Psych Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on a popular antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.

serotonin

Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to a multiple personality split, rather than a:

split from reality.

A major characteristic of schizophrenia is diminished and inappropriate emotion. For example, some people suffering from schizophrenia exhibit ___________, a state of apparent apathy.

flat affect

A major characteristic of schizophrenia is diminished emotion. For example, some people suffering from schizophrenia exhibit _____, often described as a zombie like state of apparent apathy.

flat affect

Pascale feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career and even in her hobbies. She wonders if she would be better off dead. Pascale is most likely suffering from:

major depressive disorder.

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with:

learned helplessness.

Ruth was walking through the woods during a thunderstorm. A tree struck by lightning from the storm toppled over, narrowly missing Ruth as she fled. The fact that Ruth now has a fear of all trees—not just the one that nearly harmed her—is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

stimulus generalization.

People experiencing anxiety disorders are extremely attentive to threatening stimuli; that is, they are _____.

hypervigilant

Dissatisfaction with the quality and quantity of sleep and distress and impairment in everyday functioning are just two criteria needed to diagnose _____ disorder.

insomnia

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.

medical

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? We will start by choosing a good research DESIGN. Of the options below, which one would be best for finding out if schizophrenia is inherited?

Twin Study Design.

Shantay is a 37-year-old African-American female previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She currently appears to be experiencing an episode of mania. Her psychiatrist orders blood work and a brain scan. The imaging is likely to show:

an abnormally high level of activity across the brain.

Marla is depressed and blames herself for her recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this self-blame, since Marla isn't considering perfectly plausible external factors, such as the slumping economy. Her therapist's approach best illustrates a:

social-cognitive perspective.

The symptoms of phobias begin to appear at a median age of about:

10

_____ was formerly known as manic-depressive disorder.

Bipolar disorder

Which of the following individuals suffered from panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Charles Darwin

The characteristics of ADHD include all of the following EXCEPT: A. impulsivity. B. inattention. C. restlessness. D. mental retardation.

D

Some people may be more vulnerable to PTSD as a comorbid disorder because they have ________, which floods the body with stress hormones.

a sensitive limbic system

The video suggests that ADHD children develop oppositional behavior as:

a way of coping with criticism of behavior over which they have no control.

Personality disorders can be classified into three clusters. One cluster expresses anxiety, such as that exhibited in _____ personality disorder. People with this personality disorder are so fearful of rejection that it predisposes them to withdraw from society.

avoidant

Despite the link between creativity and madness in the popular imagination, the only disorder that appears positively related to creativity is:

bipolar disorder.

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is demonstrating a false belief called a(n) _____.

delusion

Thirty-year-old Nellie has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her selective attention is deficient, she is unable to ignore irrelevant stimuli, and she often gives her undivided attention to minute stimuli such as a spotlight shining in a window. This type of attention problem contributes to:

disorganized thoughts.

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Two disorders that involve anxiety are _____ disorder and _____.

obsessive-compulsive; posttraumatic stress disorder

Because of its physical symptoms, a _____ may be confused with a heart attack.

panic attack

At one point, through tears, Stephanie describes her concern for Jake as:

pathetic.

This helps maintain our phobias after they arise.

reinforcement

Patients with schizophrenia:

tend to direct violence toward themselves.

Stephanie reports that the first thing that Jake pretended to do was to:

wash his hands.

Olivia, age 9, has been diagnosed with ADHD. Her mother describes her as "full of energy" and "never sits still," but Olivia doesn't get regular exercise or play sports. Olivia is also distressed that she doesn't do very well in school. What might a psychiatrist recommend for Olivia's treatment?

In addition to stimulant drugs, a therapist may encourage behavior therapy as well as aerobic exercise as effective treatments for Olivia.

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? When considering confounding variables, you included whether a participant's mother had the flu during pregnancy. Why did you make that choice?

Prenatal exposure to viral infections can increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia.

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? If someone asks you whether schizophrenia is inherited, how might you respond based on what you learned in this activity?

Schizophrenia is indeed inherited. An identical twin with schizophrenia is more likely than a fraternal twin with schizophrenia to share that diagnosis with his or her twin sibling. Although schizophrenia is inherited, we need to keep in mind the environmental factors that can increase the likelihood of a diagnosis, including exposure to a prenatal virus.

Lynette is released after a four-week stay at a psychiatric hospital. She needs to find an apartment near her job because she cannot afford a car. When she talks to potential landlords, how should she describe herself?

She should not tell them she was in a psychiatric hospital. Many people react negatively to those labeled mentally ill.

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian MOST clearly exhibits symptoms of:

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study best illustrates the:

biasing power of diagnostic labels.

Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is MOST clearly demonstrating:

delusions.

Taresa feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is MOST likely suffering from a(n):

depressive disorder.

Criticisms of the DSM-5 suggest that, if Rosenhan's study were replicated today:

the results would be much the same.

Schizophrenia is a syndrome because:

there are many different kinds of symptoms that do not always appear in every person, and symptoms can fluctuate over time.

Stella has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Stella suffers not only from panic disorder but also from _____.

agoraphobia

Artie has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it was not him and that he knows nothing about the crime, as another one of his personalities must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Artie does not suffer from _____, as the original personality generally denies awareness of the others.

dissociative identity disorder

Despite having several features in common, what is the primary distinction between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

Those suffering from anorexia nervosa are drastically underweight, while those suffering from bulimia nervosa are within or above the normal range.

