent Johann from interacting with children who have conflicts with Johann.

provide opportunities for Johann to play with peers.

Riley's authoritarian parents interrupt him and put down his ideas. When Riley makes choices they disagree with, his parents withdraw their affection. Riley's parents are using _______ control to manipulate him. A) direct B) authoritative C) psychological D) permissive

psychological

In Denyse's preschool classroom, girls spent more time in the housekeeping, art, and reading corners, while boys gathered more often in the areas devoted to blocks, woodworking, and active play. This conformity to these cultural stereotypes is known as gender A) typing. B) identity. C) segregation. D) schema.

typing.

Condi's parents are emotionally detached. Her father is depressed and her mother has little time or energy for Condi and her brother. They neglect their children and are indifferent to issues of autonomy. Condi's parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing. A) permissive B) uninvolved C) authoritarian D) authoritative

uninvolved

Studies of self-esteem demonstrate that preschoolers A) tend to overestimate the difficulty of tasks. B) usually have an accurate understanding of their abilities. C) usually rate their own abilities as extremely high. D) give up easily when faced with a challenging task.

usually rate their own abilities as extremely high.

Erikson described early childhood as a period of A) doubt-filled industry. B) vigorous unfolding. C) trusting simplicity. D) autonomous initiative.

vigorous unfolding.

When parents are _________, their children are likely to react in a concerned way to the distress of others. A) warm and sensitive B) permissive C) authoritarian D) attentive, but discourage emotional expressiveness

warm and sensitive

Five-year-old Sean realizes that his brother Shane remains a boy even when he dresses up like a girl as a joke. This demonstrates that Sean has acquired gender A) constancy. B) identity. C) preference. D) orientation.

constancy.

Three-year-old Sasha makes a structure out of toy blocks. Sasha is engaging in _________ play. A) make-believe B) parallel C) constructive D) functional

constructive

Jade and Christiana are playing house. Jade is pretending to be the mom and Christiana is pretending to be the dad. Two dolls are used as their children. They are engaged in _______ play. A) parallel B) cooperative C) associative D) nonsocial

cooperative

Although verbal aggression is always _______, ________ aggression can be either direct or indirect. A) indirect; physical B) indirect; relational C) indirect; instrumental D) direct; relational

direct; relational

Four-year-old D'Andre is upset when his friends exclude him from a game. D'Andre sits in the sandbox alone and plays with the dump truck instead. D'Andre is displaying A) effortful control. B) situational empathy. C) scaffolding. D) altruistic behavior.

effortful control.

At a parade, 3-year-old Kyle puts his fingers in his ears when he hears the fire trucks coming down the street. Kyle is displaying A) scaffolding. B) situational empathy. C) social problem-solving. D) emotional self-regulation.

emotional self-regulation.

When Erin takes her brother's book away and makes him cry, Erin's father says, "Your brother is crying because you took his book away. Your behavior disappointed me." Erin's father is using ____________ as a means of influencing Erin. A) coercion B) empathy-based guilt C) fear of loss of parental love D) shame

empathy-based guilt

According to research on cultural variations in personal storytelling, which of the following self-descriptions is most likely to come from a Chinese child? A) "I do lots of puzzles." B) "I like pigs." C) "I am really smart." D) "I help my sister wash dishes."

"I help my sister wash dishes."

Which of the following disciplinary statements is the most likely to promote prosocial behavior? A) "Pushing your sister is not okay." B) "Your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down." C) "You should be ashamed of yourself. Good girls do not push." D) "Only bad girls push their sisters."

"Your sister is crying because you pushed her and she fell down."

By age ____, children use words to evaluate their own and others' actions. A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5

2

Physical abuse accounts for ____ percent of reported cases of child maltreatment. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40

20

Surveys of U.S. parents indicate that ________ percent of preschoolers experience no limits on TV or computer use at home. A) 2 to 5 B) 5 to 10 C) 10 to 15 D) 20 to 30

20 to 30

Silas and Jake are engaged in a conflict over a ball on the playground. Jake grabs the ball away. Silas hits Jake. Jake runs crying to the nearest adult. Silas and Jake are probably _____ years old. A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 9

4

Reylynne describes herself by saying, "I'm helpful, but I'm shy." Reylynne is probably A) under 3 years old. B) 3 to 5 years old. C) 4 to 5 years old. D) not a preschooler.

4 to 5 years old.

