Psych Chapters 6-7 Test Prep
After his death, a postmortem examination was performed on H.M.'s brain to examine which specific structures had been damaged by the earlier surgery that doctors performed to curb his epilepsy. This postmortem examination is best characterized as what type of research?
A case study
Why might our susceptibility for proactive and retroactive interference increase as we age?
A decline in the central executive function
According to studies, how much time should ideally pass between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus in order to create learning?
A few seconds
L'Meese wants to experiment with classical conditioning for a coursework assignment. She wants to replicate Pavlov's experiments using all new stimuli. When choosing her stimuli what should she identify first?
A stimulus that naturally and reliably causes some response in the organism
Which area of the brain is thought to play a role in the conditioning of fear responses?
Amygdala
After a stroke, Petra was diagnosed with anterograde amnesia, based on her inability to remember things that happened just a few minutes prior. What is causing this inability to form declarative memories in Petra's long-term memory?
An inability to encode new memories
In her psychology class, Pallavi's professor gave exams and quizzes online. The professor told all students that the next exam would be given in a format that utilized the theory of Skinner's box. What should Pallavi expect from this exam?
An inability to move on to a new question until the current question is answered correctly
According to Bandura, modeling is a process. What is the first step in the process that must be achieved before a behavior can be modeled?
Attention
When studying for her exam, Zereth found she was having a hard time remembering long lists of information. She decided to find ways to group them so that they were in small but meaningful groups. What was Zereth using to process and retain information?
Chunking
Aversion therapy has been shown to be modestly helpful in motivating people with substance abuse disorders. What type of conditioning is aversion therapy?
Classical
What is the process of learning to associate two stimuli so that the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus?
Classical conditioning
Temporary amnesia is sometimes used to determine whether a concussion has occurred, especially in student athletes. When a high school student experiences two or more concussions, what potential outcomes are likely to occur?
Cognitive difficulties
Tyra is trying to condition a dog to not fear thunderstorms. To do this, Tyra uses the following approach. When the forecast calls for storms, Tyra brings a dog inside and allows it to sit on the couch with Tyra. While the dog is on the couch, Tyra pets it and gives it treats as the thunderstorm begins. Tyra seems to be using which principle of learning to help the dog?
Counter conditioning
Even though Tariq received an "A" in his psychology class, a year later he was unable to explain many of the theories that he learned. Why would this occur when at one time, Tariq knew and understood the material well?
Decay
From where does knowledge that can be easily verbalized come from?
Declarative memory
______________ is responding to a stimulus to which you have previously learned to ignore.
Dishabituation
The law of effect was developed by _____________.
E. L. Thorndike
Instead of using maintenance rehearsal to study for a quiz, what technique would be more effective in holding information in long-term memory?
Elaborative rehearsal
Based on the relationships between unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned responses, most responses that can be classically conditioned fall into two categories. What are those categories?
Emotional and physiological
How do we input information into our memory so that we can access it at a later time?
Encoding
Raphael spent several hours studying for his exam. While he was studying he tried to apply words and explanations to theories so that they would be easier for him to recall. During the exam, he was able to answer exam questions on these theories. How was Raphael able to retrieve information needed to answer exam question?
Explicit memory
For several years after a tornado destroyed her family home, Marah experienced strong and specific memories of details that occurred during that specific tornado. How can these memories be described?
Flashbulb memories
What is the purpose of an orienting reflex?
Gather information about stimuli that could be potentially threatening.
Dajhia is studying in her dorm room and can hear her neighbor's music playing. She eventually can block out the music and focuses on her studying. What process is responsible for Dajhia's ability to ignore this music over time?
Habituation
Every time Apoorva smells chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven, she thinks of her grandmother who made cookies for her as a child. What memory function is being activated by the smell of the cookies?
Haptic
As you read a book, which is the first stage of memory into which the information that you are reading is processed?
Iconic memory
Brushing your teeth, combing your hair, and tying your shoes are all most likely to involve use of which type of memory?
Implicit
In which way does extinction that occurs in operant conditioning different than the extinction that occurs in classical conditioning?
In operant condition, extinction occurs because a behavior is no longer reinforced.
According to B. F. Skinner, how is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?
In operant conditioning the organism has to make a choice to respond in a certain way
Why does punishment fail as a method of behavior modification?
It does not teach the correct response to a situation
Julius is terrified when he see's a dog. He immediately remembers a time when a dog chased him down the street. In which way is Julius's working memory working with his long-term memories?
It is creating an episodic buffer.
Why is habituation an important tool in our ability to respond to, or ignore, a stimulus?
It protects our brain from overstimulation.
What does explicit memory rely on?
