psych exam 2

Even though Amanda just met Diego two minutes ago, she has a good feeling about him right off the bat. According to the ____ hypothesis, it is therefore likely that Amanda will also decide within minutes that Diego is a good person.​

affect-as-information

According to the text, an affect is different than an emotion in that an affect is ____ while an emotion is ____

an automatic response that something is good or bad; a conscious evaluative reaction to some event

Lerner, Small, and Loewenstein (2004) conducted a study in which ____ affected decisions about buying and selling.​

emotions leftover from a previous event

A famous study conducted by social psychologists Aron and Dutton, found that a female experimenter was most likely to be called by participants after they had walked across a scary, narrow bridge as opposed to after they had walked across a normal, stable bridge. This finding can be most easily explained by

excitation transfer

Within social psychological research on emotion, the term "arousal" is used to refer to

the physiological reaction linked to most emotions

Research on gender differences in emotions has found that

there are almost no gender differences in terms of strength, frequency, or valence of emotional experiences

Is the physiological arousal that people have when they are emotional actually the same for all emotions? Current research suggests that

there are at least two basic arousal states—one pleasant and the other unpleasant

Research shows that there is often a strong association between feeling negative emotions and overeating. However, this association does NOT occur

unless people believe that eating will make them feel better

The factor that appears to be most strongly related to happiness is

whether one is alone in the world or has social connections

Research on "positive psychology" indicates that you may be able to increase your overall level of happiness if you sit down once or twice a week and make a list of

​all the good things that have happened to you

When people are asked to predict how they would feel if a certain event occurred, they are ____ at predicting which emotion they would feel. Research additionally shows that people are ____ at predicting how long they would be emotionally affected.​

​fairly accurate; nevertheless rather inaccurate

Research on the objective and subjective predictors of happiness indicates that ____ has only a weak relationship to happiness, but ____ is a strong predictor of happiness.​

​how often you get sick; how satisfied you are with your health

How do positive emotions impact problem-solving? Research suggests that being in a good mood ____.​

​improves cognitive flexibility and creativity, persistence, and problem-solving ability

According to the text, emotions do all of the following on a consistent basis EXCEPT

​increase helping behavior

According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, the relationship between arousal and performance can be described by a(n) ____

​inverted U-shaped function (more arousal leads to better performance, but only up to a point; too much arousal can hinder performance)

​According to the text, emotions are ____, whereas moods are ____.​

​linked to particular events; not linked to particular events

The concept of emotional intelligence has to do with one's ability

​to perceive, access and generate, understand, and reflectively regulate one's own and other's emotions

While guilt might say, ____, shame would say, ____

"I did a bad thing", "I am a bad person"

In what way is anger different from contempt?​

Anger tends to motivate more approach behavior with attempts to create change.

What is most accurate about the emotion of anxiety?​

Anxiety motivates people to plan ahead and avoid risks.

David has been in a joyful mood all month. According to the broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions, ____.​

David's mindset will be "expanded" (such that he has the urge to play, push limits, and so forth)

Which of the following statements about emotions and learning is most accurate?​

Emotions provide feedback that helps you learn from your mistakes.

Rojit is extremely frustrated with his boss, Tony, who has asked him to work over the weekend to complete a big project. Rojit deals with his frustration by sneaking into the departmental lounge and surreptitiously stabbing a Voodoo doll that he has made of Tony. He then returns to his desk. According to research, will this help Rojit relieve his anger?​

No—in fact, it will probably make Rojit even angrier.

Suppose that, at your 60th high school reunion, you gather together the senior portraits and relate your classmates' facial expressions to their mortality rates. Based on the study of baseball players, what would you expect to find?​

Students with big smiles had the longest lifespans, followed by those with partial smiles, and then by those with no smiles.

Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that people may sometimes mislabel, or relabel, their arousal as one emotion versus another?​

The Schachter-Singer theory

Suppose that you are feeling a positive emotion such as "relief" (e.g., you thought your wallet had been stolen, but realized it wasn't) or "joy" (e.g., you just heard that your older sister had a baby). Would it be possible for that emotion to be converted into another emotion via excitation transfer?​

Yes, although typically (once a positive emotion has already been "registered") it could only be converted into another positive emotion.