In the United States, _____ percent of television programs between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m. contain violent scenes. A) 7 B) 17 C) 37 D) 57

57

Which of the following is true about harsh punishment? A) Although corporal punishment spans the SES spectrum, its frequency and harshness are elevated among the educated and economically advantaged parents. B) A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time because harsh punishment gives adults immediate relief. C) Adults whose parents used corporal punishment are less accepting of such discipline because they've seen the consequences firsthand. D) There is no evidence that heredity contributes to the link between punitive discipline and children's adjustment difficulties.

A punitive adult is likely to punish with greater frequency over time because harsh punishment gives adults immediate relief.

_____________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept. A) Early birth order B) A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship C) Permissive parenting D) Authoritarian parenting

A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship

Which of the following is supported by research on peer sociability during the preschool years? A) All types of play coexist during early childhood. B) Nonsocial activity increases with age. C) By kindergarten age, children rarely engage in nonsocial activity. D) From ages 3 to 6 years, the frequency of solitary play decreases.

All types of play coexist during early childhood.

Which of the following is true about aggression? A) Proactive aggression rises over early and middle childhood and then declines steadily from adolescence to early adulthood. B) Although girls have a reputation for being both verbally and relationally more aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small. C) As soon as preschoolers are aware of gender stereotypes, physical aggression drops off more sharply for boys than for girls. D) Parents respond far more negatively to physical fighting in boys than they do in girls.

Although girls have a reputation for being both verbally and relationally more aggressive than boys, the sex difference is small.

Which of the following is true about gender-role learning in gender-segregated peer groups? A) Boys are especially intolerant of cross-gender play in other boys. B) Preschoolers are rarely criticized for engaging in cross-gender activities. C) Preschoolers play in mixed-gender groups more than they play in same-sex groups. D) To get their way, girls often rely on commands, threats, and physical force.

Boys are especially intolerant of cross-gender play in other boys.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on aggression? A) Girls display overall rates of aggression that are much higher than boys. B) Highly aggressive children tend to be neglected by peers. C) Children who are high in proactive aggression often see hostile intent where it does not exist. D) Boys are more likely than girls to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Boys are more likely than girls to be targets of harsh, inconsistent discipline.

Which of the following children is the most likely to make gains in academic achievement during kindergarten? A) Allie, an impulsive girl B) Bert, an aggressive boy C) Calinda, a girl who makes friends easily D) Dow, a shy boy

Calinda, a girl who makes friends easily

Which of the following is true about social experience and moral understanding? A) Social experiences are not vital to the development of morality. B) Children rarely benefit from adult-child discussions of moral issues. C) Children learn to care about the welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication. D) Children who verbally and physically assault others tend to have parents who tell stories with moral implications.

Children learn to care about the welfare of others from warm, sensitive parental communication.

Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling revealed that A) Irish-American parents often told stories about the child's misdeeds. B) Chinese parents downplayed the child's misdeeds, attributing them to assertiveness. C) Chinese parents did little to cultivate their child's individuality. D) Irish-American parents generally saw self-esteem as unimportant or even negative.

Chinese parents did little to cultivate their child's individuality.

_________ is vital for successful peer relationships and overall emotional health. A) Individualism B) Emotional competence C) Collectivism D) Mental representation

Emotional competence

Which of the following is true about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality? A) Freud believed that young children form a superego by internalize the other-sex parent's moral standards. B) Most researchers today agree with Freud's view of conscience development. C) In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior. D) Freud believed that moral development is largely complete by 10 to 12 years of age.

In Freud's theory, fear of punishment and loss of parental love motivate moral behavior.

Which of the following is true about the judicial system and child maltreatment? A) Fewer cases of child maltreatment reach the courts than in decades past. B) Child maltreatment is a crime that is relatively easy to prove. C) In the United States, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort. D) Maltreated children and their parents are not usually attached to one another.

In the United States, government intervention into family life is viewed as a last resort.

When 3-year-old Kaylee spills her water after filling her glass too full, her mother says, "You filled the glass very full. Next time try putting less water in the glass." Assuming that Kaylee's mother repeatedly gives this sort of feedback, which of the following is most likely to be true? A) Kaylee is likely to show little sympathy to others in distress. B) Kaylee is likely to experience self-conscious emotions intensely. C) Kaylee is likely to experience moderate, adaptive levels of shame and pride. D) Kaylee is likely to experience a low level of pride after a success.

Kaylee is likely to experience moderate, adaptive levels of shame and pride.