Language
Silvia continued to bother the puppy after it growled at her. Even after her mother's warning, she continued to bother the puppy until the puppy snapped at her. Silvia began to cry, and after that incident she did not bother the puppy again. What concept does Silvia's experience illustrate?
Learning
Which area of the brain becomes active when processing verbal information and can enhance verbal learning?
Left frontal lobe
The saying "King Philip Came Over for Good Soup" as a tool for remembering the animal classification and organization system -- Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. What kind of a memory device is this?
Mnemonics
Jack doesn't want to remember the blind date he went on last week because it didn't go well. Every time he starts to think of the date, Jack pushes the memory from his mind, and he focuses his attention on something else. Which type of forgetting best describes what Jack is experiencing?
Motivated forgetting
After retrieving a memory of a desired behavior, what does an observer require in order to execute the behavior?
Motivation
Nour has suffered from migraine headaches since she was young. What might be the relationship between her migraines and her ability to habituate?
Nour has less ability to tune out stressful stimuli.
Manoj really wanted to learn how to hit a baseball, but did not have family members who could teach him. He often watched baseball on television, and when the game was over, he would go in the back yard and try to imitate what the professional players did. Manoj found he could accurately hit the ball, and improve his skills by studying the professional players. What type of learning was Manoj using?3
Observational
Sally studies the children in her preschool class to see if they will pretend to make a pizza after watching the Cookie Monster make a pizza on TV. What type of learning is Sally studying, and what research method is she using?
Observational learning; naturalistic observation
In a study conducted by Elizabeth Loftus, participants were shown a video of a car accident and asked how fast the vehicles were going when the vehicles hit each other or smashed into each other. What was the outcome for those in the group with the verb smashed being used?
Participants estimated the speed of the vehicles as significantly faster.
Which memory system includes features of both semantic and episodic memory, and includes knowledge of oneself and events from one's life?
Personal semantic
Which system of the central executive component processes and stores verbal and auditory information?
Phenological loop
Mary was married 6 months ago. Much to her dismay, her friends continue to call her by her maiden name even though she has legally taken her partner's name. Mary's friends are experiencing which memory phenomenon?
Proactive interference
The first time Rabeya met Sam, she thought he was rude and immature. Since then, she has been in meetings and has done project work with him, and although he has not been rude, and has behaved professionally every time since the first meeting, Rabeya still considers him to be rude and immature. What might account for Rabeya's inability or unwillingness to form a new opinion about Sam?
Proactive interference
Maria was a passenger in a car that was involved in a hit-and-run incident. The police asked her to describe the car involved in the crime as best as she could. Which measure of memory retrieval was the officer using?
Recall
You meet an old friend on the street and search your memory for their name. This is an example of which type of retrieval task?
Recall
To eliminate an undesirable behavior through extinction, what must occur?
Removal of all reinforcing behaviors
How is information moved from the long-term memory to working memory?
Retrieval
In which way do we organize generalized knowledge about particular concepts?
Schema
Why do humans and many animals exhibit orienting reflexes?
Self-protection
When his professor was explaining a new concept, Woojin had a memory of when he was young and a similar experience happened to him. This helped Woojin apply the material and learn it. Which process did Woojin use to apply this new information to his personal experiences?
Self-reference effect
Lila entered an unfamiliar room and noticed its arrangement, unique carpet, and bright lighting. The memory of what the room looked like during her observation most closely represents what stage model of memory?
Sensory memory
Raj will not eat potato chips since they made him sick years ago. However, he recently began to date someone who he really liked. He was invited over for a special, home cooked meal, and his date made potato chips from scratch. When he was offered some, he politely took one and ate it. Much to his surprise, he didn't get sick, and he found he really liked them. How can this phenomenon be explained?
Spontaneous recovery
_______________________ is responding to only a particular stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination
Raj ate an entire bag of spicy, bar-b-cue potato chips. Shortly after he become sick, and vomited several times. Now, he refuses to eat any potato chips because he associates them with being sick. Why does Raj now refuse to eat any potato chips?
Stimulus generalization
According to researchers, what is thought to be responsible for certain aspects of flashbulb memories?
Stress hormones that act on the amygdala
As you read the words on this page, which component of working memory is likely controlling the manner in which you process this information?
The central executive
You are trying to study your psychology notes, and at the same time you are trying to listen to music online. Which component of working memory is most at work, attempting to divide your attention among these tasks?
The central executive
Sarah is learning a list of new words. If you took a PET scan of Sarah's brain during completion of this task, where would you expect to see the greatest brain activity?
The hippocampus
After getting out of the army, Lee frequently experienced episodes of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). He would jump and use evasive action when a car backfired, or when loud, sudden noises were on television. How can mindfulness-based stress reduction and habituation therapy help Lee with his PTSD?
