Psych Chapter 4

Days after breaking his nose in a football game

Ben still perceives a dull pain in his nose, due to which pain sensory neurons?,C fibers

Teenagers stereotype classmates into "jocks

" "nerds," "goths," and "preppies" using the Gestalt grouping rule of:,similarity.

The dorsal stream of visual processing is to the ventral stream of visual processing as:

how is to what.

Dorothy

off to see the Wizard of Oz, perceives that the Yellow Brick Road converges to a point way off on in the distance, due to the depth cue of:,linear perspective.

Albert is missing the long wavelength cone type. Albert and others with this type of color blindness likely have trouble perceiving:

red

Humans perceive the longest visible wavelengths as the color _____ and the shortest visible waves as _____.

red; purple

Our ability to recognize an object without being deceived by changing sensory impressions of that object best illustrates the importance of:

perceptual constancy.

You are able to recognize your friend even though she has changed her hair color. This is due to:

perceptual constancy.

People who see musical notes or see certain letters or numbers as having a particular color have a condition referred to as:

synesthesia.

Perceiving a musical note as a taste is an example of:

synesthesia.

When you put on a hat in the morning

you notice it is there. As the day goes on, you forget that you are wearing it. This demonstrates the process of:,sensory adaptation.

Which of the following areas would have the largest topographical representation in the somatosensory cortex?

your lips

The olfactory epithelium contains about _____ olfactory receptor neurons.

10 million

A young adult with normal hearing can detect sounds between _____ Hz and _____ Hz.

20; 20,000

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged

Josko experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Josko's hearing loss is best explained by the _____ code mechanism of the ear to encode sound-wave frequencies.,place

_____ play a role in the reproductive behavior of many species.

Pheromones

Area _____ is a specialized region in the primary visual cortex.

V1

For the sense of taste

_____ occurs at the papillae.,transduction

According to Weber's law you would be more likely to detect the difference between:

a 1 oz envelope and a 2 oz envelope.

According to gate-control theory

a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the:,activation of specific neural fibers in your spinal cord.

Levin and Simons conducted a clever study in which they asked participants for directions on a college campus. During the conversation

a table was moved between the researcher and the participants. After that, the questioner changed to a different person. These researchers were studying:,change blindness.

Figure is to ground as _____ is to _____.

a white cloud; blue sky

The amplitude of a light wave corresponds to its:

brightness.

The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is referred to as:

an absolute threshold.

Smell occurs when molecules enter the nose

and taste occurs when molecules:,are dissolved in saliva.

If you are taking a test

and you fail to notice that your classmate comes in 10 minutes late wearing pajamas and slippers, you may have demonstrated:,inattentional blindness.

Jasmine's three-year-old niece Elise is fascinated with her grandmother's outdoor Christmas lights and tries to chase them around the house. Elise believes the lights are actually moving and she is trying to catch them. Elise is experiencing:

apparent motion.

Damage to which region of the brain may impair auditory perception?

area A1

In a landscape

artists often paint distant objects, such as trees, closer to the top of the canvas than nearby objects, like flowers. This is an example of the use of a distance cue known as:,relative height

Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant

but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda probably has:,shorter-than-normal eyeballs.

The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the:

blind spot.

When we look at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock

certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsive than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of:,feature detection.

Which receptor cells MOST directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

cones

Apparent motion is most closely related to which of the Gestalt perceptual grouping rules?

common fate,

Timbre corresponds to differences in the _____ of sound waves.

complexity

Humans lack visual clarity in our peripheral vision. This is due to the small number of _____ located there.

cones

Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____.

detection; interpretation

Damage to the fovea would probably LEAST affect visual sensitivity to _____ stimuli.

dimly illuminated

Monocular depth cues rely on the relationship between _____ and _____.

distance; size

_____ transmit sudden stinging pain whereas _____ transmit throbbing

dull pain that lingers long after the injury.,A-delta fibers; C fibers

Taste and smell combine to cause you to experience:

flavor.

Loudness is to amplitude as pitch is to:

frequency.

Which of the following structures involved in hearing corresponds most closely in function to the photoreceptors in the retina for vision?

hair cells

The place code is specialized to detect sounds of _____ frequencies and the temporal code is specialized for sounds of _____ frequencies.

high; low

Research on wine drinkers demonstrated that:

higher-priced wines were enjoyed more than lower-priced wines.

The binding problem of perception is concerned with:

how we perceive unified objects, rather than free-floating features.

The color afterimage effect can be explained by the color-opponent system

in that _____ cells are inhibited by _____ cells.,green; red

Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably due to difficulties with his:

inner ear.

We maintain our balance through the detection of movement of the fluid in our _____ by _____.

inner ear; hair cells

With _____

internal and external sensory information converge on the same spinal nerve.,gate-control pain

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the:

iris

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier

it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates:,Weber's law.