Which of the following uses of punishment is the most effective? A) Mr. Allen tells his son that he is using punishment as a last resort. B) Mrs. Vello allows her children to act inappropriately from time to time but scolds them at other times. C) Mr. Reilly uses punishment in public because his daughter is very embarrassed by being scolded around others. D) Mrs. Seldon, a warm parent, uses mild punishment consistently and provides reasons for the punishment.

Mrs. Seldon, a warm parent, uses mild punishment consistently and provides reasons for the punishment.

For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly A) strict superego. B) lenient id. C) strict ego. D) lenient ego.

strict superego.

__________ commit the vast majority of child abuse incidents. A) Nonparental family members B) Child-care workers C) Parents D) Stepparents and foster parents

Parents

Which of the following is true about the consequences of child maltreatment? A) While maltreated children show serious learning problems, they typically have few peer difficulties. B) Repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage, including abnormal EEG brain-wave activity. C) Maltreated children typically exhibit low anxiety and abnormally high self-esteem. D) Most parents who were maltreated as children grow up to be child abusers.

Repeated abuse is associated with central nervous system damage, including abnormal EEG brain-wave activity.

Which of the following is true about cultural values, laws and customs and their effect on child maltreatment? A) Canada prohibits corporal punishment in schools. B) No industrialized nations have yet outlawed physical punishment in the home. C) The U.S. Supreme Court rejects the right of school officials to use corporal punishment. D) Societies that view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems set the stage of child abuse.

Societies that view violence as an appropriate way to solve problems set the stage of child abuse.

Which of the following is supported by research on television violence? A) Children's programming is below average in violent content. B) Watching violence on TV does not increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior. C) Older children are more likely than preschoolers and young school-age children to imitate TV violence. D) Time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood.

Time spent watching TV in childhood and adolescence predicts aggressive behavior in adulthood.

By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do are A) more likely to engage in antisocial behavior. B) less likely to pursue nontraditional interests and activities. C) are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination. D) less likely to live in nontraditional homes.

are more likely to notice instances of gender discrimination.

Which of the following demonstrates how children's gender schemas are likely to affect memory? A) When shown a picture of a female wearing a dress, children may later remember her as a male. B) When shown a picture of a male firefighter, children may later remember him as a female. C) When shown a picture of a female cooking, children may later remember her as a male. D) When shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor.

When shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor.

Which of the following is true about cognitive development and emotional understanding? A) Preschoolers cannot yet predict what a playmate expressing a certain emotion might do next. B) Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information. C) Preschoolers believe that thinking and feeling are not connected. D) Preschoolers can usually make sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

Young children focus on the most obvious aspect of a complex emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.

Three-year-old Connor is asked to choose the child who is the "most wrong." Which child is Connor the most likely to choose? A) a child eating ice cream with her fingers B) a child who does not say "please" when she asks her friend to pass the water C) a child who hits her sister for no reason D) a boy who wears his long hair in a ponytail

a child who hits her sister for no reason

Malek is a fearless preschooler. What tactics would you recommend to his parents to prompt guilt reactions and conscience development? A) mild patient tactics such as requests, suggestions, and explanations B) coercive techniques that force guilt feelings onto the child C) discussions with Malek in which he determines the consequence for his misbehavior D) a combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction

a combination of firm correction of misbehavior and induction

Three-year-old Sara says, "I have three dolls. I have brown hair. I made a tall tower." This demonstrates that Sara is beginning to develop A) self-esteem. B) a self-concept. C) a gender identity. D) gender typing.

a self-concept.

The cognitive-developmental perspective regards children as A) passive learners of moral standards. B) active thinkers about social rules. C) blank slates with regard to morality. D) prewired with moral compasses.

active thinkers about social rules.

Research on biological influences on gender typing reveals that A) sex differences in play and personality traits only appear in Western cultures. B) aggression preference for same-sex playmates is widespread among mammalian species. C) preschool girls prefer to play in larger-group play with other girls, while boys prefer to play in pairs. D) prenatally administered androgens decrease active play.

aggression preference for same-sex playmates is widespread among mammalian species.

Eight-year-old Ayanna is asked to rate herself on personality traits. Ayanna rates herself as ambitious, competitive, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Ayanna has a(n) _________ gender identity. A) traditionally feminine B) traditionally masculine C) androgynous D) stereotypical

androgynous

Mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in ________ children. A) all B) fearless C) impulsive D) anxious

anxious

If Opal is a gender-schematic child, she A) seldom views the world in gender-linked terms. B) applies a gender-salience filter to her experiences. C) will play with gender-inappropriate toys. D) will play with a toy she likes, whether or not girls typically play with it.

applies a gender-salience filter to her experiences.