They can lessen the physiological response to stressors
Which schedule of reinforcement provides a higher rate of responses, and a slower rate of extinction?
Variable ratio
According to the encoding specificity principle, when should we have better recall of memory?
When the information is retrieved in the same setting that we learned it
The phrase "Please excuse my dear aunt Sally," used as a tool to help people recall the order of mathematical operations, is an example of __________.
a mnemonic
After hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the final items presented more accurately. This tendency most clearly illustrates
a recency effect.
Who is credited with studying operant conditioning? a. B. F. Skinner b. E. L. Thorndike c. Ivan Pavlov d. John Watson
a. B. F. Skinner
Which of the following is a condition that develops in those who experience repeated trauma to the head, characterized by feelings of depression, and difficulties in processing information? a. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy b. Anterograde amnesia c. Temporary amnesia d. Emotion-laden autobiographical memory processing
a. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Why is continuous reinforcement considered to be a less effective method of reinforcement than partial reinforcement? a. Continuously reinforced behaviors are vulnerable to extinction. b. There is less contingency between the behavior and the reward. c. There is less relationship between the reinforcement and signals that the contingency is no longer operating. d. Rewards must be continuously improved to make them meaningful.
a. Continuously reinforced behaviors are vulnerable to extinction.
Which one of the following can help maintain good memory? a. Flavanols b. Getting minimal sleep between sessions c. Anaerobic exercise d. Diet rich in fat and sugar
a. Flavanols
Which one of the following is not an example of implicit memory? a. Knowing your best friend's name. b. Knowing how to jump rope. c. Being classically conditioned to fear snakes after experiencing a snake bite. d. Being able to tie your shoes without looking.
a. Knowing your best friend's name.
José was in a car accident and he damaged his cerebellum. Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for José after his accident? a. Learning to play the piano b. Learning psychology c. Recalling his childhood d. Remembering what he had for breakfast
a. Learning to play the piano
Which of the following is a reinforcer that directly reinforces because this reinforcer is pleasurable in and of itself? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Latent learned d. Token economy
a. Primary
Which of the following would be the best example of maintenance rehearsal? a. Reading your notes over and over as you study for an exam b. Thinking about how the material you are studying relates to chapters that you have previously studied c. Developing mnemonics to help you remember the material d. Thinking about how the material relates to your own life
a. Reading your notes over and over as you study for an exam
Which one of the following memory processes involves being able to pull information out of memory on test day? a. Retrieval b. Encoding c. Storage d. Conscience
a. Retrieval
Commonly, when someone gets a new cell phone number, it is impossible to remember the old cell number. What phenomenon does this illustrate? a. Retroactive interference b. Misinformation effect c. Repression d. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
a. Retroactive interference
Which one of the following is a common feature in all learning theories? a. Something must be done for learning to occur. b. To look at learning, behaviors alone should be observed. c. All learning theories emphasize the role that mental or cognitive processes play in learning. d. Learning is specifically dependent on prior reinforcement.
a. Something must be done for learning to occur.
In order for a memory to be retrieved from long-term memory, two conditions must be met; the memory must be available and
accessible.
Two conditions must be met for successful retrieval from long-term memory: the memory must be available and
accessible.
Glenn experienced a concussion in a terrible car accident, after which he could no longer store new episodic or semantic memories. Glenn seems to have ________________.
anterograde amnesia
Decay theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of ___________, whereas interference theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of ___________.
availability; accessibility
Which one of the following scenarios illustrates the use of implicit memory? a. Learning a new dance routine b. A 40-year-old driving a car home from work c. A high-school graduate's first day of college, trying to find the registrar's office d. A 1-year old eating spaghetti
b. A 40-year-old driving a car home from work
Which one of the following children is most likely to respond to correction long-term and foster a good parent-child relationship? a. A child who is spanked and sent to his or her room b. A child whose PlayStation was taken away and, after a discussion, given back c. A child who is yelled at for doing something wrong d. A child who is afraid of doing something wrong because of previous harsh punishment
b. A child whose PlayStation was taken away and, after a discussion, given back
In the 2004 movie 50 First Dates, Drew Barrymore's character gets into a car accident and loses the ability to form new memories since the accident. She seems to be suffering from what condition? a. Cue-dependent forgetting b. Anterograde amnesia c. Retrograde amnesia d. Repression
b. Anterograde amnesia
Which of the following events is most likely to produce a flashbulb memory? a. Taking a difficult math test b. Being in a serious car accident c. Having a heated discussion with your best friend d. Going to a very scary movie on a date
b. Being in a serious car accident
Which one of the following correctly matches the part of the brain with the type of memory for which it is responsible? a. Hippocampus; procedural b. Cerebellum; procedural memory c. Hippocampus; implicit d. Amygdala; procedural
b. Cerebellum; procedural memory
When asked for his phone number, Dejon says 456-587-5565, pausing in between each set of numbers. Which one of the following memory devices is he using? a. Mnemonic b. Chunking c. Maintenance rehearsal d. Self-reference effect (SRE)
b. Chunking
Which of the following statements about conditioning is true? a. Classical conditioning theory was developed by E. L. Thorndike. b. Classical conditioning involves reflexes, whereas operant conditioning occurs due to rewards and punishments. c. The process of reinforcement means that the rewarded behavior will become less likely in the future. d. Ivan Pavlov developed a principle of learning called law of effect.
