PSYCH EXAM 2

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which theory of dreams suggested that they do not, in fact, have any meaning at all but rather are simply the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing that occurs while we sleep?

The activation-synthesis model

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species?

Carl Jung

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

*The kind of brain waves that would be most prevalent in a person experiencing Stage 3 of NREM would be ______ waves*

delta

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

homoestasis

characteristic of infants who avoid and show resistance towards their caregiver:

insecure attatchment

What are biological rhythms?

internal rhythms of biological activity

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

it carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

*What person wakes up from a dream, they may remember exactly what the story was that they were dreaming about and may be able to tell someone else what they were dreaming about. This actual content of the dream is what Freud called the ________ content of the dream.*

manifest

development governed by maturation:

nature

_______ + _________ = _________

neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus + unconditioned response

development governed by learning through observation and personal experience

nurture

What is consciousness?

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Piaget's Stages of Development:

schema, assimilation, accommodation

infants who use their parent as a safe home base from which they can wander off and explore their environments

secure attachment

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation

What is a conditioned stimulus?

something that elicits a response only after learning

What is a neutral stimulus:

stimulus that causes a sensory response but does not produce the reflex being tested

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

What is personality?

the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual's distinctive character.

What is Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

the importance of early childhood experiences, the conflicts or repressed thoughts that we cannot voluntary access

*High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior are what typify a state of consciousness called __________*

wakefulness

effects of attachment:

- resolving conflicts - more trusting - enjoying relationships dealing better w anxiety (vice versa)

Erikson's Stages of Development

1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) 5. Identity vs. role diffusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes?

2

*The National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average 14 to 17 year old adolescent get about _____ hours of sleep a night*

8-10

What is classical conditioning?

Learning through association

What is a circadian rhythm?

a biological rhythm with a period of about 24 hours

What is operant conditioning?

a kind of learning in which an animal/human performs some behavior, and the following consequence increases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that some behavior

What is learning?

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

adjusting existing schemas or developing new ones to fit with new information

accomodation

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

applying existing schemas to new info; new info is incorporated into existing schemas:

assimilation

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness

evolutionary

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ______ content

latent

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent