PSYCH
Hyperpolarizing stimuli a. decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential. b. increase the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential. c. increase movement of sodium ions into the neuron. d. decrease the membrane potential.
A
Inside the neuron there is a high concentration of _______ ions, while outside the cell there is a high concentration of _______ ions. a. potassium; sodium b. sodium; potassium c. calcium; sodium d. calcium; chloride
A
The neurotransmitter _______ is found in nuclei of the basal forebrain. A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) serotonin
A
The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for a. exchanging three sodium ions for every two potassium ions from the intracellular environment. b. initiating the action potential. c. maintaining the equilibrium potential. d. exchanging three potassium ions for every two sodium ions from the intracellular environment.
C
The resting membrane potential is maintained by electrostatic pressure and _______ acting on the cation _______. a. permeability; sodium b. local potential; calcium c. afterpotential; chloride d. diffusion; potassium
D
Which of the following is not a monoamine neurotransmitter? A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Epinephrine D) Acetylcholine
D
Which of the following is not a specific criterion for classifying a substance as a neurotransmitter? AExistence of the substance in the presynaptic terminal BRelease of the substance when nerve impulses reach the terminal ending CExistence of specific receptors for the substance on the postsynaptic membrane DAbility of the substance to travel long distances between the site of origin and target area
D
Which statement regarding ions is true? a. Positively charged cations are attracted to the intracellular fluid. b. Positively charged anions are attracted to the intracellular fluid. c. Negatively charged anions are drawn to the intracellular fluid. d. Negatively charged anions are balanced across the cell membrane.
Positively charged cations are attracted to the intracellular fluid
Which of the following is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter? Dopamine Serotonin Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Seratonin
. The publication of Principles of Psychology by _______ heralded the modern era of biological psychology. A) William James B) Donald Hebb C) Hermann Ebbinghaus D) Henry James
a
A "nucleus" is analogous to a A) computer. B) railway line. C) light switch. D) lawn mower.
a
A group of axons traveling together within the brain is called a A) tract. B) nerve. C) nucleus. D) ganglion.
a
A major site of origin of projections using the transmitter norepinephrine is the A) locus coeruleus. B) raphe nucleus. C) basal forebrain. D) substantia nigra.
a
An experiment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed in a group of animals in order to observe the change in their sleep patterns A) is a within-subjects experiment. B) is a between-subjects experiment. C) has no control group. D) is a behavioral intervention.
a
Bacon redefined the scientific approach to knowledge by introducing inductive reasoning as the starting point for new knowledge. a) true b) false
a
Cholinergic receptors use _______ as their synaptic transmitter. a. ACh b. dopamine c. AChE d. Nicotine
a
Dualism posits that the mind is metaphysical, while the brain is physical. a) true b) false
a
Electrical messages used by nerve cells are essentially the same in a jellyfish or a cockroach. This observation suggests that this mechanism is a(n) _______ characteristic. A) conserved B) coevolved C) genetically specified D) ontogenetic
a
Evidence that prehistoric man had some idea of the importance of the brain in mediating human behavior comes from a) evidence of trephination b) early writings preserved by the Greeks c) religious practices d) none of the above
a
GABA receptors are A) inhibitory. B) all ionotropic. C) all metabotropic. D) excitatory.
a
In the developing fetus, the telencephalon becomes the A) cortex. B) midbrain. C) hypothalamus. D) spinal cord.
a
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials differ from excitatory postsynaptic potentials most significantly in their a. direction of membrane polarization. b. degree of effect. c. ease of elicitation. d. overall speed.
a
Nervous system motor plans must balance a trade off between A) speed and accuracy. B) complexity and accuracy. C) complexity and force. D) force and precision.
a
Parkinson's disease is linked to A) degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra. B) destruction of the caudate and putamen. C) decreased availability of serotonin. D) atrophy of motor cortex.
a
Phantom limb pain is an example of _______ pain. A) neuropathic B) psychosomatic C) intractable D) naturopathic
a
Postmortem brains of suicide victims with childhood histories of abuse show A) methylation of a gene that regulates stress hormone responses. B) methylation of a gene that regulates mood. C) methylation of a gene for suicidality. D) a failure of methylation of a genes for stress and suicidality.