b. Classical conditioning involves reflexes, whereas operant conditioning occurs due to rewards and punishments.
In which way does observational learning differ from behaviorism advocated by Skinner? a. Learning will result in an overt change in behavior. b. Cognition is considered in the learning process. c. Latent learning must occur before observational learning can occur. d. Learning occurs through the cognitive mapping process.
b. Cognition is considered in the learning process.
Conditioning requires a high degree of consistency between the nonconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus for learning to occur. Which of the following is the name for that degree of consistency? a. Stimulus discrimination b. Contingency c. Contiguity d. Stimulus generalization
b. Contingency
When a schema is missing information from our perception, which of the following is used to supply that information? a. Episodic memory b. Default values c. Bottom-up processing d. Declarative memory
b. Default values
Which of the following statements about habituation is true? a. Habituation is the most complex type of learning. b. Habituation is possible in organisms with very simple nervous systems. c. Habituation occurs after a single exposure to a stimulus. d. Habituation ensures that people spend a lot of time on stimuli.
b. Habituation is possible in organisms with very simple nervous systems.
Indira became afraid of snakes as a child when her brother would chase her with small snakes in his hands. Last week, Indira went for a hike on a new trail. During the hike, she came across a nest of snakes, and she immediate experienced fear. Indira is now afraid to hike that trail and has decided never to do so again. Which of the following has occurred in Indira? a. Contiguity b. Higher-order classical conditioning c. First order level of classical conditioning d. Contingency
b. Higher-order classical conditioning
Which one of the following types of memories is our largest and most permanent memory storage system? a. Short-term memory b. Long-term memory c. Sensory memory d. Working memory
b. Long-term memory
What does the story of Kimputer say about human cognition? a. Being able to memorize information allows the person to apply information. b. Memorization and comprehension involve two independent abilities. c. You cannot have intellectual disability and be considered a genius. d. Traditional IQ test measures all kinds of intelligence.
b. Memorization and comprehension involve two independent abilities.
Which of the following is not a true statement about using physical punishment on children? a. Physical punishment may teach children to be aggressive. b. Physical punishment may teach children correct behaviors. c. Physical punishment is often less effective than positive reinforcement. d. Physical punishment may result in classical conditioning of negative emotions in children.
b. Physical punishment may teach children correct behaviors.
Which one of the following terms describes a reinforcer that is encouraging in and of itself? a.Secondary reinforcer b. Primary reinforcer c. Token d. Contingency
b. Primary reinforcer
Your friend asks you to repeat the word "silk" 5 times. Then they ask you the question, "What do cows drink?". When you answer with "milk", they laugh and tell you that of course cows drink water. Which of the following best explains why you answered incorrectly? a. Explicit memory b. Priming c. A lack of attention d. None of the above
b. Priming
Which of the following is the best example of elaborative rehearsal? a. Reading a chapter in your text three times b. Relating the material to your personal experiences c. Using flashcards of key concepts in the chapter d. Rewriting your lecture notes
b. Relating the material to your personal experiences
Which one of the statements about explicit memory is true? a. Relies on unconscious use of memory b. Relies on language c Can store 7 +/- 2 items d. Is utilized when driving a car
b. Relies on language
Which of the following is the best example of semantic encoding in long-term memory? a. Remembering how to play the tune to your favorite song on a guitar b. Remembering the name of the artist who sings your favorite song c. Remembering having pancakes for breakfast this morning d. Remembering your first day of high school
b. Remembering the name of the artist who sings your favorite song
Amir's professor requires a series of short research papers. One is due each week, and each week Amir's professor indicates how the paper can be improved. All future papers are then expected to incorporate these suggestions. Which of the following is Amir's professor using to improve the quality of student writing? a. Generalization b. Successive approximation c. Continuous reinforcement d. Ratio schedule of reinforcement
b. Successive approximation
Which of the following is an example of divided attention? a. Driving home from work and singing a favorite song while doing so b. Texting while walking down a sidewalk c. Taking notes in class while the professor is lecturing d. Playing video games with friends
b. Texting while walking down a sidewalk
Which of the following views of memory can best explain our ability to simultaneously process the music of a video and the images of the video in short-term memory? a. The three-stages model of memory b. The working memory view of memory c. Procedural memory processing d. Semantic memory processing
b. The working memory view of memory
Which of the following best illustrates the use of explicit memory? a. Forgetting to get eggs at the grocery store b. Trying to remember the name of a woman you once met at a party c. Automatically thinking of a cat when you see a dog on TV d. Guessing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test
b. Trying to remember the name of a woman you once met at a party
Regarding classical conditioning, which of the following refers to a reflex behavior? a. Conditioned stimulus (CS) b. Unconditioned response (UR) c. Conditioned response (CR) d. Unconditioned stimulus (US)
b. Unconditioned response (UR)
Which one of the following is an example of a positive punishment? a. Taking candy away if a child talks back b. Using a shock collar on a barking dog c. Giving a good grade for submitting work on time d. Taking a shower to get rid of a bad smell
b. Using a shock collar on a barking dog
Which one of the following statements is true regarding autobiographical memory? a. Reminiscing about one's life events is a male gender-typed activity. b. Women are better able to remember autobiographical events because they have a greater tendency to elaborate for emotional event memories. c. Men can better remember emotional childhood memories. d. As autobiographical memory is created, all parts of the episodic memory stay intact.
