Psych CHP 5: Learning

The theorist __________ developed the theory of observational learning.

Albert Bandura

A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditional

What is operant conditioning?

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are _____.

Learned

___________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

_________ conditioning occurs when organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Operant

In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.

bell

Using _____ reinforcement, Deanna saves money from her summer internship to purchase a car at the end of the summer rather than using that money to shop at the mall every week.

delayed

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

Accidentally after discovering that dogs salivated to various stimuli such as a food dish or a door opening

Accidentally after discovering that dogs salivated to various stimuli such as a food dish or a door opening ** Remember Pavlov's Dogs **

Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?

Albert Bandura

spontaneous recovery

An extinguished conditioned response reemerges.

What is an unconditioned response?

An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs when we make connections, or an association, between two events is known as _____ learning.

Associative

The form of ________ learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning.

Associative

a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Aversive conditioning

To prevent a headache, Mariah takes her medication as soon as she feels pressure near her eyes. This is an example of _____.

Avoidance learning

___________ modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.

Behavior

a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.

Behaviorism

_____________ conditioning can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Classical

The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called

Classical conditioning

A learned association between a particular taste and nausea is a special kind of _____ conditioning.

Classsical

Classical conditioning can explain the placebo effects of a fake pill because the pill can serve as a _____ stimulus for the actual drug.

Conditioned

Deanna goes to the closet to grab the leash when she walks her dog, Maximus. Maximus gets excited and begins to run back and forth. In classical conditioning terms, the leash would be a _____________.

Conditioned stimulus

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time

Continuous

is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

Counterconditioning

Ratio schedules of reinforcement tend to create a _____ response rate compared to interval schedules.

higher

Acquisition

involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

stimulus discrimination

is a classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

whereas ___________ removes a stimulus to decrease behavior. This could be to take away TV for a period of time.

negative punishment

Five-year-old Fatima observes her mother feeding her infant brother. Fatima picks up her doll baby and begins to mimic the behavior. In this case, Fatima pretending to feed her doll is an example of which of the following learning concepts? (Select all that apply.)

Modeling Imitation Observational Learning

Observational learning is also known as which of the following?

Modeling and Imitation

___________ reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior

Negative

Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.

Negative reinforcement

Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of

Negative reinforcement

The bell began as a ___________ stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment and became a ___________ stimulus by the end.

Neutral, Conditioned

Which of the following are types of conditioning where association are learned? (Select all that apply.)

Observational Classical

Winning on a slot machine would be considered __________ reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.

Partial

What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?

Perform a behavior to receive food

___________ reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.

Positive

__________ adds a stimulus such a spanking the child to decrease behavior,

Positive punishment

Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of ______.

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following may be a step in the process of shaping a rat to press a lever?

Providing a reinforcer to the rat for being near the lever

In classical conditioning, the sight of a food dish would be considered a _____, and the dog's salivation would be considered _____.

Stimulus; Response

contiguity

The degree to which two stimuli occur close together in time *For Classic Conditioning to Occur, the NS/CS and the US must be separated by only a short amount of time. If the interval between the two stimuli is too long, then the two will not be associated together, and conditioning will not occur.

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?

The law of effect

When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This is due to _____.

discrimination

Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.

extinction

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ________ has occurred.

extinction

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n) _____ schedule.

fixed ratio

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals

When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is only in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is ______.

shaping

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

stim discrimination

_________ aversion involves learning the association between conditioned stimuli and nausea after only a single pairing.

Taste

Joan was bitten by a chihuahua when she was 5 years old. As a result, she is now afraid of all dogs, no matter the breed. What is this an example of?

Stimulus generalization

Classical conditioning can explain habituation to a drug's effects because the _____ to the drug can be the body's way of preparing itself for the drug.

conditioned response

In Pavlov's work on classical conditioning with dogs, the bell became a(n) _____ because it was originally neutral but it became paired with the UC (food).

conditioned stimulus

Sam wants her cat, Mr. Whiskers, to run into the kitchen for tuna when he hears the electric can opener. However, sometimes Sam opens canned vegetables for herself instead of tuna. ______ would explain the most likely reason Mr. Whiskers would not associate the sound of the can opener with the tuna.

contingency

In _____, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.

counterconditioning

Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.

reinforcement

_____ in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Discrimination

Research on the placebo effect shows that the secretion of hormones from the ______ system can be influenced by classical conditioning.

Endocrine

Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)

Food Water Sex

acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when a neutral stimulus being associated with the unconditioned stimulus and becoming the conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to _____ the frequency of that behavior.

Increase

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.

Ivan pavlov

Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. This is an example of

Law of effect

Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative ___________.

Reinforcement

________ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

Reinforcement

Which of the following is a variable-ratio schedule?

Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.

_________ of reinforcement are specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Schedules

Earning an "A" in a course is an example of a(n) _________ reinforcer.

Secondary

The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers.

Secondary "conditioned" reinforcers.

What learning process is exhibited by the following: In teaching a child to walk, the child is rewarded first for crawling, then for standing up, and then for taking his or her first step?

Shaping

________ is reinforcing successive approximation of a desired behavior.

Shaping

_________ can help teach a child who is struggling to produce language by first reinforcing the production of sounds, then by only reinforcing simple words.

Shaping

This theorist coined the term operant conditioning—the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of the behavior.

Skinner

Even though his owner has a ring tone on his cell phone that sounds like a door bell, Buster, the family dog, only barks when the door bell rings and not when the phone rings. This is an example of which of the following?

Stimulus discrimination

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when _____.

The unconditioned stimulus is absent

If Watson and Rayner attempted to recreate their 1920 study today, they would violate the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association. What is the primary concern about their study?

They did not reverse Albert's fear of furry objects, so presumably this phobia remained with him after the experiment.

An __________ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Unconditioned

When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the food is called the ______ stimulus.

Unconditioned

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert, they paired a loud noise with a white rat. Although Albert had not initially been afraid of the rat, after only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat, even when the loud noise was no longer sounded. In this experiment, the loud noise is an example of a(n) _____.

Unconditioned stimulus * Little Albert naturally feared the loud noise and would cry in response to it.

Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining _____ behaviors.

Voluntary

In the little Albert study, the conditioned stimulus was which of the following?

White rat

contingency

With Contingency, the Conditioned Stimuli RELIABLY signals that the Unconditioned stimuli is going to be presented. Example: If Pavlov had sometimes fed the dog after sounding the buzzer, and other times did not feed the dog after sounding the buzzer: Conditioning would have been WEAKENED. Contingency is important.

Operant conditioning

You learn from the consequences of your behavior ex: Being praised for answering a question makes one more likely to answer questions in the future; being called stupid makes one less likely to answer future questions.

Which of the following are components of observational learning, according to Bandura?

attention reinforcement reproduction retention

The unconditioned stimulus _____.

automatically causes a response, each time it is presented

________ conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.

aversive

After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates _________ learning.

avoidance

Tolerance and ___________ occur when an individual needs a higher and higher dose of a substance to get the same effect.

habituation

Learning by watching the behavior of others is called _________ learning in social theory.

observational

______ effects are observable changes that occur in response to a fake pill or medicine containing no active ingredient.

placebo

Which of these is an example of aversive conditioning in humans?

putting something bitter on you nails to refrain from biting them

In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding, a _____- schedule should be utilized.

ratio

Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?

ratio-interval

An unlearned stimulus-response connection, such as blinking when air is blown into someone's eyes, is considered a _____________.

reflex

Stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Watching for shooting stars is an example of a _________ schedule because seeing the stars occurs on an unpredictable basis.

variable ratio