a
Studies of identical twins in which one twin has schizophrenia have revealed a relationship between schizophrenia and enlargement of the A) cerebral ventricles. B) anterior cingulate. C) cerebral arteries. D) pineal gland.
a
The "lock-and-key" analogy relates to the a. action of transmitter molecules on receptor proteins. b. activation of the nerve impulse. c. degradation of transmitter molecules by enzymes. d. binding of G proteins to transmitter receptors.
a
The Father of Modern Medicine is considered to be a) Vesalius b) Galen c) Willis d) Harvey.
a
The _______ are regularly spaced along the length of myelinated axons. a. nodes of Ranvier b. dendrites c. ion channels d. sodium-potassium pumps
a
The _______ lobe is the most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex. A) frontal B) temporal C) parietal D) occipital
a
The _______ seems to be important in the initiation of movement sequences. A) SMA B) premotor cortex C) M1 D) cerebellum
a
The brain recognizes action potentials from different sensory modalities as separate and distinct because A) action potentials from different sensory modalities are carried on different nerve tracts. B) the volley of action potentials differs for each sensory modality. C) action potentials from different sensory modalities utilize different neurotransmitter systems. D) action potentials from different sensory modalities are processed through different frontal lobe regions.
a
The model of Descartes in the 1500s to explain how the body and brain worked was useful because it A) could be tested experimentally B) negated the distinction between purpose and function C) was the forerunner of the scientific method D) challenged the usefulness of philosophical speculation
a
The motor unit is a A) single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates. B) collection of axons that travel to the same muscle group. C) collection of axons that produce the same movement. D) single motor axon and a single muscle fiber.
a
The output zone of the neuron is the A) axon terminal. B) dendrites. C) axon. D) soma.
a
The physiological activity of the brain can be visualized using A) positron emission tomography (PET). B) computerized axial tomography (CT). C) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). D) electron microscopy.
a
The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane. A) sagittal B) frontal C) coronal D) horizontal
a
Transporter molecules are involved in the _______ of neurotransmitter at the synapse. a. reuptake b. degradation c. activation d. diffustion
a
Which neurological disease(s) is/are least prevalent in the United States? A) Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases B) Epilepsy C) Stroke D) Alzheimer's disease
a
Which of the following is an example of synesthesia? A) Envisioning bright fireworks whenever you hear Mozart B) Going to a movie by yourself C) Getting upset when you forget an appointment D) An ability to remember a conversation word for word
a
Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter? A) Dopamine B) Glutamate C) GABA D) Glycine
a
Which of the following is used to make CT scan images? A) X-rays B) Magnetism C) Radio-frequency emissions D) Radioactive particle emissions
a
Which of the following skin receptor types is especially sensitive to stretching of the skin? A) Ruffini corpuscles B) Pacinian corpuscles C) Merkel's discs D) Free nerve endings
a
Which of the following statements about the use of morphine to relieve surgical pain is true? A) The risk of addiction to morphine used to relieve surgical pain is close to zero. B) Because morphine is highly addictive, it is not generally prescribed to manage severe pain. C) Morphine relieves surgical pain by binding to endogenous cannabinoid receptors. D) Over-the-counter medications are just as effective as morphine for treating severe pain.
a
Which of the question reflects the "evolutionary" perspective in biological psychology? A) To what extent can different species see color? B) What environmental experiences in early life are required for vision to develop normally? C) What kind of treatments can correct faulty vision? D) How are the visual areas of the brain organized?
a
Which receptor responds when you stretch your arm out to catch an object? A) Muscle spindle B) Golgi tendon organ C) Intrafusal fiber D) Dermatome
a
Which statement about white and gray matter is true? A) White matter is like insulation. B) Gray matter is like a chimney. C) White and gray matter are similar. D) Gray matter is not found in the brain.
a
Which structure does not contain any parts of the reticular formation? A) Telencephalon B) Midbrain C) Hindbrain D) Medulla
a
Who first described the cranial nerves and the blood supply to the brain? a) Willis b) Harvey c) Vesalius d) Galen
a
If drug A is found to bind to a certain type of receptor more strongly than drug B, then drug A is said to have greater affinity. selectivity. potency. specificity.
aff
"Methylation" refers to A) the lasting activation of a gene. B) the lasting inactivation of a gene. C) a mutation due to evolutionary pressure. D) gene expression.