b. Women are better able to remember autobiographical events because they have a greater tendency to elaborate for emotional event memories.
In the previous question, Tyra's attempt to train the dog not to fear thunderstorms could be considered to be _____________________.
behavior modification
Which of the following learning theorists would be most likely to acknowledge the role that memory plays in learning? a. John B. Watson b. B. F. Skinner c. Albert Bandura d. Ivan Pavlov
c. Albert Bandura
Which one of the following statements regarding observational learning is true? a. When watching television, children engage in a passive act. b. Albert Bandura's theory negates the importance of cognition in learning. c. Children as young as 12 months old pay attention to television. d. Learning occurs after physical participation and reinforcement.
c. Children as young as 12 months old pay attention to television.
Which statement regarding schedules of reinforcement is true? a. In a variable-interval schedule, an organism is reinforced per piecework or per number of responses. b. In a fixed-ratio schedule, a variable number of responses must occur. c. Continuous reinforcement is not helpful. d. Partial schedule of reinforcement encourages an organism after every attempt at a behavior.
c. Continuous reinforcement is not helpful.
Which one of the following statements is true about elaborative rehearsal? a. Elaborative rehearsal is also known as maintenance rehearsal. b. Elaborative rehearsal involves repeating information repeatedly until it's connected to memory. c. Elaborative rehearsal is better for moving information from short-term to long-term memory. d. Elaborative rehearsal is used when memorizing multiplication tables.
c. Elaborative rehearsal is better for moving information from short-term to long-term memory.
When Mani showers and the water turns hot, he jumps back. When Jeremy flushes the toilet, and Mani jumped back. Now, every time Mani hears the toilet flush, he jumps back. Which of the following elements was the conditioned stimulus? a. Jumping back b. Hot water c. Flushing of the toilet d. Mani
c. Flushing of the toilet
Albert Bandura conducted a series of experiments called the Bobo Doll experiments. What is Bandura's contribution to observation learning theory based on his research? a. He found that learning cannot occur without reinforcement. b. He established behaviorism as a field of study. c. He addressed the role of cognition in the learning process. d. He was able to identify and discuss behavior without discussing cognitive or mental processes.
c. He addressed the role of cognition in the learning process.
Which of the following appears to play a crucial role in the processing of declarative memory for people without amnesia? a. Striatum b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Cerebellum
c. Hippocampus
Which one of the following is an example of an unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response (US-UR) relationship? a. Spider, fear b. Reputation, prestige c. Hot stove, pulling hand back d. Storms, being able to sleep
c. Hot stove, pulling hand back
Which of the following is the process involving biochemical changes at the synapse that affect the sensitivity of neuron signals, allowing memories to be stored in long-term memory? a. Repression b. Schema c. Long-term potentiation d. Proactive interference
c. Long-term potentiation
Evan knew weeks in advance about a big exam. However, things kept coming up, and he kept delaying his studying until the night before the exam. Which one of the following terms describes his studying? a. Overlearning b. Elaborative rehearsal c. Massed practice d. Distributed practice
c. Massed practice
Which one of the following statements about memory is true? a. Memory is only reconstructive in nature. b. Hormones in the thalamus are responsible for long-term memory. c. Memory is often inaccurate. d. Memory function improves when focusing on multiple tasks at once.
c. Memory is often inaccurate.