Research on punishment shows that spanking is A) associated with a rise in behavior problems regardless of the parents' child-rearing style. B) viewed by most Caucasian-American children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. C) associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive. D) a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges.

associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if they are warm and supportive.

In the sandbox, Amelia makes a pie while Franklin pours sand from one container to another. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaged in _______ play. A) parallel B) cooperative C) associative D) nonsocial

associative

Most theories agree that A) a child's morality is regulated by inner standards from birth. B) truly moral individuals do the right thing to conform to others' expectations. C) at first, a child's morality is externally controlled by adults. D) conscience does not begin to take shape until age 7.

at first, a child's morality is externally controlled by adults.

Rhoda's parents frequently degrade her. They rarely listen to her point of view. They use force and punishment and sometime threaten withdrawal of affection. Rhoda's parents have a(n) __________ style of child rearing. A) authoritarian B) permissive C) authoritative D) uninvolved

authoritarian

Angie's parents encourage her to express her thoughts, feelings, and desires. They make reasonable demands for her maturity and consistently enforce and explain them. Angie's parents have a(n) ___________ style of child rearing. A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) uninvolved

authoritative

The most successful approach to child rearing is a(n) __________ style. A) permissive B) authoritarian C) uninvolved D) authoritative

authoritative

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, ________ leads to the formation of the conscience and moral behavior. A) the emergence of the reality principle B) avoidance of guilt C) identification with the other-sex parent D) repression of sexual longings for the mother or father

avoidance of guilt

Research on gender typing reveals that A) beginning at birth, parents have different expectation of sons than of daughters. B) parents tend to describe achievement and warmth as important for sons and competition and closely supervised activities as important for daughters. C) parents actively reinforce closeness and independence in boys and dependency in girls. D) fathers are more insistent that girls rather than boys conform to gender roles.

beginning at birth, parents have different expectation of sons than of daughters.

Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions and behavior are all A) characteristics of a model that increase a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior. B) characteristics of emotional development that are necessary for moral behavior to occur. C) important characteristics of inductive discipline. D) characteristics of a prosocial child who has learned empathy-based guilt.

characteristics of a model that increase a child's willingness to imitate the model's behavior.

Research on friendships shows that A) preschoolers interact in essentially the same ways with both friends and nonfriends. B) preschoolers give the same amount of reinforcement to nonfriends as to friends. C) most friendships during the preschool years are based on mutual trust. D) children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.

children who begin kindergarten with friends in their class adjust to school more favorably.

Research shows that the most violent television programs are A) reality programs. B) adult medical dramas. C) children's cartoons. D) adult legal dramas.

children's cartoons.

Parents of impulsive children can foster conscience development by A) using requests, suggestions, and explanations. B) combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction. C) using gentle discipline that incorporates frequent rule reminders. D) asserting their power.

combining firm correction of misbehavior with induction.

Four-year-old Rock has authoritarian parents who sometimes physically abuse him. When his friend Dax has a bad day and cries, Rock is most likely to respond with A) sympathetic concern. B) anxiety and distress. C) fear and anger. D) strong feelings of empathy.

fear and anger.

Emily is chosen as Student of the Day. Gretel is angry that she was not selected, and she calls Emily a "do-do head." This is an example of ______________ aggression. A) hostile B) instrumental C) passive D) relational

hostile

A sharp reprimand or physical force to restrain or move a child is justified only when A) reasoning is ineffective. B) the child misbehaves repeatedly. C) immediate obedience is necessary. D) the parent wishes to foster long-term goals.

immediate obedience is necessary.

Five-year-old Susannah makes the following observations: "Boys cannot read as well as girls," "Girls are faster than boys," and "Girls are smarter than boys." Susannah is demonstrating A) gender typing. B) in-group favoritism. C) gender identity. D) androgyny.

in-group favoritism.

Conscience formation is promoted by ________ discipline. A) child-directed B) authoritarian C) permissive D) inductive

inductive

Nicki Crick and Kenneth Dodge's circular model showing the steps of social problem solving takes a(n) ________________ approach to conflict resolution. A) Piagetian B) information-processing C) Vygotskian D) ethological

information-processing

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is A) trust versus mistrust. B) industry versus inferiority. C) initiative versus guilt. D) autonomy versus shame.

initiative versus guilt.