b
. The "search for the engram" of memory is especially associated with A) Roger Sperry. B) Karl Lashley. C) Thomas Mann. D) René Descartes.
b
A key causal event in the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic cleft is the a. influx of sodium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal. b. influx of calcium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal. c. efflux of sodium ions in response to the arrival of an action potential at the terminal. d. efflux of calcium ions at the axon hillock.
b
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the A) locus coeruleus. B) raphe nucleus. C) basal forebrain. D) substantia nigra.
b
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock at the same time, but from different locations across the cell body. This process is referred to as a. active propagation. b. spatial summation. c. temporal summation. d. threshold afterpotential.
b
Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with A) myelin. B) GABA receptors. C) benzodiazepine receptors. D) genes.
b
Dendrites are A) a type of glial cell. B) the input zone of a nerve cell. C) the conduction zone of a nerve cell. D) small interneurons.
b
Descartes' mechanical/reflex model of behavior was the first model that contained no metaphysical elements to account for human behavior. A) true B) false
b
Drugs that stimulate the _______ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities. A) cholinergic B) dopaminergic C) noradrenergic D) serotonergic
b
For every 100 people across the world today, about _______ have some form of a neurological or psychiatric illness. A) 10 B) 20 C) 50 D) 75
b
In the mirror treatment of phantom limb pain, the visual illusion A) acts to relax and comfort the amputee. B) tricks the brain into thinking it is controlling the amputated limb. C) focuses attention away from the pain. D) puts the amputee into a hypnotic state.
b
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by _______ of the postsynaptic membrane. a. depolarization b. Hyperpolarization c. decreased threshold d. no change
b
Most antipsychotic medications act by blocking _______ receptors. A) serotonergic B) dopaminergic C) cholinergic D) muscarinic
b
Muscles are connected to bone by A) ligaments. B) tendons. C) myosin. D) fascia.
b
Neither Locke nor Aristotle endorsed the concept that knowledge was derived from information obtained from our senses. a) true b) false
b
Plato is to _____ as Aristotle is to ______ a) Bruno; Kant; b) Kant; Locke c) Vesalius, Galileo d) Galen; Hippocrates
b
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work by A) selectively releasing more serotonin where needed. B) allowing transmitter to accumulate in the synaptic cleft. C) blocking degradation enzymes. D) blocking serotonin release.
b
The _______ model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict's desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms. A) positive reward B) physical dependence C) disease D) moral
b
The academic discipline of psychology originated a) with Plato and Aristotle b) in the late 1800s c) during the Renaissance d) with Freud
b
The concept of innateness is most central to which of the following philosophical positions. a) Scholasticism b) Nativism c) Empiricism d) Dualism
b
The conceptual underpinnings of psychobiology are rooted in the ideas of John B. Watson, stressing the overwhelming influence of environment on determining human nature and capabilities. a) true b) false
b
The electrical impulse that stimulates neurotransmitter release, thereby transmitting information to other neurons, arises in the A) dendrites. B) axon hillock. C) dendritic spine. D) axon terminal.
b
The human brain contains nearly A) 100 billion circuits. B) 100 billion neurons. C) 100 billion synapses. D) 100 million glial cells.
b
The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level. A) neural systems B) synaptic C) circuit D) molecular
b
The major function of Schwann cells is A) transmission of nutrients to neurons. B) myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. C) scavenging of cellular debris. D) myelination of axons in the brain.
b
The neuron doctrine A) proposed that neurons are not functionally independent. B) proposed the existence of synaptic contacts between neurons. C) was refuted by the great neuroanatomist Ramón y Cajal. D) is not supported by modern neuroimaging techniques.
b
The speed with which the largest-diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potentials is a. 150 mm/s. b. 150 m/s. c. 1 m/s. d. 1000 m/s.
b
Vibration of _______ stretches the neuronal membrane, allowing sodium channels to open and action potentials to fire. A) free nerve endings B) Pacinian corpuscles C) Merkel's discs D) Ruffini's corpuscles
b
Which individual spent a lifetime attempting to create an empirical model of the mind... and failed a) Aristotle b) Kant c) Locke d) Plato
b
Which of the following best describes the blood-brain barrier? A) It is a part of the immune system that facilitates the release of antibodies to protect the brain from infectious agents. B) It is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain. C) It is a property of the blood vessels of the brain that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into the tissue of the brain. D) It is a property of neurons that prevents them from accidentally releasing their neurotransmitters into the blood circulation.
b
Which of the following glial cells interact with blood vessels? A) Oligodendrocytes B) Astrocytes C) Microglial cells D) Stellate cells
b
Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation? A) Increased salivation B) Increased heart rate C) Dilation of blood vessels in the skin D) Increased digestion
b
Which of the following statements is true? A) The spinal cord does not have meningeal support. B) Gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it. C) Dorsal roots are motor, and ventral roots are sensory. D) Sacral cross sections are larger than thoracic cross sections.
b
Which statement about the receptive field of a sensory neuron on skin is true? A) All receptive fields of sensory nerves are excitatory. B) Receptive fields of sensory neurons have a characteristic shape with excitatory and inhibitory regions. C) Receptive fields of sensory neurons differ in size and shape, but all respond to the same type and quality of stimulation. D) Receptive fields of skin sensory neurons are either excitatory or inhibitory.
b
Which statement best characterizes the role of the Dark Ages in fostering modern scientific thought in Europe. a) It served as a transition period between the Romans and the Renaissance, preserving the ideas and culture of Rome, but not extending it. b) It was generally a period of cultural and scientific regression. c) Science went underground in most places, but flourished and advanced in places like France and England d) The invading tribes brought new ideas and techniques that were adopted by the people under Rome's subjugation, and which provided much of the foundation for the Scientific Revolution.
b
______ argued that the innate rational structure of the mind parallels the rational structure of nature. a) Bruno b) Kant c) Locke d) Berkeley e) Newton
b
. Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating A) schizophrenia. B) severe depression. C) anxiety disorders. D) Alzheimer's disease.
c
. In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is A) serotonin. B) acetylcholine. C) GABA. D) glycine.
c
A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan. A) fMRI B) PET C) MRI D) TMS
c
A cut in the _______ plane would sever all of the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. A) horizontal B) axial C) mid-sagittal D) coronal
c
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock in quick succession. This process is referred to as a. active propagation. b. spatial summation. c. temporal summation. d. threshold afterpotential.
c
A researcher interested in determining which brain regions are active when an animal subject performs a particular behavior will most likely make use of which procedure? A) Nissl stains B) Golgi stains C) In situ hybridization D) Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
c
Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena. This means that a. they must fire a certain number of times a second to communicate information accurately. b. they require a certain amount of stimulus to fire. c. the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus. d. the amplitude of the action potential changes based on the intensity of the stimulus.
c
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter A) dopamine. B) serotonin. C) GABA. D) acetylcholine.
c
Biological psychology A) is concerned with how the functioning of the brain (not its structure) underlies behavior. B) is concerned with human behavior rather than animal behavior. C) spans several scientific disciplines. D) is not concerned with the treatment of behavioral problems.
c
Curare is a drug that selectively blocks receptors for A) serotonin. B) GABA. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.
c
Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on A) cocaine. B) amphetamine. C) alcohol. D) heroin.
c
Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the A) intrinsic activity. B) effective dose. C) dose-response curve. D) binding affinity.
c
How many distinct layers are observed in the human cortex? A) One B) Three C) Six D) Twelve
c
In general, the action potential is initiated at the a. synapse. b. outer reaches of the dendrite. c. axon hillock. d. node of Ranvier.
c
In studying brain-damaged patients exhibiting speech difficulties, Paul Broca discovered that a particular region in the _______ part of the brain appears to be especially important. A) right B) top C) left D) bottom
c
Most IPSPs are attributable to the a. opening of sodium channels. b. closing of potassium channels. c. opening of chloride channels. d. concurrent opening of sodium, potassium, and chloride channels.
c
Receptors that show little or no adaptation to maintained stimulation are called _______ receptors. A) photic B) phasic C) tonic D) clonic
c
Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in A) addiction to methamphetamine. B) cocaine addiction. C) fetal alcohol syndrome. D) addiction to street-level heroin.