Which of the following occurs when people are exposed to information that is inaccurate, and that information is applied to memory? a. Reconsolidation b. Reconstruction c. Misinformation affect d. Repression
c. Misinformation affect
There is significant evidence that children learn from watching television. Which of the following has been linked to excessive screen time in children? a. Inability to use modeling behavior b. Decreased ability to learn c. Poorer performance in some aspects of executive functioning d. Shorter attention spans when television shows are watched by parents as well as the child
c. Poorer performance in some aspects of executive functioning
According to the three stages of memory theory, which of the following is the tendency for words at the beginning of a list to be recalled more easily than words in the middle of a list? a. Recency b. Top-down processing c. Primacy d. Working memory
c. Primacy
Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration? a. Long-term memory b. Short-term memory c. Sensory memory d. Working memory
c. Sensory memory
Which one of the following types of memories is only available to you for a fraction of a second? a. Short-term memory b. Long-term memory c. Sensory memory d. Working memory
c. Sensory memory
According to the law of effect, which of the following will occur when a random response is rewarded with some type of reinforcement? a. The behavior will become more likely in the future if the reward is provided before the behavior occurs b. The behavior will continue only when positive reinforcement is used c. The behavior will become more likely in the future d. The behavior will become less likely in the future
c. The behavior will become more likely in the future
Which one of the following statements regarding the serial position effect is true? a. All words on the serial-position curve have an equal chance of being recalled. b. Short-term memory is fully engaged during memorization of a list. c. The recency effect occurs when the last item in the list is recalled. d. Primary memory is affected the most by normal aging.
c. The recency effect occurs when the last item in the list is recalled.
According to the available research, which of the following is not a true statement about flashbulb memories? a. They are emotionally charged memories. b. They are in part a function of the stress hormones that are released at the time the memory trace is encoded. c. They are more accurate in their detail than normal memories are. d. Many people experience flashbulb memories at some point in their lives.
c. They are more accurate in their detail than normal memories are.
Which one of the following researchers is correctly paired with their discovery? a. Pavlov - operant conditioning b. B. F. Skinner - law of effect c. Tolman - latent learning d. Köhler - token economy
c. Tolman - latent learning
Zoe's student ID is an eight-digit number that is presented in three-and two-digit units, separated by dashes. The organization of these larger units is known as
chunking.
In the previous question, Juan's recollection of his date is most likely to be the result of _____________________.
constructive and reconstructive memory
In recalling his date from last Saturday night, Juan assumes that his date was wearing shoes, even though he did not encode the details of what the shoes looked like. Juan's memory is an example of ______.
constructive memory
Retrieval of information from long-term memory often uses schemas to fill in missing details. This is best illustrated by the notion that memory is
constructive.
Amelia was in a car accident recently. Just prior to the crash, a certain song was playing on the radio. Now, whenever Amelia hears this song, she feels uneasy. This example shows that classical conditioning can sometimes occur even with low levels of ___________.
contingency
When you are listening to and watching a music video on your computer, which component(s) of memory are you likely to be using? a. The phonological loop b. The central executive c. The visuospatial sketchpad d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Ignacio sustained a motorcycle accident and cannot form new declarative memories. He can, however, remember everything before the accident. Which of the following BEST explains Ignacio's impairment? a. Abnormalities in white matter b. Retrograde amnesia c. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy d. Anterograde amnesia
d. Anterograde amnesia
Jim played football in both high school and college and sustained trauma to his head on several occasions. Ten years later, Jim has difficulty concentrating and shows signs of serious depression. Which of the following BEST represents Jim's condition? a. Anterograde amnesia b. Retrograde amnesia c. Primacy effects d. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
d. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true? a. Classical conditioning is infrequent in everyday life. b. Classical conditioning involves the use of rewards and punishments to continue or stop a behavior. c. Classical conditioning occurring on top of pre-existing classical conditioning is called the first-order level of classical conditioning. d. Classical conditioning is possible with emotional responses.
d. Classical conditioning is possible with emotional responses.
While walking to class, Nila notices how warm the breeze is, and can smell the freshly cut grass. Which of the following describes Nila's awareness of the sensations she is experiencing while walking to class? a. Memory traces b. Explicit memory c. Encoding d. Consciousness
d. Consciousness
Which of the following occurs when an episodic memory is integrated into autobiographical memory? a. Schemas stored in long-term memory can be utilized. b. It becomes easier to verbalize things like names, dates, and other specific detail. c. The long-term capacity for memory begins to diminish. d. Details are lost.
d. Details are lost.
