Psych Chapter 7

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ neuron is likely to be activated in an empathic response to this observation.

mirror

Which statement is accurate about the function of mirror neurons? Mirror neurons are responsible for most spatial representation in the brain. Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature. Mirror neurons are responsible for the development of major depression. Mirror neurons are not involved in our ability to empathize with others.

Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature.

The textbook states that "by watching models, we experience vicarious reinforcement . . . and learn to anticipate a behavior's consequences in situations like those we are observing." The term vicarious links observational learning MOST directly to: operant conditioning. cognitive learning. associative learning. classical conditioning.

cognitive learning.

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This BEST illustrates the functioning of: the law of effect. mirror neurons. spontaneous recovery. cognitive maps.

mirror neurons.

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day, Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia acquired the behavior through _____ learning

observational

Haruka watches their best friend demonstrate a new dance step. Haruka is MOST likely to _____ their own ability to perform the step when their friend says, "No, you try it!" overestimate slightly underestimate accurately estimate greatly underestimate

overestimate

Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because: she was observing the actions of others in the situation. the construction was a reliable predictor of danger. she is classically conditioned to fear construction machinery. she has formed a cognitive map of the area.

she has formed a cognitive map of the area.

A guest will be spending time in Ms. Bartos' classroom. To make sure her students imitate this guest's prosocial behaviors, Ms. Bartos should pick someone who the children think is: different from them. similar to them. kind of average but works hard. boring.

similar to them.

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games cause children to act more aggressively, which research study would one conduct? Examine the association between the number of violent video games in the home and aggressive acts in the household. Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors. Examine the correlation between the number of hours watching violence on television and aggressive acts in school. Record the number of times a child hits their siblings and the number of hours the child is engaged in playing violent video games.

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors.

In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event. B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov

Robert Rescorla

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats in public buses. How would one expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior? She will not be influenced by her parents' words or behaviors. She will act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite. She will act rudely and talk about how being polite is not important. She will act politely and talk about the importance of being polite.

She will act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite.

In psychologist Robert Rescorla's classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding? Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats. It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats.

The tone was a more reliable predictor of the shock for the first group of rats.

Baby May is 12 months of age. Which statement is an example of the MOST sophisticated ability of which May is probably capable? May can imitate her father's actions in solving a problem. May can imitate the actions of characters in her favorite television show. When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen. May can imitate her father's funny faces and gestures.

When her mother turns to look at the television screen, May can also turn and look at the screen.

Road construction prevents a student from getting to campus using the route that he usually travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, he is using _____ to devise a different route. continuous reinforcement spontaneous recovery a cognitive map positive reinforcement

a cognitive map

Some pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, but soon the pigs were more often dropping the coins and pushing them with their snouts. This BEST illustrates the concept of ________ in operant conditioning. proper conditioning procedures proper conditioning procedures latent learning cognitive processes biological predispositions

biological predispositions

Kate has a kind of picture in her head of her hometown, a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks such as rivers, buildings, freeways, and parks. This representation is called a(n): cognitive blueprint. internal navigator. cognitive map. mental GPS.

cognitive map

In a replication of Bandura's Bobo doll study, children observe an adult model behave aggressively toward a doll. The children then observe another adult tell the model, "Good job!" The model received _____ reinforcement for behaving aggressively. negative conditioned primary respondent

conditioned

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the smell of tequila is now a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus

Obi always gives his cats treats before he goes to work each morning. When he is gathering the things he takes to work, his cats begin to circle around him and cry. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Obi's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats. generalization unconscious desire expectation discrimination

expectation

Mirror neurons in the brain's ______________ are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning. temporal lobe frontal lobes brain stem occipital lobe

frontal lobes

The familiar parental adage, "Do as I say, not as I do" teaches children to: confuse words and actions. be hypocritical. do the "right" or "good" thing. do what they please without shame.

hypocritical

B. F. Skinner believed that future "machines and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they would allow for both: positive reinforcement and punishment. continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement. individualized learning and spontaneous recovery. individualized learning and immediate reinforcement.

individualized learning and immediate reinforcement.

Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of: instinctive drift. operant conditioning. classical conditioning. extrinsic motivation.

instinctive drift.

Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as: involuntary responses are to automatic responses. voluntary responses are to involuntary responses. voluntary responses are to automatic responses. involuntary responses are to voluntary responses.

involuntary responses are to voluntary responses.

Joella watches her older brother brush his teeth and then attempts to brush her teeth on her own. Joella's older brother is serving as a _____ for Joella model scaffold mentor reinforcer

model

Johnny is hammering the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: observational conditioning. modeling. classical learning. reinforced learning.

modeling

Evaluate the traditional learning theories—namely, classical and operant conditioning—in light of the biopsychosocial model. It is MOST accurate to say that traditional learning theories _____ influences. neglected psychological neglected sociocultural emphasized sociocultural emphasized biological

neglected sociocultural

Many business organizations effectively use _____ to train communications, sales, and customer service skills. Trainees gain skills faster when they are not only taught the needed skills in a classroom or lecture setting but also are able to see the skills being practiced effectively by experienced workers. operant conditioning observational learning latent learning classical conditioning

observational learning

Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of: operant conditioning. latent learning. classical conditioning. observational learning.

observational learning.

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a biological predisposition to learn particular associations. preparedness instinct plasticity adaptability

preparedness

Fabian ordered chicken from a national chicken chain restaurant and became very ill immediately after eating it. Years later, Fabian still feels queasy when he sees an advertisement for the chicken chain or drives by one of its establishments. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the: chicken establishment. illness. the bacteria that caused the illness. queasiness.

the bacteria that caused the illness.

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: an organism can learn to repeat acts followed by good results. dogs anticipate and expect events. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines but not other organisms. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

According to Edward L. Thorndike, behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences become more likely, whereas those that are followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This concept is known as: the law of consequences. shaping. conditioned reinforcement. the law of effect.

the law of effect.

Several years ago, Shara became violently ill after eating scallops in a restaurant. Ever since then, the mere smell of cooked shellfish makes Shara feel nauseous. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is: Shara's nausea. the smell of cooked shellfish. Shara's sickness after eating scallops. cooked shellfish.

the smell of cooked shellfish.

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that: the unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus for conditioning to occur. learning occurs only if a response is followed by reinforcement. learning occurs only for sights and sounds. rewards are more effective than punishment in changing behavior.

the unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus for conditioning to occur.

Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, 2 years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of: latent learning. observational learning. theory of mind. modeling.

theory of mind.

Seven-year-old Mark likes to watch Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles every day after school. When the program is finished, he meets his friends in his backyard and they playfully dropkick each other over and over. This eventually leads to real fighting between the children. This is an example of the _____ effect. imitation prosocial violence-viewing law of

violence-viewing