c
Religion has traditionally emphasized ____ as the path to knowledge, while science has emphasized ______. a) logic; reason b) insight; logic c) revelation; empiricism d) nativism; revelation
c
Some people throughout history have considered the soul to a physical entity. Which of the individuals mentioned in the chapter would fall into this category? a) Pavlov b) Galen c) MacDougall d) Bruno
c
Some species of snakes are sensitive to A) ultrasonic sounds. B) radio-frequency signals. C) infrared energy. D) GPS signals.
c
Subtractive analysis is useful for A) detecting brain tumors. B) highly accurate images of brain structure. C) single trial experiments that connect behaviors to brain activity. D) studies that average brain activity over multiple subjects to gather information about the neural basis of behavior.
c
Synaptic vesicles A) are found in the postsynaptic membrane. B) capture and react to neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate. C) are released by axon terminals in response to a neural impulse. D) eventually fuse with the neural membrane.
c
The Church based its belief that the earth was the center of the universe on the work of a) Copernicus b) Kepler c) Ptolemy d) Aristotle
c
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter A) GABA. B) dopamine. C) glutamate. D) acetylcholine.
c
The _____ considered the brain so unimportant that they removed it from the skull of deceased individuals while preparing them for the after life a) Greeks b) Chinese c) Egyptians d) Persians
c
The basal ganglia consists primarily of the caudate nucleus, globus palludis, and A) thalamus. B) septal nuclei. C) putamen. D) fornix
c
The conduction velocity of an action potential a. is always the same, no matter how large the axon is. b. varies, depending on where it is taking place in the brain. c. varies, depending on the diameter of the axon. d. is dependent upon the water content in the myelin of each specific neuron.
c
The diencephalon become(s) the A) medulla and pons. B) midbrain and forebrain. C) thalamus and hypothalamus. D) cerebral hemispheres.
c
The first person to apply the principles of the scientific method to the study of medicine was a) Thomas Willis b) Isaac Newton c) William Harvey d) Benjamin Rush
c
The gaps between segments of myelin are known as A) synaptic clefts. B) neural nodes. C) nodes of Ranvier. D) neuromuscular junctions.
c
The moral model of drug abuse suggests that addiction is caused by A) the addictive properties of certain drugs. B) the disease of addiction. C) character weakness in addicts. D) a lack of social and community support.
c
The numbers of some receptors found in the brain may vary during the day by a. 1 to 2%. b. 10%. c. 50%. d. 100%.
c
The overall amplitude of the action potential is about a. 50 mV. b. -60 mV. c. 100 mV. d. 1 V.
c
The peak of the action potential is caused by the _______ of _______ channels. a. opening; potassium b. closing; potassium c. opening; sodium d. closing; sodium
c
The size of the action potential is independent of stimulus magnitude. This is referred to as the _______ property of action potentials. a. ionic b. resting c. all-or-none d. Threshold
c
The specialized presynaptic membrane receptors that remove molecules of transmitter from the synapse are called a. translators. b. transponders. c. transporters. d. agonists.
c
The supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex are areas of A) the parietal lobe. B) association cortex. C) nonprimary motor cortex. D) the cerebellum.
c
The ventricular system contains A) the blood-brain barrier. B) blood. C) cerebrospinal fluid. D) the meninges.
c
Tycho Brahe a) was a philosopher/theologian burned at the stake as a heretic for supporting the Copernican view of the universe. b) discovered that the earth and the planets revolved around the sun. c) was a Danish astronomer who tried to resolve the Copernican view of the solar system with the Church view. d) was a Polish astronomer who published the first mathematical tables that predicted the planetary orbits.
c
What part of the CNS integrates pain information? A) Medulla B) Parietal cortex C) Cingulate cortex D) Sensorimotor cortex
c
When athletes work out to improve their stamina, one of the goals is to enhance their A) fast-twitch muscle fibers. B) muscle spindles. C) slow-twitch muscle fibers. D) neural motor plans.
c
Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the a. number of action potentials arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal. b. size of the calcium current flowing into the presynaptic axon terminal. c. type of transmitter receptor in the postsynaptic neuron. d. sensitivity of the presynaptic membrane.