Which of the following describes the ability to use one's mind in a manner that is flexible, such as controlling attention, holding information in memory, and speed of mental processing? a. Learning b. Motivation c. Dishabituation d. Executive functioning
d. Executive functioning
Which type of learning is considered to be the simplest form of learning? a. Operant b. Observational c. Classical d. Habituation
d. Habituation
According to the working memory model, which of the following is not a component of working memory? a. The episodic buffer b. The phonological loop c. The central executive d. Iconic memory
d. Iconic memory
Which of the following assumptions are made about working memory model that makes it different than the three-stages model? a. In the working memory model, we process memory in stages. b. In the working memory model, we focus only on the most important information as we age. c, In the working memory model, there is only one route in which memory moves from short-term to long-term. d. In the working memory model, we process different aspects of memory simultaneously.
d. In the working memory model, we process different aspects of memory simultaneously.
Which of the following tasks would be most difficult for an adult with anterograde amnesia? a. Learning to jump rope b. Learning to play a new video game c. Recalling their fifth birthday party d. Learning psychology
d. Learning psychology
Which of the following processes best explains why a child may pretend to spank their teddy bear? a. Habituation b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Observational learning
d. Observational learning
Which of the following describes an addition of something into an environment to make a given behavior less likely? a. Negative punishment b. Negative reinforcement c. Positive reinforcement d. Positive punishment
d. Positive punishment
Being able to remember all the colors of the rainbow without the mnemonic ROYGBIV is an example of what kind of task? a. Top-down processing b. Schema c. Recognition d. Recall
d. Recall
Which of the following types of learning does not require that the person or animal do anything in order for learning to occur? a. Habituation b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Social learning
d. Social learning
Which one of the following terms describes a phenomenon when a temporary increase in conditioned response (CR) occurs? a. Aversion b. Extinction c. Stimulus discrimination d. Spontaneous recovery
d. Spontaneous recovery
Which of the following statements about migraines is true? a. Migraines are associated with higher levels of dopamine. b. There are no genetic markers for migraines. c, People who experience migraines are the ones who habituate more. d. Studies suggest that those who do not experience migraines tend to have a better ability to habituate.
d. Studies suggest that those who do not experience migraines tend to have a better ability to habituate.
Which of the following events is most likely to create a flashbulb memory? a. Having a bad first date b. Freshman year of college c. Memorizing a textbook d. Surviving a bad car accident
d. Surviving a bad car accident
Mr. Smith has established a token economy system in the class of first graders he teaches. Which of the following is an advantage to establishing a token economy to direct the behavior of the entire class of children? a. A different program can be set up for each child, making it more meaningful b. Young children do not have to experience delayed gratification c. There is a larger gap between a behavior and the eventual primary reinforcement of the behavior d. There is immediate reinforcement even if the primary reinforcer is not available
d. There is immediate reinforcement even if the primary reinforcer is not available
Which of the following do episodic memory and semantic memory share? a. They have both been established by around the age of 10. b. They are both implicit. c. They are part of the same memory system. d. They are both declarative.
d. They are both declarative.
Which of the following is the basis for interval schedules of reinforcement? a. Who provides the response b. Number of responses c. Consistency of the response d. Timing of the responses
d. Timing of the responses
Lola was at the grocery store and ran into a person whose name she knew, but no matter how hard she tried to remember it, she could not pull it out of her memory. Which one of the following terms best describes her experience? a. Decay b. Recognition c. Amnesia d. Tip of the tongue phenomenon.
d. Tip of the tongue phenomenon.
Which of the following best illustrates the use of implicit memory? a. Knowing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test b. Trying to remember where you left your car keys c. Forgetting where you left your car keys d. Tying your shoe while talking on your cell phone
d. Tying your shoe while talking on your cell phone
Classical conditioning best explains the conditioning of what type of responses? a. Behavioral b. Emotional c. Physiological d. b & c
d. b & c (Emotional and Physiological)
Marah's house was destroyed by a tornado when she was a child, and she still can describe how scary that event was for her. Even as an adult, Marah experiences sever panic and is terrified every time there is a bad storm. These frequent and upsetting memories of the tornado that destroyed her family home has led to a condition in Marah called a. encoding specificity. b. cue-dependent forgetting. c. repression. d. post-traumatic stress disorder.
d. post-traumatic stress disorder.
After a surgery to prevent epileptic seizures, H.M. could not remember seeing his doctor mere seconds after he left the room. He could remember how to do certain perceptual-motor skills such as tracing a stimulus while looking at the reflection in a mirror. The experience shown by H.M. provides evidence for the distinction between
declarative and procedural memory.
Damage to the hippocampus would most clearly interfere with a person's ability to form
declarative memories.
