PSYCH EXAM 2 - QUIZZES 4-6

Binge drinking is defined as consuming _____ or more alcoholic drinks in succession. 5 7 9 12

5

When a drug of abuse such as heroin is injected, the entire setting (the drug paraphernalia, the room, the lighting, etc.) can become a _____ and elicit responses _____ the drug. US; similar to US; that counteract CS; similar to CS; that counteract

CS; that counteract

In what way did Thorndike's experiments significantly differ from Pavlov's? The US occurred on every training trial, no matter what the animal did. The CS occurred on every training trial, no matter what the animal did. The behavior of the animal determined what happened next. The US occurred on alternating trials.

The behavior of the animal determined what happened next.

Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and, 4 hours later, became extremely sick to her stomach. Now, the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy. What is the US? the smell of the oysters a bacterium or other toxin that was definitely present in the oysters a bacterium or other toxin that may or may not have been in the oysters stomach sickness

a bacterium or other toxin that may or may not have been in the oysters

Self-recognition in a mirror is limited to: humans over 3 years old, cats, and gorillas. humans, dogs, and apes. a few animals and children over 18 months old. humans over 3 years old.

a few animals and children over 18 months old.

The "negative" in negative reinforcement and negative punishment means that: the target behavior increases in frequency. a stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior. an unpleasant stimulus is presented upon the occurrence of the target behavior. the target behavior decreases in frequency.

a stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior.

The phase of classical conditioning in which the CS and the US are presented together is called: habituation. discrimination. acquisition. generalization.

acquisition.

Dreaming is considered to be a(n): form of unconsciousness. altered state of consciousness. normal state of consciousness. period during which our brain is turned off.

altered state of consciousness.

The motivation to experience positive outcomes is termed: explicit motivation. the need for achievement. approach motivation. implicit motivation.

approach motivation.

The motivation not to experience a negative outcome is termed: avoidance motivation. the need for achievement. explicit motivation. implicit motivation.

avoidance motivation.

In the classic Bobo doll experiment, after watching adults get punished for hitting the Bobo doll, children: behaved even more aggressively toward the Bobo doll. showed no difference in their aggressive behavior toward the Bobo doll. behaved less aggressively toward the Bobo doll. became scared of the Bobo doll and didn't go near it.

behaved less aggressively toward the Bobo doll.

From Benjamin Libet's experiments on timing conscious will, it appears that the: mind directs the brain and behavior. mind and brain simultaneously direct behavior. brain directs behavior but is not associated with mental processes. brain directs the mind and behavior.

brain directs the mind and behavior.

The primary difference between the two-factor theory and the older theories of emotion is that the two-factor theory emphasizes: physiological changes. cognitive interpretations. overt behaviors. classical conditioning.

cognitive interpretations

Our subjective experience of the external world and our mind is called: self-perception. objective reality. consciousness. unconscious processing.

consciousness

When you put money in the candy machine, you expect to be reinforced on a _____ schedule. variable-ratio fixed-interval continuous reinforcement intermittent reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

Positive punishers _____ and negative punishers _____ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences. increase; increase increase; decrease decrease; decrease decrease; increase

decrease; decrease

The ability to _____ is a better predictor of school grades than is _____. work hard; social class delay gratification; IQ score control emotions; IQ score delay gratification; social class

delay gratification; IQ score

Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that: all individuals process emotions in the same way. appraisal of stimuli causes a universal reaction. all animals exhibit emotions. emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

Which item is a primary reinforcer? the exclamation "Good job!" a compliment about one's physical appearance escaping the frigid cold by coming inside stickers given to a child for good behavior

escaping the frigid cold by coming inside

The defining feature of consciousness that separates it from unconsciousness is: experience. activation-synthesis. forebrain activity. wakefulness.

experience

Recent research has indicated that the two dimensions of mind perception are: feeling and experience. experience and agency. agency and self-control. planning and memory.

experience and agency.

Spontaneous recovery demonstrates that: CS-US pairings are not necessary for classical conditioning to occur. learning is greater the farther apart CS-US trials are spaced in time. a stimulus paired with passage of time can come to elicit a response. extinction does not completely erase previous learning.

extinction does not completely erase previous learning.

Being deprived of slow-wave sleep results in: fatigue and hypersensitivity to pain. difficulty processing new information and hyposensitivity to pain. excessive aggression and memory problems. symptoms of depression and anxiety.

fatigue and hypersensitivity to pain.

Based on EEG records, it appears that sleep can be divided into _____ phases. two three four five

five

A general process in which the repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a gradual decrease in responding is termed: habituation. classical conditioning. sensitization. association.

habituation.

In Freud's view, dreams represent: the current concerns of a person. hidden wishes. an attempt by the brain to understand random neural activity during sleep. universal symbols.

hidden wishes.

Maive is interviewing for a job. She is required to undergo psychological testing. During the testing, the psychologist noted many of her responses indicated emotionality of anger and frustration. On an emotion map, these emotions have _____ arousal and _____ valence. low; negative high; negative low; positive high; positive

high; negative

Phenomenology refers to: how things seem to the conscious person. how things seem to a person during a dream. the comparison of a single phenomenon with a transcendental state. the practice of determining traits by examining bumps on the skull.

how things seem to the conscious person.

Evidence suggests that the emotion of _____ is NOT universal. anger humility disgust sadness

humility

According to dual-process theory, which function would NOT be processed by the "fast" System 1? identifying the correct answer to challenging multiple-choice questions on an exam reading the words to multiple-choice questions on an exam walking to class while preoccupied with an exam writing your name on an exam

identifying the correct answer to challenging multiple-choice questions on an exam

During a dream, the areas of the brain associated with visual _____ are activated. sensation perception illusions imagery

imagery.