c
Which of the following is listed in the correct order from most simple to most complex? A) Act; reflex; motor plan; movement B) Movement; reflex; act; motor plan C) Reflex; motor plan; movement; act D) Reflex; movement; act; motor plan
c
Which of the following represents the most common sequence of information flow through a neuron? A) Cell body, axon, axon hillock, axon terminal B) Dendrite, cell body, axon, axon hillock C) Dendrite, cell body, axon hillock, axon D) Dendrite, axon terminal, cell body, axon
c
Which of the following statements about the primary motor cortex (M1) is true? A) The motor homunculus is an accurate representation of M1. B) M1 is under ipsilateral control. C) Motor representations on M1 change with training. D) Motor representations on M1 are static, and do not change with training.
c
Which statements best reflects the evolutionary advantage of sensory adaptation? A) It prevents fatigue of sensory receptors. B) It prevents the constant excitation of the hairs of your skin by your clothing.docs C) It prevents the nervous system from being overwhelmed by stimuli that offer very little information about the world. D) It allows the brain to reassign sensory cortex in people who lose a limb.
c
Winning a game of chess is likely to cause a man's _______ levels to _______. A) estrogen; decrease B) norepinephrine; increase C) testosterone; increase D) adrenalin; decrease
c
______ 's discoveries about the physical world using the objective/rational methods of mathematics overwhelmed the opposition of the Church to the empirical approach to science a) Copernicus b) Galileo c) Newton d) Vesalius
c
Aristotle believed that the brain's major function was to A) remove wastes from the body. B) control behavior. C) contain the soul. D) cool the blood.
d
Cannabinoids have been found to be widely distributed in the brain, but apparently they are not present in significant numbers in the A) hippocampus. B) substantia nigra. C) cerebral cortex. D) cerebellum.
d
Cortical neurons that respond to information in more than one sensory modality are known as A) association cortex neurons. B) multi cells. C) hypercomplex cells. D) polymodal neurons.
d
Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection gave rise to two approaches to experimentation, one of which emphasizes A) the unique creation of certain species. B) the inheritance of acquired characteristics. C) the discontinuity of behavior and biological processes. D) differences in behavior and biology among species.
d
Descartes' 17th century model of brain/mind interaction (Dualism) was preceded by the ideas of a) Galen b) Vesalius c) Thomas Aquinas d) St. Augustine
d
EM G studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by A) a brief cessation of breathing. B) rapid eye movements. C) recruitment of muscle fibers according to the "size principle." D) a postural response.
d
Greek Culture arose around ____ BC, while Aristotle lived around ____ BC. a) 1200; 1350 b) 5000; 1000 c) 450; 300 d) 700; 350
d
In humans, about _______% of the brain is used during routine, day-to-day activities. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 100
d
In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles found? A) Cell body B) Dendritic spines C) Axon hillock D) Axon terminal
d
Mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers because A) they appear to trigger specific movements. B) they fire when a monkey sees another monkey (or human) performing a simple movement previously performed by the monkey itself. C) they might be part of a neural system for empathy. D) All of the above
d
Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it a. offers little resistance to the flow of ionic current. b. releases special chemicals that aid conduction. c. increases ionic transfer across the membrane. d. offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current.
d
Noradrenergic axons project into the A) limbic system. B) thalamic nuclei. C) cerebral cortex. D) All of the above ok
d
Plasticity of somatosensory cortical maps is evident following A) musical training. B) limb amputation in adults. C) surgical transplant of a hand. D) All of the above
d
Probably the single most important aspect of culture to human survival is its ability to a) organize society to defend against danger. b) instill the ability to create art. c) define morality. d) transmit knowledge from generation to generation.
d
Some early cultures believed that the heart was the organ of consciousness in humans, an idea promulgated by Aristotle. Which culture in the list had the broadest influence on Western thinking in promoting this view? a) Mesopotamian b) Persian c) Chinese d) Egyptian
d
St. Augustine thought that interface between God's will and man's actions occurred in the ___ , whereas Descartes thought it occurred in the ____ a) ventricles, hindbrain b) pineal, ventricles c) nerves; ventricles d) ventricles; pineal
d
Syllogistic logic was the hallmark of A) Plato b) Kant c) Locke d) Aristotle
d
The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that although neurons come very close together, they are not quite continuous with one another but rather are structurally and functionally independent. This observation became part of what is known as the A) brain doctrine. B) theory of the nervous system. C) cortical doctrine. D) neuron doctrine.
