Psych Final (chapters 6, 7, and 11)

range of reaction

"Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the ________ model.

morpheme

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

phoneme

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

inferiority

A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

self-actualization

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

Balance between extroversion and introversion.

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

choleric

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

oral

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.

Regression

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

spontaneous recovery

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

70

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability.

Freudian slip

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

instincts

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

confirmation

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

associative

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

negative reinforcement

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Observational

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Variable ratio

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Fixed interval

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

learned

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

partial

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

Denial

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

an internal locus of control

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

creative

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

latent

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

extinction

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

logical-mathematical

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

role

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

conditioned response

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

evolutionary

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

standardization

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

Learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

What is the Flynn effect?

Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs.

What is the confirmation bias?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

A professional trained in psychology.

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?

The dominance of Western approaches to studying personality in non-Western cultures.

What was responsible for the development of the indigenous model of studying the cultural context of personality?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Moving against people.

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light.

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

Shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

stimulus generalization

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus discrimination

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

Concepts

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.