Stimulants such as amphetamines _____ the levels of _____ in the brain. decrease; norepinephrine and dopamine increase; endorphins increase; norepinephrine and dopamine decrease; endorphins

increase; norepinephrine and dopamine

The two functions of emotion are: instinctive and hedonic. informative and motivational. instinctive and informative. hedonic and motivational.

informative and motivational.

A(n) _____ schedule is based on the time between reinforcements. interval ratio joint conditional

interval

A(n) _____ motivation is a motivation to take action that is itself rewarding. needs-based emotions-based intrinsic extrinsic

intrinsic

Erich is interviewing for a job. He is required to undergo psychological testing. During the testing, the psychologist noted many of his responses indicated that he was bored and perhaps depressed. On an emotion map, these emotions have _____ arousal and _____ valence. low; negative high; negative low; positive high; positive

low; negative

A problem with using rewards to motivate behavior is that rewards: increase the behavior instead of decrease it. have been shown to not alter motivation levels. may undermine intrinsic motivation. may undermine extrinsic motivation.

may undermine intrinsic motivation.

REM-sleep deprivation results in: excessive aggression and hypersensitivity to muscle pain. difficulty processing new information and hyposensitivity to pain. memory problems and excessive aggression. symptoms of depression and anxiety.

memory problems and excessive aggression.

Which drug will animals NOT self-administer? heroin MDMA (Ecstasy) phencyclidine (PCP) mescaline (shrooms)

mescaline (shrooms)

Although Alek is clearly sleeping, when Katrina pokes him in the ribs, Alek rolls over. This demonstrates that Alek is: minimally conscious. fully conscious. self-conscious. REM conscious.

minimally conscious.

Which item is a secondary reinforcer? food shelter money comfort

money

Darwin's universality hypothesis is supported by scientific studies in which: animals accurately react to the emotional expressions of other animals. people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures. all individuals react with fear when they see a spider. people find it difficult to identify anger outside their own culture.

people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.

According to Abraham Maslow, _____ needs are the first to be satisfied, while _____ needs are the last. esteem; safety and security self-actualization; belongingness belongingness; physiological physiological; self-actualization

physiological; self-actualization

A(n) _____ schedule is based on the number of responses needed to achieve reinforcement. interval ratio joint conditional

ratio

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, if you stumbled onto a snake on a hike in the mountains, you would first _____ and then _____. experience fear; cognitively process the sighting cognitively process the sighting; experience fear experience fear; react physiologically react physiologically; experience fear

react physiologically; experience fear

Slaton immediately becomes upset when his football coach yells at him and yanks him from the game. Sitting on the sideline a few minutes later, Slaton tells himself that the coach is only trying to make him a better player. He begins to feel better, illustrating the process of: reappraisal. emotional communication. suppression. affect labeling.

reappraisal.

Skinner's approach to the study of learning focused on _____ and _____. reinforcement; reward reinforcement; punishment punishment; escape the mind; behavior

reinforcement; punishment

The rebound effect of thought suppression is the tendency of a thought to: bounce in and out of consciousness during thought suppression. return to consciousness with greater frequency following thought suppression. become distorted into a false belief following thought suppression. become less likely following prolonged periods of thought suppression.

return to consciousness with greater frequency following thought suppression.

In Pavlov's research, what was the CR? pricking ears at the sound of the bell salivating upon food presentation a bell salivating at the sound of a bell

salivating at the sound of a bell

Shaping reinforces _____ behavior sequences until the overall sequence of behavior is performed reliably. complex unusual smaller larger

smaller

Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and, 4 hours later, became extremely sick to her stomach. Now, the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy. What is the CR? stomach queasiness at the smell of oysters the taste of an oyster a bacterium or other toxin vomiting to a toxin

stomach queasiness at the smell of oysters

A survival mechanism to avoid starvation that evolved in our ancestors is: preference for green vegetables. ghrelin resistance. storing excess calories as fat. increasing the metabolism when hungry.

storing excess calories as fat.

Consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis, when people are asked to arch their brows, they find facts that they read in a textbook more: understandable. memorable. surprising. important.

surprising

The so-called slow emotion pathway begins in the _____, travels to the _____, and then finally reaches the _____. thalamus; amygdala; cortex thalamus; cortex; amygdala cortex; thalamus; amygdala amygdala; thalamus; cortex

thalamus; cortex; amygdala

Katie is in the school gym talking to a group of her friends. All of a sudden, her attention is diverted to another group of people talking in the opposite corner of the gym when someone mentions her name in their conversation. This is an example of: inattentional blindness. minimal consciousness. self-consciousness. the cocktail-party phenomenon.

the cocktail-party phenomenon.

Studies using the experience-sampling technique suggest that our consciousness tends to be dominated by: our own personal feelings. unconscious motives. feelings of self-consciousness. the sensory inputs of our immediate environment.

the sensory inputs of our immediate environment.

Angry because she had to endure a class she finds dreadfully boring, Susanna decided to use reappraisal to change her emotional state about the class. Which action BEST illustrates this process? pledging to go jogging each day after class thinking of the course as preparation for her future career making a date to meet friends for lunch before class forming a study group that meets weekly

thinking of the course as preparation for her future career

Which type of reinforcement schedule has the HIGHEST rate of response? variable interval fixed-interval fixed-ratio variable ratio

variable ratio

Extrinsic motivation is illustrated when we: work at a job to earn money that can buy food. eat a French fry because it tastes good. exercise because it feels good. listen to music that we enjoy.

work at a job to earn money that can buy food.