With respect to schizophrenia, delusion is to flat affect as _____ symptom is to _____ symptom.

positive; negative

Two school psychologists are debating whether to diagnosis rambunctious and inattentive 6-year-old Jonah with ADHD. Dr. Lewis argues that ADHD is overdiagnosed, and that Jonah should not be expected to sit still inside in a chair for so long. Dr. Hawkins argues that the disorder is real and that diagnosis with treatment would be helpful to Jonah. What is there to say about each of these points of view?

Dr. Lewis might note that many children are fidgety and prone to leaving their seats—evolution didn't design them to sit still. He may suggest that future maturation, and more opportunities for movement now, may allow Jonah to thrive without an ADHD diagnosis and medication. Dr. Hawkins might answer that ADHD is a neurobiological phenomenon that presents in non adaptive behavior patterns. She may advocate for a diagnosis and medication to help Jonah avoid future social and academic problems.

Four people are seen in a psychiatric clinic for treatment with newly acquired mental illness. Their respective diagnoses are obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder, phobic disorder, and schizophrenia. The person suffering from _____ is MOST likely to be an adolescent.

phobic disorder

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he were responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior reflects the _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

positive

Twenty-year-old Shoshanna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Shoshanna seems to be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? From the factors listed below, select those that could affect your confidence about whether schizophrenia is inherited: -Number of books participants read about people who have schizophrenia -Month in which participants were born -Whether participant's mother had the flu during her pregnancy -Number of unrelated friends who have a diagnosis of schizophrenia -Whether family members ever thought participants behaved as if they had a diagnosis of schizophrenia

-Month in which participants were born -Whether participant's mother had the flu during her pregnancy

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? Of the following options, which one would be the best way to measure rates of schizophrenia? -Have participants complete a structured clinical interview with a licensed psychologist who is able to determine whether they meet established criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. -Have participants complete an interview with a friend who has an interest in psychology to determine whether their friend thinks they have a diagnosis of schizophrenia. -Have participants report whether a licensed psychologist has completed a structured clinical interview and diagnosed a close family member with schizophrenia. -Have participants complete a questionnaire that measures their attitudes toward licensed psychologists who conduct structured clinical interviews to determine whether people meet established criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Have participants complete a structured clinical interview with a licensed psychologist who is able to determine whether they meet established criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? To study whether schizophrenia is inherited, why did you choose NOT to use a Case Study design?

It would be difficult to apply the results to a larger population.

Jeanette is released after a 4-week stay at a psychiatric hospital. She needs to find an apartment near her job because she can't afford a car. When she talks to potential landlords, what may happen if she mentions her recent hospital stay?

Many people react negatively to those labeled "mentally ill."

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? You chose to measure schizophrenia rates by having a licensed psychologist conduct a structured clinical interview. Why?

The best way to know whether people meet established criteria for schizophrenia is to have them complete a structured clinical interview with someone who is qualified to provide an accurate diagnosis.

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? Of the following options, which one represents the best group for your study? -Two groups—of identical and fraternal twins; all of these individuals have a diagnosis of schizophrenia. -A group of identical twins who have a diagnosis of schizophrenia -A group of fraternal twins who have a diagnosis of schizophrenia -Two groups—of identical and fraternal twins; some of these individuals have a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and some of them do not have a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Two groups—of identical and fraternal twins; some of these individuals have a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and some of them do not have a diagnosis of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia that develops rapidly, seemingly as a reaction to stress, is called ________ schizophrenia.

acute

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers not only from panic disorder but also from:

agoraphobia.

Jitteriness, feelings of being on edge, and sleep deprivation are all symptoms of _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

Seventy-five-year-old Walter lost his wife to a heart attack two years ago, and most of his friends have passed away. His children live in other states and he has no pets. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Walter is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

is MORE likely to attempt suicide, because the suicide rate surges among older men.

Sam, a 16-year-old boy, has been feeling hopeless, has difficulty concentrating, and experiences chronic sadness. How likely is Sam to share this information with his parents?

it is very unlikely

How Would You Know if Schizophrenia Is Inherited? Robert's fraternal twin sister Desiree has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Armend's identical twin brother, Nigel, also has a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Robert, compared with Armend, probably has a ______ chance of having a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

lower

At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This BEST illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of the _____ model.

medical

Thirty-seven-year-old Steven is a single male who has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half and has begun taking an antidepressant. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and does not want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven is _____ likely to attempt suicide _____.

more; because his energy and initiative are rebounding

Ned was called into his boss' office last week for once again overstepping the boundaries of his job position. Ned had told the director of research that he was the one running the show and it would only be a matter of time before he was in his boss' position. When confronted, Ned told his boss that it was true and he found it odd that no one seemed to understand that he is clearly the one with all the best ideas. Ned might be considered to have a(n) _____ personality disorder.

narcissistic

Penny is an intensely shy person who rarely attends gatherings of people. In addition, she normally will not accept dinner invitations and refuses to speak in public, even if it is among a group of friends. Penny MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Terry is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used, she should read:

the DSM-5.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include:

the absence of normal functions.