PSYCH FINAL EXAM

diathesis-stress

While interviewing Joe, Dr. Willard discovers that Joe has a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia because his uncle and mother had schizophrenia. Dr. Willard also believes the fact that Joe was homeless for several months after being expelled from school and "disowned" by his parents triggered his schizophrenia. Dr. Willard probably follows the ______ model of psychological disorders.

ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the:

innate; learned

According to Freud, id functions are ______________ , while superego functions are ______________

the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware

According to Freud, the unconscious is:

raw frequencies, rather than base rates and probabilities

According to Gigerenzer (1997), the human mind is wired to think in terms of

rational-emotive behavior

An individual who has the faulty belief that getting into medical school is the only possible way to have a happy, fulfilling life and who without going to medical school has no reason to live would have this faulty belief directly attacked by the therapist in ______________ therapy.

ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed

An animal's stomach and intestines will process food more rapidly, and the animal will become extremely fat if its:

the two goals are equally desirable

An approach approach conflict is difficult to resolve because

the just-world phenomenon

An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of:

social-responsibility norm

An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the:

active listening

An important feature of client-centered therapy is:

social anxiety disorder

An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of:

instinct

An unlearned and fixed pattern of behavior common to all members of a species is called a(n):

overeat and become obese

Animals that have lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

self-concept

Carl Rogers suggested that the ________ is a central feature of personality

a narcotic

Heather is taking a prescription drug to control her back pain. She finds that when she takes the drug she experiences some short-term drowsiness and nausea. It is likely that Heather's physician has prescribed

more intense and less prolonged

In comparison to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder is characterized by periods of distress that are:

concrete operations

In relation to age, which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

prefrontal lobotomy

In the late 1930s, Blaine had small holes drilled into his skull. Then a sharp instrument was inserted into a hole and moved from side to side in order to destroy brain tissue. This attempt at relieving schizophrenic symptoms is known as

superego

Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching a pornographic video. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's:

psychiatrist

Quincy's therapist prescribed Prozac for Quincy's disorder. The therapist is most likely a

amygdala

Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered damage to the part of the brain called the:

John B. Watson

"If psychology is to be taken seriously, as a science, we must get away from practices such as introspection in our reporting. We must focus on observable events and train ourselves in the scientific method to obtain the validity of the other 'sciences.'" This statement most likely came from

endomorph

The body classification which describes a person who is overweight is called

identity vs role confusion

According to Erik Erikson, the central psychological issue or crisis of adolescence is

a zygote; an embryo

A ____ implants itself into the uterine wall and becomes ____.

groupthink

A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit:

nonconformity

A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage:

a continuous state of tension, apprehension, and autonomic nervous system arousal

A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by:

token economy

A group home for teenage juvenile offenders requires each girl to participate in twice-weekly group sessions with a counselor, to perform a daily chore, and to set monthly goals for herself. The girls earn a specified number of points each day for accomplishing these activities. At the end of each week, the girls are allowed to trade their points for candy, television time, or a day trip into town. This type of setting is called a

approach-avoidance

A hungry rat is given an electric shock whenever it eats food from a pan. The rat is being faced with what type of conflict?

guilt

A means in which the superego manages to put pressure on the ego is through the use of

conscientiousness

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of:

MMPI

A psychologist at a mental health center was confused about how to diagnose a client. Which objective personality test might the psychologist administer to help develop a diagnosis?

a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension

A psychophysiological illness is:

memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved

A relearning measure requires subjects to

dissociation

A sense of being separated from your body and watching yourself with a sense of detachment is a symptom of:

emotional

A suicide may involve more than one individual. For example, a mother who is depressed may take the life of her child because she doesn't want her child to experience the same "bad life" she has had. The mother's source of motivation is most likely a result of ___________ factors.

social-cognitive

A therapist suggests that Margaret is depressed because she attributes her failures to her own incompetence instead of blaming her parents and teachers for the unreasonable demands they place on her. The therapist's interpretation most clearly reflects a ________ perspective.

operant conditioning

A token economy represents an application of the principles of:

temperament

Abby is a gurgling, even-tempered, happy baby. Austin is a fussy, irregular, and irritable baby. These characteristics describe each infant's basic, natural disposition—her or his

projection

Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a:

depression

Abnormally low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin are associated with:

self-actualization

Abraham Maslow studied the lives of Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, and Eleanor Roosevelt in order to understand the nature of:

behaviors, internal personal factors and environmental events

According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among:

facial expressions

According to Paul Ekman, the most universally understood way of expressing emotion is through:

explicit behavior, implicit behavior and feelings

According to our class definition, emotions are characterized by

calculations of costs and benefits

According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by:

precede (come before)