Gina has suffered damage to her left temporal lobe. She is most likely to have problems processing:

language sounds.

Research on multitasking

like talking on a cell phone while driving, has shown:,talking on a cell phone impairs driving performance.

During a hearing test

many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could hardly ever detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's:,absolute threshold

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the:

middle ear.

Rods are:

more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones.

The interaction between vision and the vestibular system is clearly illustrated by the occurrence of:

motion sickness.

Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home?

olfactory receptors

Unlike the other senses

our sense of _____ is closely related to our emotional and social behavior.,smell

By age 20

people have lost _____ of their taste receptors.,about half,

The sense of touch includes the four basic sensations of:

pressure, texture, pattern, and vibration.

Accommodation refers to the:

process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina.

Dr. Ambroise is interested in how people combine elements of their visual perception

rather than seeing the elements as separate. She is interested in studying the:,binding problem.

Visual information is processed by _____ before neural signals are sent to the brain.

rods and cones, then bipolar cells, then ganglion cells

Our sense of taste involves five main types of taste sensations:

salt, sour, bitter, sweet, and savory.

The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:

sensation

Our sensory systems are designed to detect changes in stimulation rather than to detect constancies. This is easily demonstrated by the process of:

sensory adaptation.

Perception is the process by which:

sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted.

Recent research has shown a relation between response to human pheromones and:

sexual orientation.

A participant is shown a black "8" and a gold "6." When asked to describe the visual display

she responds that she saw a gold "8" and a black "6", illustrating a(n) _____ primarily caused by _____ .,illusory conjunction; lack of focused attention.

The initial approach to measuring individual differences in sensation was the use of absolute thresholds. Today we use a more sophisticated approach that takes an observer's response bias into account. What is this approach called?

signal detection theory

Which of the following theories would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep?

signal detection theory

Which of the following is NOT a monocular cue for depth?

similarity

Which of the following is best described as a chemical sense?

smell

At the cerebral cortex level

sound is processed in the:,temporal lobes.

The registration of light

sound, pressure, odor, or taste as your body interacts with the physical world is called:,sensation

Proponents of the _____ say that there are specialized areas of the brain for detecting different stimuli

such as human faces.,modular view

Devon avoids certain types of lettuce because she thinks they are too bitter. Devon may be a:

supertaster.

Due to the partial crossing of visual information at the optic chiasm

the _____ visual field projects to the right hemisphere, while the _____ visual field projects to the left hemisphere.,left; right

Sherlock

the dog, takes his job of protecting his owners' home very seriously. He sits at the window all day and barks whenever he perceives a threat. The problem is, often times, he barks at innocuous things like the rustling of the wind or at the shutting of car door a block away. In terms of detecting threats, Sherlock makes many _____ due to a _____ decision criterion.,false alarms; liberal

A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with:

the relation between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

Football players who are playing in the Super Bowl may get injured but are able to continue to play without taking pain medication. This is most likely due to:

the release of endorphins.

You are installing a new printer and have to figure out which power cords behind your desk go with the old printer. According to Gestalt principles of perception

the rule of _____ will help you to solve this problem.,continuity

The psychological experience of pain is the result of neural signals traveling along pathways projecting to:

the somatosensory cortex. the amygdala. the frontal lobe.

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of:

transduction

The existence of which taste receptor is still being debated?

umami

Damage to the _____ portions of the parietal lobe results in a higher likelihood that individuals will display illusory conjunction.

upper and posterior

Visual-form agnosia is most associated with impaired functioning in the:

ventral stream of visual processing.

If your visual perception doesn't match with your vestibular input

you may experience:,motion sickness.

Brightness is to amplitude as hue is to:

wavelength.

According to the feature integration theory

we don't need focused attention to detect individual features of an object, but we do need it to:,create a cohesive whole perception of the object.

You come into a laboratory

where you are briefly shown a colored number next to a black letter. You are asked to describe what you saw, and incorrectly describe the letter as having the color of the number. What is the researcher probably studying?,illusory conjunction

Haptic sensations on the right side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain

whereas sensations on the left side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain.,left; right

The time difference between left and right auditory stimulation

which can be experienced from cocking your head side to side, is most important for accurately:,locating sounds.

You were just touched on your cheek

which is a(n) _____ . To know whether you were kissed or slapped, you need a(n) _____ .,sensation; perception

Margaret is experiencing pains in her abdomen and goes to the doctor

who tells her that she has suffered a mild heart attack. Margaret's experience of pain in her abdomen and not in her chest is an example of:,referred pain.

After listening to your high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes

you fail to realize that the music is so loud. This best illustrates:,sensory adaptation.