psych chapter 8/9
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____. during childhood genetically only through growth throughout life
throughout life
True or false: People are at their peak of physical development in their teens. True False
False
What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father? Male Female
Female
Which of the following statements describes conception? The rate of cell differentiation intensifies and support systems for the cells form. Organs begin to mature. Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed. The organism's structures are fully formed, and weight is gained.
Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.
Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply.) Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality. He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights. He ignores the role of Individual differences in shaping moral behavior.
Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior. He did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality. He doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights.
Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.) One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective. Cognitive skills tend to decline sharply beginning in early adulthood. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic. People develop the ability to conserve.
One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic.
What are the three domains of development? Physical, psychological, and emotional Cognitive, psychological, and socioemotional Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional Physical, cognitive, and gender
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? (Select all that apply.) Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners. A woman has a difficult upbringing, but she is able to enjoy life and accomplish many things as an adult. A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children.
Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners. A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children.
Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.) Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. A schema means that we are unable to distinguish between our own perspective and someone else's perspective. A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information.
Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information.
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver? Intimacy versus isolation Trust versus mistrust Industry versus inferiority Autonomy versus shame and guilt
Trust versus mistrust
_____ is the term psychologists use to describe the force that moves people to behave in particular ways.
motivation
The valence of an emotion refers to its _____. intensity reflection in body language duration pleasantness or unpleasantness
pleasantness or unpleasantness
A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____. phenotype resilience nurture temperament
resilience
The capacity to thrive during difficult times and cope successfully with adversity is known as _____. positivity resilience optimism wisdom
resilience
According to Piaget, a _____ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
Michael wants to go to medical school because he sincerely wants to help others. To achieve his goal, he studies hard to keep up his grades, stays active in his community, and asks his school adviser for feedback about his academic progress. Michael's behavior is consistent with the process of _____. self-actualization self-regulation autonomy extrinsic motivation
self-regulation
_____ _____ theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.
terror management
At around what age is the human body at its physical peak? 40 30 20 12
20
Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.) A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind The changes in lateralization that may provide adaptation in later life A framework used for organizing information
A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind A framework used for organizing information
What do psychologists mean when they talk about "resilience"? The interaction of nature and nurture in shaping development Changes in the brain that occur during adolescence The degree to which a given behavioral trait is inherited A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research? A study that follows the same group of people for 10 years A study that follows a group of 5 year olds and a group of 15 year olds over the course of 10 years A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds
A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds
Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns? Resilience Acceptance Chronic dysfunction Recovery Delayed grief or trauma
Acceptance
Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.) Being able to speak and understand words Solving problems Imagining a future occupation Hormonal changes during puberty
Being able to speak and understand words Solving problems Imagining a future occupation
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence? Neighborhood quality Family dynamics Biological inheritance Schooling
Biological inheritance
Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.) Changes in the brain A reduction in telomere length Hormonal changes Rapid skeletal growth
Changes in the brain Hormonal changes Rapid skeletal growth
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience? Socioemotional development Behavioral development Physical development Cognitive development
Cognitive development
The three basic needs of self-determination theory are which of the following? Food, water, and sleep Physiological, safety, and love Autonomy, esteem, and self-actualization Competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Competence, autonomy, and relatedness
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following? Cross-sectional Preoperational Longitudinal Preferential
Cross-sectional
Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death. Select all five stages. Acceptance Denial Bargaining Anxiety Depression Sadness Frustration Anger Confrontation
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
______ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
Development
_____ rules are sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed. Display Drive Self-regulation Social
Display
The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotion is the result of the interpretation of nonspecific arousal based on which of the following? Which areas of the brain are involved External cues Genetic activation Which brain cells are involved
External cues
Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.) Nutrition in early childhood Eye color Family history of hair loss Peer pressure
Eye color Family history of hair loss
The facial feedback hypothesis says which of the following? Facial expressions are the primary way we identify others' emotions. Facial expressions can affect emotions. Our emotions are affected by how we interpret others' facial expressions.
Facial expressions can affect emotions.
True or false: Developmental psychologists view development as occurring mainly during infancy and childhood. True False
False
Which of the following are examples of a need, according to drive reduction theory? (Select all that apply.) Food Autonomy Competence Oxygen
Food Oxygen
Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.) It is an active role. It is a passive role. It is an interactive role. It is ruled largely by genetics.
It is an active role. It is an interactive role.
Which of the following apply to the concept of gender? (Select all that apply.) It is complex. It refers to social aspects of being male or female. The term gender is synonymous with the term sex. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female.
It is complex. It refers to social aspects of being male or female. It refers to psychological aspects of being male or female.
What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father? Male Female
Male
_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.
Moral
_____ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right. Moral Instinctive Socioemotional Cognitive
Moral
Which statements about development in adulthood are true? (Select all that apply.) Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. People who face difficulties in life are inherently more mature than those who don't. Throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change. Development in adulthood is a much more passive process than in childhood.
Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives. Throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change.
_____ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.
Puberty
Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Select all four. Resilience Chronic dysfunction Delayed grief or trauma Recovery Acceptance
Resilience Chronic dysfunction Delayed grief or trauma Recovery
Select the three domains of development. Socioemotional Psychosocial Cognitive Physical
Socioemotional Cognitive Physical
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.) Infants assert their sense of autonomy. Infants need to develop more purposeful behavior. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs. It occurs during the first year and a half of life.
The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs. It occurs during the first year and a half of life.
A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process? This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment. According to Piaget, this person has achieved the concrete operational stage. According to Kohlberg, this person has achieved preconventional reasoning. According to Kohlberg, this person has achieved a postconventional level.
This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.
True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life. True False
True
True or false: Resilient individuals tend to use positive emotions to reverse the stress of negative feelings. True False
True
What is the pleasantness or unpleasantness of an emotion called? Display rule Affect Expression Valence
Valence
Which of the following provides evidence in favor of terror management theory? (Select all that apply.) When reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs. When reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly. When reminded of their own death, people reject beliefs in heaven or life after death.
When reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs. When reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly.
With respect to research on gender differences in emotional expressions, which of the following is true? Women and men are often more alike in the way they experience emotions than stereotypes suggest. Men and women use different facial expressions to display the same emotion. Women are more likely than men to experience jealousy. Men are less likely than women to experience anxiety in new social situations. Men experience emotions longer than women.
Women and men are often more alike in the way they experience emotions than stereotypes suggest.
The _____ states that performance is best under moderate levels of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson law evolutionary approach theory of homeostasis drive reduction theory
Yerkes-Dodson law
______ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.
conception
The three basic needs in self-determination theory are _____, _____, and _____.
competence, relatedness, autonomy
The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes the role of species-specific instincts in directing behavior.
evolutionary
The _____ approach to motivation emphasizes ways in which our behavior is shaped by our species' shared history. evolutionary optimal arousal drive reduction biological
evolutionary
The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions, as well as reflect them, is considered the _____ hypothesis. two-factor primacy cognition facial-feedback
facial-feedback
True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women. True False
false
Kübler-Ross believed that in the process of dying, we go through _____ progressive stages of death and dying. four six three five
five
An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a _____ _____.
gender role
The term _____ _____ is used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individual's thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female.
gender schema
When one twin boy's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the boy's parents to raise the boy as a _____. boy and seek treatment for the child's destroyed anatomy girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant raise the boy as a boy, indicating that biology determines gender identity third gender
girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant
In early adulthood, capacities for reasoning and verbal memory _____. increase decrease
increase
The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation.
intrinsic, extrinsic
The type of motivation that is based on internal factors is _____ motivation, and the type of motivation that is based on external factors is _____ motivation. intrinsic; extrinsic extrinsic; intrinsic
intrinsic; extrinsic
The Yerkes-Dodson law maintains that humans perform best when they are _____. under-aroused moderately aroused highly aroused not aroused
moderately aroused
The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do is known to psychologists as _____. instinct homeostasis motivation drive
motivation
In drive reduction theory, a _____ is a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce that deprivation. instinct need set point motivation
need
Tommy, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Sally, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Max shouts. This illustrates that _____. (Select all that apply.) peers are involved in gender development Kohlberg was correct in his theory peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate children are not fully socialized until Piaget's preoperational stage
peers are involved in gender development peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate
The basic premise of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that _____. there are five types of needs, and people need to focus on all five at once if they are to be psychologically healthy self-actualization is the strongest need, which drives all the others psychological needs are more important than biological needs for understanding human behavior people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs
people must satisfy lower-level needs before they can focus on higher-level needs
According to Maslow, the most basic need is _____. safety self-actualization affiliation physiological
physiological
Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. postconventional unconventional conventional preconventional
postconventional
Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. unconventional preconventional postconventional conventional
preconventional
Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique. preferential looking conservation object permanence habituation
preferential looking
The technical term for behaving in a way that is intended to benefit others is _____ behavior.
prosocial
When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to this as _____ behavior. prosocial moral appropriate social
prosocial
The process by which an individual pursues important objectives by setting goals and monitoring progress is called self-_____. motivation gratification regulation preservation
regulation
John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that ______ was the main determinant of gender. physical male and female anatomy socialization biology genetic inheritance
socialization
In the autonomic nervous system, the _____ nervous system prepares the body for action. parasymbolic sympathetic symbolism parasympathetic
sympathetic
The _____ nervous system prepares the body for action, whereas the _____ nervous system calms the body.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding? parenting style socioemotional style temperament attachment
temperament
______ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.
temperament
The _____ theory of emotion says that emotion is affected by both physiological arousal and our interpretation of the situation. James-Lange discrete emotions Cannon-Bard two-factor
two-factor
Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____. cross sectional a technique developed by Piaget to test object permanence using the preferential looking technique longitudinal
using the preferential looking technique