In recent years, there have been a number of cases where police officers have shot innocent, unarmed citizens. For example, not long ago, an officer of the LAPD shot a thirteen-year-old boy who was driving a car; the officer later stated that he thought the boy was driving the car toward him as a weapon (and he also stated that he did not register certain major facts of the situation that would have convinced him otherwise). While the officer's behavior is in no way excusable, does his account line up with what we know about how stress affects behavior?​

Yes, it does; research shows that extreme stress can narrow attention and focus so much that people completely fail to register important and relevant pieces of information.

Research suggests that when people feel guilt, they usually

apologize or seek to make amends​

One explanation for the fact that women have higher rates of depression than men is that, when feeling depressed, women

are more likely than men to repeatedly think about the problem—which can make them feel even more depressed

Research on the so-called "hedonic treadmill" would predict that people who have received life sentences to prison would

be devastated by their sentencing, but return to nearly pre-prison levels of happiness within a few years

Compared to people who are sad or afraid, people who are happy or angry tend to

be more confident and optimistic

Disgust has been shown to promote handwashing, avoidance of sex with risky partners, and other health-promoting behaviors. As such, disgust has been called our ___

behavioral immune system

Research on the value of venting anger and catharsis suggests that

counter to most people's intuition, venting anger almost always ends up making people angrier than they were before

Art has just been on a long run at the beach with his dog. When he arrives home he is still breathing hard and his heart is still racing; he is physiologically highly aroused. When a neighbor bumps into him in the hallway, Art completely freaks out and verbally attacks the neighbor. He demands: "Did you just push me? Do you have a problem, man?" It looks like Art may have misattributed his arousal (from his run to his neighbor). That is, Art's behavior illustrates

excitation transfer

People use many strategies to try to regulate affect and stay in a good mood. While the data are very complex, research suggests that one of the most effective strategies is

exercising

Research on the relationship between emotional experiences suggests that

experiencing all emotions

As discussed in the text, one study conducted in 2001 examined short biographies that were written by nuns in 1930. The study found that the nuns who ____ in the biographies had lived about 10 years longer than the nuns who didn't.​

expressing high positive emotions

Research on gender differences in the experience of love suggests that, compared to women, men ____

fall in love relatively quickly, and fall out of love relatively slowly

Positive emotions tend to be associated with

forming a social bond with someone

There are three major ways that people deal with anger: They repress it (e.g., by denying their anger), they vent it (e.g., by yelling at someone), or they try to get rid of it (e.g., by relaxing or going for a jog). Which approach is generally most successful at reducing anger?​

getting rid of it

Broadly speaking, in considering the link between emotions and decision-making, it appears that anticipated emotions tend to ____ decision-making, while current emotional states tend to ____ decision-making.​

guide and improve; bias and hurt

Routinely repressing, or seeking to conceal, feelings of anger is MOST associated with an increased risk of ____

heart disease

Research on happiness and parenting indicates that couples who have children are ____ than couples who do not have children, although

less happy; people expect that having children will make them happier

According to Howard Gardner,

many people with IQs of 160 work for people with IQs of 100, if the former have poor interpersonal intelligence and the latter have a high one​

Cross-cultural studies of people's internal emotional lives suggest that

most emotions are quite similar across cultures

The James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial feedback hypothesis are similar in that they both suggest that, in emotional situations,

our physiological responses and reactions precede and help drive our conscious emotional experiences

Paul Ekman's cross-cultural research inferring emotions from facial expressions suggests that

people from a variety of cultures can accurately infer six basic emotions, including both positive and negative emotions

According to the text, emotions tend—on the whole—to ____

promote strong interpersonal relationships

Research on sexual arousal indicates that the link between (a) self-reported sexual arousal and (b) physiological measures of arousal in the genitals is

stronger among men than women

Salespeople who force themselves to smile at customers all day may actually end up feeling relatively happy. This effect can be best explained by

the facial feedback hypothesis