Psych Exam 3

People who are gifted have an IQ of

130 or higher

In the context of the biological and environmental influences on language, which of the following statements is true about language and the brain?

A form of communication (spoken,written, or signed) that is based on a system of symbols

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

Adjust their schemas to new information

Yuna, a toddler, undergoes toilet training. After a week of staying overnight, she experiences self-control and feels confident. In the context of Erickson's psychosocial development stages, Yuna is in the "__________" stage.

Anatomy shame and guilt

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

Attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement

Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

Authorization

_____ is the theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses

Behaviorism

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of

Classical Conditioning

An analogy is sometimes drawn between human cognition and the way computer work. The physical brain is analogous to a computer's______, and cognition is analogous to a computer's_____.

Computers and human cognition

Which of the following is true of concepts?

Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience.

In John Watson's experiment on classical conditioning, a white rat was used as a(n) _____ to condition Albert

Conditioned stimulus

People's decisions are likely to be biased because they tend to seek out and listen to others whose views confirms their views while they avoid those with dissenting views. This is a characteristic of______.

Confirmation bias

Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?

Confronting death, denial to acceptance

The work of Harry Harlow established that

Contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process.

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably

Culturally bias

In the context of prenatal development, which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

Effects of chemical teratogens depend on timing and exposes

Recent research on prosocial behavior has found out that

Empathic parenting is related to prosocial behavior in children.

Jose's employer pays him every other Friday. This is an example of which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Fixed interval

Samuel, a line worker in a factory, is required to produce 50 units to be paid $10. In the context of the schedules of reinforcement, this scenario most likely exemplifies a

Fixed interval schedule

Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer

Food

Jason, a 13-year-old, is working on an experiment during his science class. He is following a procedure to systematically analyze the outcome. Jason is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Formal operational

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics used for solving real-life problems?

Heuristics are shortcut strategies

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

Inability to take another person's mental state into account

Matteo specializes in the study of religious faith, practice, and experience. He is especially interested in the study of God and of God's relation to the world. According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence, Matteo is most likely to score high on ______.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

Which of the following is true of gender identity?

It is a person's self-definition as male or female

Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated that the rats called on their _____ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.

Latent learning

In the context of the role of language in cognition, which of the following is a contribution of linguist Benjamin Whorf (1956)?

Linguistics relativity

Which of the following is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning?

Morphemes

Nathan is a happy and healthy three-month-old baby. Based on preferential-looking and habituation research, what can you predict about Nathan's perceptual abilities?

Nathan will prefer real faces to scrambled faces and he will also refer his mother's face to a stranger's face.

Developmental psychologist use the term "________" to refer to a person's biological inheritance, especially his or her genes.

Nature

Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being grounded, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of _____.

Negative punishment

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

Negative reinforcement

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 1-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again 6 months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop _____.

Object permnanet

Which of the following is true about observational learning?

Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.

Some bears kept in the zoo allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. You, however, a psychology student, quickly surmise that the bears had most likely undergone

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is true regarding learning through operant conditioning?

Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences

Richie is a 10-year-old boy. His parents let him do whatever he wants. They place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his brother. Richie's parents have a(n) ______ parenting style.

Permissive

Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____.

Positive punishment and negative punishment

Sam is a participant in a study of moral development. In response to the Heinz moral dilemma story, Sam says that "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is a bad place so Heinz shouldn't take the risk of such harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the following stages of moral development?

Preconventional

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is _____ but not _____.

Reliable but not valid

Benjamin, a six-year-old, loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides __________ ________ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.

Scaffolding

Marie visits her neighbor's house along with her 7-month-old son, Noah. When she places Noah on the floor of her neighbor's house, he crawls away from her and starts exploring nearby objects. However, he occasionally glances at Marie to ensure she is close by. In the context of socioemotional development, which of the following concepts is exemplified by Noah's behavior?

Secure attachment

Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity. Juan is said to have what type of temperament?

Slow-to-warm-up

Which of the following is the best example of unconditioned response?

Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper.

According to ______ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to ______ there are nine types of intelligence.

Stern berg trial, Henry Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

The amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex

Your psychology assignment is to observe and list the behaviors of your relatives that indicates learning. Which of the following should be included in your list?

Your little brother whines whenever he wants something

Which of the following is the correct course of prenatal development?

Zygote, embryo, fetus

According to Thorndike's law of effect _____.

any behavior that results in negative consequences is likely to not be repeated

In the context of creative thinking, _____ produces many solutions to the same problem.

divergent thinking