To sit next to her mother at a restaurant, Diana pushes her little brother Mark out of the way. This is an example of __________ aggression. A) hostile B) instrumental C) passive D) relational

instrumental

Research on television violence indicates that violent TV A) strengthens hostility in highly aggressive children. B) does not spark hostile thoughts and behavior in nonaggressive children. C) does not cause difficulties in parent and peer relations. D) makes viewers less willing to tolerate violence in others.

strengthens hostility in highly aggressive children.

Five-year-old Anthony and his 4-year-old sister Angela are engaged in a typical sibling dispute over a favorite chair. In order to help them gain sensitivity to their sibling's feelings, their parents should A) intervene with reasoning and negotiating. B) let them work through the dispute on their own, intervening only if there are tears involved. C) settle the dispute by making the children each take a turn in the chair for a set amount of time. D) totally ignore the dispute.

intervene with reasoning and negotiating.

When Francine sees a dump truck in the sandbox, she wonders, "Do I like this toy?" She then decides to play with the truck. Francine A) is a gender-schematic child. B) is using her gender-salience filter. C) is a gender-aschematic child. D) has well-developed gender schemas.

is a gender-aschematic child.

When Roger sees a baby doll on the floor, he asks himself, "Do boys play with dolls?" He then decides not to play with the doll. Roger A) is a gender-schematic child. B) does not yet have well-developed gender schemas. C) is a gender-aschematic child. D) is not using his gender-salience filter.

is a gender-schematic child.

The V-chip (or violence chip) A) violates the First Amendment right to free speech. B) remains optional for new television sets. C) is mandated in Canada. D) serves to make offensive television programs less appealing to children.

is mandated in Canada.

Sending a child to her room for a few minutes A) is useful when a child is out of control. B) often generates much resentment in children. C) is less effective than punishment in producing the desired behavior. D) is the most effective form of discipline.

is useful when a child is out of control.

The most effective forms of discipline encourage good conduct by A) only punishing children for severe misconduct. B) warning children that they will be punished if they act immaturely. C) letting children know ahead of time how to act. D) combining firm intervention with a temporary withdrawal of affection.

letting children know ahead of time how to act.

Preschoolers' same-sex peer groups A) increase children's tolerance for gender-inappropriate activities. B) serve to reduce the gender stereotypes coming from parents. C) make the peer context an especially potent source of gender-role learning. D) increase children's opportunities for cross-gender play.

make the peer context an especially potent source of gender-role learning.

Research on child maltreatment shows that A) premature babies and children are rarely targets of abuse. B) abuse depends more strongly on child factors than on parents' characteristics. C) maltreating parents suffer from biased thinking about their child. D) abusive parents respond to stressful situations with low emotional arousal.

maltreating parents suffer from biased thinking about their child.

Most preschoolers believe that A) women can be police officers. B) men do not wear nail polish. C) women can play roughly. D) men can take care of babies.

men do not wear nail polish.

Research shows that interventions designed to teach social problem solving A) do not benefit children from lower-SES homes. B) rarely improve peer relations. C) offer children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events. D) do not reduce the risk of adjustment difficulties for children from troubled families.

offer children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events.

According to social learning theorists, A) morality has a unique course of development. B) reinforcement for good behavior is enough for children to acquire moral responses. C) moral behavior is acquired just like any other set of responses: through reinforcement and modeling. D) positive reinforcement for a child's character decreases a behavior's frequency.

moral behavior is acquired just like any other set of responses: through reinforcement and modeling.

Research on the consequences on punishment reveals that in African-American families, A) most children view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind. B) physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial behavior. C) children view spanking as an act of personal aggression. D) physical punishment is generally considered wrong.

most children view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.

Which of the following types of parent-child play is most strongly linked to social competence in the child? A) parent-directed play B) mother-son play C) mother-daughter play D) father-daughter play

mother-daughter play

Cousins Easton and Jack are both infants. Sometimes Easton watches Jack while he rolls on the floor. However, both babies engage in solitary play. This is known as A) parallel play. B) cooperative play. C) associative play. D) nonsocial activity.

nonsocial activity.

Preschoolers' self-concepts largely consist of A) talents. B) personality traits. C) observable characteristics. D) temperamental qualities.

observable characteristics.

One strategy that has been quite effective in preventing child abuse is to A) teach child development in the regular high school curriculum. B) provide home visitation with a cognitive problem-solving component. C) arrest child abusers and make sure they serve long sentences. D) remove children from abusive home.

provide home visitation with a cognitive problem-solving component.