According to the James-Lange theory, behavior and physiological reactions _____ emotions.

psychoanalytic

According to the ________ perspective, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses.

gets closer; increases

According to the imminence of the stresssor model, as the stress event _____, the severity of the stress _____.

sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured

According to the medical model, psychological disorders are:

cognitive labels; physical arousal

According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.

an amphetamine

Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested

electroconvulsive therapy

Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide. Which of the following treatments is likely to provide her with the quickest relief from her misery?

rationalization

After Daniel had ballooned to a weight of 450 pounds, he became very stressed. When confronted about his stress and weight problem by his wife, he said, "It is healthy for me to maintain this weight because I'll live longer if a famine occurs." What defense mechanism is Daniel using?

biasing power of diagnostic labels

After George learned that Mrs. Min suffered from schizophrenia, he mistakenly concluded that her tendencies to laugh easily and smile frequently were symptoms of her disorder. This best illustrates the:

dissociative amnesia

After a very public yet unsuccessful attempt to take over the world, Marvin, the Martian, disappears. Three weeks later, Marvin is found working as a Qmart employee in Albuquerque and living under the name of Chad. "Chad" does not remember his real name or how he came to be working at Qmart. Marvin is most likely suffering from

the mere exposure effect

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates:

the optimistic explanatory style

Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of:

preventing her from functioning effectively

Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is:

striving for superiority

Alfred Adler stressed what in his personality theory?

deindividuation

Annette is in a group of young musicians, all of whom wear black hats with big ears and black and white outfits with the letters M-I-C-K-E-Y on them. Annette feels part of the group. One day, the musicians destroy their band equipment. Annette gets caught up in the craziness of the moment and believes that nobody will hold her personally responsible for the destruction. Annette participated in the destruction because of a group phenomenon called

optimal arousal

Antwan enjoys calm classical music and meditative yoga classes. Molly enjoys bungee jumping and tight-rope walking. The ______ theory of motivation best explains these differences in Antwan and Molly's typical motivational states.

do something exciting

Anu has just finished watching a movie about cement mixing that she thought was long and boring. According to the optimal arousal theory of motivation, Anu will most likely ______________ next.

only occurs in identical twins

As far as we know, in humans the same genotype

symapthetic

As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system.

an achievement test

At the end of her calculus course, Mary takes a test to determine how well she has mastered the material. Her calculus test is primarily

self-serving bias

Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates:

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as:

belief-based feelings

Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.

accomodation

Baby Fedelia discovers a red chili-pepper on the floor and calls it "candy." After she puts the chili-pepper in her mouth, she realizes that it is not at all like candy. According to Piaget this experience will most likely result in

a self-serving bias

Barry received an A on his first group project. He believes this grade is the result of his superior intelligence and hard work. He received a D on his second group project, and he attributes this grade to the other group members' poor work and stupidity. What attributional error is Barry demonstrating?

one academic area are likely to excel in most academic areas

Based on Charles Spearman's view of intelligence, individuals who excel in

conflict, frustration, change and pressure

Based on our class discussion, which of the following are considered causes of stress?

San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east)

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from

reciprocal determinism

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by:

the schachter-singer

Before coming to his final exam, Howie drank four cans of Surge (which contains a lot of caffeine). As the final was being passed out, Howie became aware that his hands were shaking and his heart was beating fast. According to ______________ theory, whether Howie attributed his shaking hands and beating heart to ingesting a lot of caffeine or to being concerned about the final would affect his emotional experience.

persistent

Behavior that causes anxiety or concern for the affected individual may be considered to be

humanistic

Betty is searching for a therapist who will treat her as an equal and give her support and acceptance. Betty also wants a therapist who will be nondirective and recognize that Betty is ultimately responsible for her own thoughts and actions. These criteria best describe a therapist with a _________ approach

gene splicing

Biological therapy for a mental disorder does not include

clinical social worker

Bonnie sees a therapist through her company's Employee Assistance Program. Her therapist has a master's degree and works in a clinic. Bonnie's therapist must be a

stereotypes

Booyoung believes that all Irish people have pale skin, speak with thick accents, and like corned beef and potatoes. She also believes that all motorcycle riders wear leather jackets. Booyoung is displaying

biological

Brandon's psychiatrist has diagnosed him with schizophrenia. Brandon is currently undergoing a treatment regimen that consists of drugs such as Thorazine. Without any other information, to what approach does Brandon's psychiatrist most likely subscribe?