d
The _______ is the main source of communication between the left and the right hemispheres. A) cortex B) basal ganglia C) cerebellum D) corpus callosum
d
The brainstem consists of the A) spinal cord, cerebellum, and medulla. B) spinal cord, cerebellum, and pons. C) midbrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord. D) midbrain, pons, and medulla.
d
The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward. A) substantia nigra B) locus coeruleus C) raphe nucleus D) ventral tegmental area
d
The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to A) cocaine. B) amphetamine. C) alcohol. D) heroin.
d
The early nineteenth-century field of _______ claimed to discern an association between personality traits and specific bumps on the skull. A) ontogeny B) dualism C) epigenetics D) phrenology
d
The first person to propose an experimentally testable model of how the brain controls the body was a) Vesalius b) Willis c) Locke d) Descartes
d
The five main divisions of the human brain are visible about _______ days after conception. A) 5 B) 20 C) 35 D) 50
d
The generation of the action potential depends on _______ channels, which are opened through a process of regenerative _______. a. potassium; hyperpolarization b. potassium; depolarization c. sodium; hyperpolarization d. sodium; depolarization
d
The individual who defined the methodological approach underlying the Scientific Revolution was a) Kepler b) Galileo c) Newton d) Bacon e)None of the above
d
The neurotransmitter _______ is produced and released by motoneurons to stimulate skeletal muscles. A) dopamine B) glutamate C) serotonin D) acetylcholine
d
The process by which an individual changes over the life span is called A) phylogeny. B) phrenology. C) reductionism. D) ontogeny.
d
The progressive loss of sensitivity of a sensory receptor as a consequence of sustained stimulation is known as A) specific nerve energy. B) tonic reception. C) labeled lines. D) sensory adaptation.
d
The reason that sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs is because A) they are controlled by different brain regions. B) they innervate different organ systems. C) they work in opposition to each other. D) they release different neurotransmitters.
d
The relationship between brain size and learning scores is A) causal. B) variable. C) not equal. D) correlational.
d
The representation of the human body in the somatosensory cortex especially emphasizes the A) trunk of the body. B) legs and arms. C) midline structures of the body. D) hands and lips.
d
The somatic nervous system includes the A) autonomic nervous system and the spinal nerves. B) peripheral nervous system. C) sensory pathways. D) cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.
d
The specialized vascular tissue that produces the cerebrospinal fluid is called the A) tectum. B) meninges. C) corpus callosum. D) choroid plexus.
d
The substance curare, which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads, a. selectively blocks sodium channels. b. selectively blocks potassium channels. c. increases levels of acetylcholinesterase. d. blocks acetycholine receptors.
d
The vast majority of neurons in the brain are classified as A) bipolar neurons. B) motoneurons. C) sensory neurons. D) interneurons.
d
Which of the following had formal training in medicine or physiology a) Freud b) Jung c) James d) all of the above
d
Which of the following statements describes the major contributions of Thomas Willis to the study of the brain. a) He was the first to describe the cranial nerves and the blood supply to the brain b) He postulated a physiological explanation for mental illness c) He published the first major neuroanatomy textbook d) All of the above e) A & C above
d
Which of the following was a critical element contributing directly or indirectly to the Scientific Revolution? a) the rise of a middle class b) rediscovery of Aristotle's writings c) corruption of the Church d) all of the above
d
Which of the following was an atheist A) Galileo b) Newton c) Copernicus d) none of the above e) all of the above
d
Which receptors type would be most useful for reading Braille? A) Pacinian corpuscles B) Free nerve endings C) Ruffini corpuscles D) Merkel's discs
d
Which statement about the prevalence of neurological disease in the United States today is false? A) There are more people diagnosed with stroke than with epilepsy. B) There are more people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease than with head trauma. C) There are fewer people diagnosed with cerebral palsy than with epilepsy. D) There are more people diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease than with stroke.
d
Which structure is part of the midbrain? A) Pons B) Amygdala C) Olfactory bulbs D) Tegmentum
d
Who first dissected and described motor and sensory nerves a) Willis b) Harvey c) Vesalius d) Galen
d
Which factor did not contribute in a significant way to the development of the Scientific Revolution? a) Scholasticism b) the printing press c) discovery of Aristotle's writings d) rise of Protestantism e) all of the above were important
e