Research suggests that athletes who experience concussions may be predisposed to later experiencing __________.
depression
Montazar had become used to the worker installing new tile in the hallway of his dorm. He did not notice when the worker went to lunch and quit working. However, Montazar immediately noticed when the worker came back and started working again. Montazar is exhibiting _____.
dishabituation
Perceiving a fleeting sensory memory of a revved engine of a passing car would be a(n)
echoic memory.
The basic processes of memory are
encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Conscious memories that are typically recalled in the form of words are known as
explicit memories.
Oscar is working in a manufacturing plant where he is paid $50 for every 1,000 units he produces. Oscar is being reinforced on a ____________________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed ratio of 1,000 units
Remarkably detailed memories for emotionally charged events are known as
flashbulb memories.
In Pavlov's original studies, the unconditioned stimulus was ____.
food
As a child, Aviva used to spend hours imitating her favorite superhero, Spider-Man. However, now that she is grown with children of her own, she finds that she models her behavior by a different standard. Aviva most likely would seek a model after a person who ______________.
has a similar occupation
After years of practice, riding a bicycle is an example of
implicit memory.
When Avec sat down to write her term paper, she turned on her computer and got right to work. She did not have to think about how to operate the computer, where letters are on the keyboard, or how to format her document. She already knew from experience. This is an example of
implicit memory.
Miquel loves baseball and was excited to join a local team. However, he often missed the ball when he swung, and could not direct where the ball went when he hit it. He studied what his teammates did, and listened to advice from his coach, and within a few weeks he consistently hit the ball to where he wanted it to go. Miquel improved his skills in baseball through a process called
learning.
Your knowledge of animals is most likely stored in ______________________.
long-term memory as semantic memory traces
The stabilization of long-term storage of memory traces is called
memory consolidation.
Bits of information that are encoded into memory are known as _____________.
memory traces
Thelma reinforces her son for making his bed by telling him that he doesn't need to mow the grass. Thelma is using ____________________ with ______________________ to condition her son's behavior.
operant conditioning; negative reinforcement
Sasha is sitting in class, trying to listen to her professor's lecture, but she finds herself very distracted by the student next to her who is talking to another student. Sasha is exhibiting a(n) ________________.
orienting reflex
While driving to class, Rabeya heard the sound of a car horn and the squealing of tires. She immediately slowed down and looked for the source of the noise. How can Rabeya's response to these stimuli be described?
orienting reflex
The working memory model is to ___________________ as the three-stages model is to ________________.
parallel processing; serial processing
Patricia works as a real estate agent. She often complains that she has so many memories of former clients that she struggles to remember the names of her new clients. Patricia's difficulty is BEST described as
proactive interference.
Damage to the cerebellum would most clearly interfere with a person's ability to form
procedural memories.
Charlie has been doing woodworking since he was a young child. His father taught him skills, which he now uses without much thought, to produce custom-made pieces. When Charlie studies a piece of wood or begins to set up equipment, and does so without much thought, he is using
procedural memory.
An unpleasant consequence that leads to a decrease in behavior is
punishment.
In ___________, the memory probes and cues are stronger and contain more information.
recognition
Recalling the actual details of your first day in college in an accurate manner would be an example of ______________ memory.
reconstructive
When you first met your classmate, he was introduced to you as Calvin. However, Calvin never uses his first name and goes by just his initials (C.D.). Now, after a few years, you find that you cannot recall C.D.'s first name. This is most likely an example of ________________________.
retroactive interference
You know how to behave when you go to a fast-food restaurant because you have a(n) ______ stored in long-term memory for this event.
schema
Points earned for shopping at a particular store are an example of ___________________.
secondary reinforcers
You are at a very noisy party, but instead of listening to the background noise, you are having a serious conversation with a friend. The fact that you are able to do this best illustrates ___________________.
selective attention
While taking notes on exam information, Manoj is focusing on what seems the most important by using
selective attention.
Remembering the definition of elaborative rehearsal is an example of a(n) ________ memory.
semantic
All information that enters our memory must first pass through
sensory memory.
The three-stages model of memory indicates that we first encode information as a momentary
sensory memory.
A therapist is reinforcing successive approximations of the final desired behavior to help a client with developmental disabilities learn a complex job task. The therapist is using _______.
shaping
After being told the combination to a bike lock, Jake was able to remember the code for just the amount of time to turn the numbers to open the lock. The combination was clearly stored in Jake's
short-term memory.
The available research evidence suggests that the ________ may play a role in the learning of habits.
striatum
According to the theory of cue-dependent forgetting, the amount of information we can retrieve from long-term memory is a function of
type of probe used.
Getting an injection causes Marla to flinch. In classical conditioning terms, the needle stick is a(n) ______________________.
unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that causes a reflexive response, that is, one where there is no association between the stimulus and the response, is referred to as a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