Five-year-old Delaney watches a lot of violent television programming and also spends hours playing violent video games. Delaney probably A) underestimates the violence and danger in society. B) overestimates the violence and danger in society. C) is less willing to tolerate violence in others. D) has few hostile thoughts and behaviors.

overestimates the violence and danger in society.

Twins Jillian and Wesley, 11 months old, play near each other with similar materials. However they do not try to direct each other's activities. They are engaged in __________ play. A) parallel B) cooperative C) associative D) nonsocial

parallel

Jamison is impulsive and rebellious. He is also overly demanding and dependent on adults. Jamison shows minimal persistence on tasks and is not doing well in school. Jamison's parents probably have a(n) ___________ style of child rearing. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive

permissive

Kevin's parents make few or no demands. They permit Kevin to make many decisions before he is ready. Kevin's parents have a(n) ___________ style of child rearing. A) authoritarian B) permissive C) authoritative D) uninvolved

permissive

According to Erikson, play A) allows young children to escape from the demands of their lives into a fantasy world. B) symbolically represents preschoolers' unconscious wishes and desires. C) is secondary to academic learning for preschoolers. D) permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

permits preschoolers to try out new skills with little risk of criticism or failure.

When portraying an emotion they do not feel, children of all ages find it easier to act _______ than _______. A) sad; pleased B) pleased; angry C) disgusted; pleased D) angry; pleased

pleased; angry

Children from 4 to 7 years old regard friendship as A) an understanding of thoughts and feelings. B) pleasurable play and sharing of toys. C) based on mutual trust. D) long-term and enduring.

pleasurable play and sharing of toys.

Rachel tells her friends, "Don't play with Jaynie. She dresses funny." This is an example of ________ aggression. A) hostile B) instrumental C) passive D) relational

relational

Children who get along well with agemates tend to A) request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior. B) attend selectively to social cues. C) hover around peers' activities. D) barge into play groups without asking.

request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior.

With age, preschoolers' conflicts center less on _______ and more on ________. A) ideas; toys B) attitudes; resources C) differences of opinion; toys D) resources; differences of opinion

resources; differences of opinion

By age 3, A) self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation. B) children no longer depend on adults to know when to feel self-conscious emotions. C) children are not yet sensitive to praise and blame. D) children have not yet developed the capacity to feel guilty or ashamed.

self-conscious emotions are clearly linked to self-evaluation.

When parents repeatedly comment on the worth of a child and his or her performance, that child experiences A) less shame after failure. B) less pride after success. C) no self-conscious emotions. D) self-conscious emotions intensely.

self-conscious emotions intensely.

Training in __________ is an effective treatment for aggressive children. A) associative play B) social problem solving C) instrumental aggression D) inductive discipline

social problem solving

According to Freud, children obey the _________ to avoid guilt. A) id B) superego C) ego D) other-sex parent

superego

When a peer is in distress, children who are assertive react with A) lip biting. B) a rise in heart rate. C) an increase in EEG brain-wave activity. D) sympathetic concern.

sympathetic concern.

Within the moral domain, preschool and young school-age children A) tend to reason rigidly. B) rarely make judgments based on consequences. C) cannot distinguish social conventions from moral imperatives. D) tend to reason flexibly.

tend to reason rigidly.

Models are most influential in A) adulthood. B) adolescence. C) middle childhood. D) the early years.

the early years.

The case of David Reimer, the boy who was raised as a girl after a circumcision accident, demonstrates A) the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female. B) that gender stereotyping can have devastating effects on self-esteem. C) the stronger role of the environment over heredity in determining one's gender identity. D) that gender reassignment surgery changes a person's sexual identity.

the impact of genetic sex and prenatal hormones on a person's sense of self as male or female.

Three-year-old Madison is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing another child's toy and the other showing a child eating spaghetti with her fingers. Madison is most likely to view A) both actions as equally wrong. B) both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult. C) the stealing as worse than the bad table manners. D) the bad table manners as worse than the stealing.

the stealing as worse than the bad table manners.

The fact that children ________ provides evidence that Freud's account of conscience development is inaccurate. A) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions B) whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel overwhelming guilt when they violate standards C) who feel little guilt frequently have loving and nurturing parents D) who grow up in abusive households tend to violate standards infrequently

whose parents frequently use threats or physical force tend to feel little guilt following transgressions