psych chp 1-2

Which of the following would LEAST likely be studied by a cognitive psychologist?

shaping behavior by reinforcement

The principal disadvantage of descriptive/correlational research methods is

since researchers cannot control variables of interest, conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships are not appropriate.​

The fact that UND students "saw" NDSU players engage in twice as many infractions as the UND players did in a UND-NDSU football game is MOST consistent with

subjectivity of perception

Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist MOST likely say about Manny?​

Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential.

______ proposed that behavior is greatly influenced by how people cope with their sexual urges.

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?

Why do we like some people and not others?

The abstract of a journal article provides a(n)

a concise summary of the entire article

Laura answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number of current issues. The method of data collection used in this case was

a questionnaire

a theory is

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

A correlation between two variables exists when scores on one variable​

are related to scores on the second variable

. Lisa taught her son to buckle his seat belt in the car by only allowing him to play the radio after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of

behaviorism

Trevor plans to study the relationship between people's responses to highly stressful situations and their overall health. He decides he must use correlational research, rather than experimental research, to investigate this problem. Trevor will MOST likely choose a correlational method because correlational studies

can be used to investigate factors that would be unethical to manipulate in an experimental study.

Which of the following research methods involves an in-depth investigation of an individual subject?

case study

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called _____ psychology

clinical

A psychologist who studies information processing and decision-making would be considered a _____ psychologist.

cognitive

Which of the following areas is MOST likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in psychology?

counseling psychology

correlation

does not equal causation

strongest correlation?

-.90 because its closest to 1.00

Currently, a large proportion of the American population is overweight. Dr. Laker thinks that, in part, this may be due to an innate preference for foods that are rich in fats and sugars. Dr. Laker has suggested that in times when foods were not so readily available, this innate preference would ensure enough calories for energy and survival. Dr. Laker's views are MOST consistent with those of the_____ perspective in psychology.

evolutionary

The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is _____ psychology.

evolutionary

David and Alexandra both take part in a research study that is investigating the effects of sleep deprivation on reaction time. David is kept awake for 24 hours straight, while Alexandra follows her normal sleep routine. In this study, David is part of the _____ group.

experimental

The research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result is the _____ method.

experimental

Which of the following statements concerning experimenter bias is FALSE?

experimenter bias is often intentional

A researcher tries to make sure that subjects in the experimental and control groups are very similar to each other in order to reduce the effects of _____ variables.

extraneous

Dr. Dobbins wants to study attachment patterns in single-parent families. The first step in her scientific investigation would be to

formulate a testable hypothesis

. Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the purpose that taste plays in human adaptation, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with the _____ approach to psychology

functionalist

The are of psychological research that is MOST relevant to the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness is

health psychology

If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist, he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive behavior in school is the result of​

his prior experience

Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's animal research will produce much useful information about human motivation. Oliver's roommate probably has a ______ perspective.

humanistic

Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?​

humanists

Mrs. Smith, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. Her prediction is a(n)​

hypothesis

Steve is having difficulty retaining information when he studies. The behavior that is MOST likely to help him improve his retention is​

identifying key ideas in each paragraph he reads

researchers typically report their findings

in a journal

In experimental research, the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is the _____ variable.

independent

. As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n) _______ psychologist would be the MOST likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.

industrial/organizational

An experimenter tests the hypothesis that physical exercise improves mood. Subjects in the experimental group participate on Monday and Tuesday and those in the control group on Wednesday and Thursday. Which of the following is the dependent variable?

mood (degree of happiness)

Which of the following research methods involves a researcher engaging in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects?

naturalistic observation

The text's unifying theme that "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the _____ issue.

nature vs. nurture

As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are​

negatively correlated

Empirical testing is

objective

The fact that subjects sometimes report beneficial effects from a placebo treatment illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?​

our experiences of the world is highly subjective

You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, "Psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathology, weakness, and suffering." This faculty member's views fit best with _____.

positive psychology

. The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of​

psychoanalysis

Which of the following is NOT included as a component in defining psychology?​

psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind

Darla has sent out a survey in which she is asking people to provide information about their attitudes on a number of sensitive subjects. When the surveys are returned, Darla needs to be aware that the responses may be distorted due to​

self-report biases

In an experiment designed to test memory processes, one group was given special instructions and asked to group the items on a list into categories while they tried to memorize them. A second group of participants was given the same list, but they did not receive any special instructions. In this study, the experimental group is​

the group that received the special instructions

A correlation coefficient of zero describes​

the lack of a relationship between two variables

One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?​

the two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives

Which of the following statements about the influence of culture is LEAST accurate?​

there is not much diversity in the behavior among members of the same culture.

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys are similar in that

they do not manipulate the variable under study

Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called​

variables

Subjects in the control group should be _____ subjects in the experimental groups in all respects except for the treatment they receive with regard to the _____.

very similar to; independent variable