Psych Chapter 5

________ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

What are the two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of?

involuntary and voluntary

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an

unconditioned stimulus

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a/an:

unconditioned stimulus

biofeedback

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pleasure and relaxation, under voluntary control

classical conditioning

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response

A teacher has decided to give "caught being good" tickets to her students when they behave according to class rules. This teacher also rewards students with gold stars each time they improve their math speed. This teacher is using:

operant conditioning.

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:

partially reinforced

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

spontaneous recovery

After a lengthy period during which the UCS was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronom occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of:

spontaneous recovery.

After having many cavities fixed as a child, Kyle now has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed:

stimulus generalization.

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as:

successive approximations

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

taking an aspirin when you have a headache

instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Changes such as an increase in height or the size of the brain are called:

maturation

Which psychologist is best known for working with children and a Bobo doll to study whether aggressive behavior is learned by watching others be aggressive?

Albert Bandura

_________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Extinction

_____ is learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Observational learning

Which of the following is an example of maturation?

One-year-old baby Jesse could not walk two months ago but now he can.

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time.

Pavlov

This scientist conducted research to establish the theory known as cognitive perspective

Robert Rescorla

This scientist conducted research to establish the theory known as cognitive perspective.

Robert Rescorla

In a later modification of the classic Bobo doll experiment, the children who had seena model beat up the doll and then get rewarded showed aggression toward the doll. Another group had seen the model get punished rather than rewarded. Which of the following statements is true about these other children?

They did not beat up the doll until offered a reward to demonstrate what the model had done.

learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of:

a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

A recent study suggests a link between spanking and:

aggression in children

The Brelands determined that most Skinnerian behaviorists made the false assumption that:

all responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus

reflex

an involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choice

operant

any behavior that is voluntary and not elicited by specific stimuli

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

reinforcement

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

reinforcers

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

secondary reinforver

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be:

distinctive

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action is likely to:

be repeated

Birds, who find their food by sight, will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that made them sick. This is a result of:

biological preparedness

Köhler determined that insight:

cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of:

conditioned emotional response

conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they:

did not demonstrate a conditioned response upon hearing ticking sounds similar to the metronome

Pavlov initially set out to study his dogs' ___________

digestive systems

conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

In a(n) ________, the occurrence of reinforcement is more predictable and therefore the individual being reinforced is more likely to adjust his response to the timing of the reinforcement.

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

neurofeedback

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Bandura concluded that there were _____ elements of observational learning

four

Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees:

have found support for the concept of animal insight.

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they:

heard the sound of the metronome.

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will

imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV

conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

in classical conditioning, a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary and unlearned response

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to produce a conditioned response, after pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus (NS)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning

unconditioned response (UCR)

in classical conditioning, an involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was lying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then he learned to fit two sticks together to reach a banana placed farther away. This was an example of:

insight.

In Seligman's study on dogs, the dogs that were not conditioned to fear the tone:

jumped over the fence when the shock started

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called:

latent learning.

The learning/performance distinction is a kind of:

latent learning.

law of effect

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequences, it will tend to be repeated, and it followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will not be repeated

In his study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group that did not receive reinforcement for solving the maze had:

learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map

The term "extinction" may be misleading because:

learning is relatively permanent, meaning things are not "unlearned."

observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Which of the following is one of Bandura's elements of observational learning?

memory

cognitive perspective

modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n):

neutral stimulus.

It is believed that animals revert eventually to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks they are learning have a strong association with:

obtaining food.

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

In most employment situations, people are paid:

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of:

punishment

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

punishment by removal

learning/performance distinction

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

In defining learning, "_____" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

relatively permanent

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

extinction

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforced (in operant conditioning)

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

The cognitive perspective of classical conditioning involves:

the mental activity of consciously expecting something else to occur.

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

punishment by removal

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

shaping

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

insight

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

stimulus discrimination

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

behavior modification or applied behavior analysis

the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behvaior

token economy

the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the token can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges

A typical use of applied behavior analysis is:

treating children with disorders such as autism

Operant conditioning relies on:

voluntary behavior