task-oriented

Bud Ditkas likes to keep firm control of his team practice sessions. He doesn't allow player discussion, he watches them very closely, and generally tells them what to do. Bud is probably a ______________ leader

the representativeness heuristic

Byron has been watching his new neighbor for a week. She drives a sporty car, carries a cell phone, and wears nothing but blue business suits. Byron decides his new neighbor must be a lawyer. In this case, Byron seems to have formed an opinion about his new neighbor's occupation based on

obedience

Caleb's fifth-grade teacher, Mr. Tsoi, has just told Caleb to sit down. Although Caleb doesn't want to, he sits down. This is an example of

genetic sex

Chaka has been raised as a male and has always been treated by others as a male. However, Chaka has always felt that he truly is female and has been incorrectly living his life as a male. Chaka is dealing with issues surrounding his

traits

Characteristic patterns of behavior and motivation are called:

transformational leadership

Clearly communicating a vision of goals so as to inspire others to follow is most indicative of:

regression toward the mean

Colette received a surprisingly high grade on her first biology test. She failed to perform as well on the second test, however, even though she studied equally for both tests. Which of the following best explains Colette's deteriorating pattern of performance?

somatic symptom and related disorder

Collins has been complaining of a variety of vague, chronic pains that run all throughout his body as well as blurry vision. After many doctor visits and medical tests, there is still no known physical cause for the symptoms that Collins has been experiencing. Collins is most likely to be diagnosed with

dissociation

Connie exhibits many symptoms of multiple personality disorder. Evidence that information learned by her secondary personality influences the moods and behaviors of her primary personality would most clearly rule out the contribution of ________ to her symptoms

unstable-introverted

Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions she would be classified as:

diffusion of responsibility

Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:

group polarization

David, Roger, Ian, and Keith were debating whether the Hoopsters or the Dunkers were the better basketball team. When they started their debate all four friends thought the Hoopsters were slightly better, but after an hour they have now come to the conclusion that the Hoopsters are so much better that they will probably take the division title. The process that would best explain the strengthening of opinion that occurred in this example would be

dopamine

Devin has been having trouble initiating movements lately and has also developed a tremor in his hands. He is diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and put on medication. To help alleviate Devin's symptoms directly, the drugs would need to increase the effects of which of the following?

the age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable

Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine if people reason more logically when they have more time to decide. All the participants who are under 40 are allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem; all the participants who are over 40 are allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. Diaz has a problem with his experimental design because

dissociative

Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of ________ disorders.

his ego's attempt to control anxiety and guilt

Dominic has a very active set of defense mechanisms that constantly affect his thoughts and behavior. The defense mechanisms are

eclectic

Dr. Byrne is a clinical psychologist who often uses operant conditioning techniques to treat her clients. She also encourages them to modify their thought patterns, and on occasion she interprets their transference behaviors. Dr. Byrne's therapeutic approach would best be described as:

projective technique

Dr. Doerfler has recently developed a new technique for assessing personality—the Household Appliance Drawing Test. To complete the test, subjects are asked first to draw a picture of their favorite household appliance and then to tell a story about it. This is an example of a(n)

flooding

Dr. Feld's client, Melissa, is terrified of heights. Dr. Feld takes Melissa to the top of the Sears Tower in Chicago and has her look down at the streets below for a few hours. After her trip to the top of this tall building, Melissa is no longer afraid of heights. This is because Dr. Feld used ______________ therapy.

psychiatrist

Dr. Miller prescribes drugs for the treatment of chronic depression and she encourages rest and relaxation training for clients suffering from excessive anxiety. It is most likely that Dr. Miller is a:

psychodynamic

Dr. Noonan believes that psychological disorders are the result of unresolved unconscious conflicts from childhood. For example, she believes that panic attacks occur when a person's instinctual impulses become too overwhelming. Dr. Noonan believes in the ______________ approach to psychopathology.

Noam Chomsky

Dr. Sciorro believes that because the majority of children acquire language without any effort, there must be a biological mechanism that facilitates language learning. Dr. Sciorro's views of language development MOST closely mirror those of

personnel

Dr. Thompson is involved in scripting interview questions that will effectively predict job applicants' success in specific work positions. Her work best illustrates that of a(n) ________ psychologist.

transference

Dr. Tokarz and her client, Guillermo, are discussing their relationship. Dr. Tokarz says, "I think that you are treating me the way you would treat your older sister." Dr. Tokarz is commenting on Guillermo's

MMPI

Dr. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression, social withdrawal, and other symptoms of an emotional disorder. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose?

going to a horror movie for the thrill of it

Drive reduction theory has the greatest difficulty explaining the behavior of

norm violation

During an episode of the TV show Seinfeld, one of the characters was identified as "The Close Talker," meaning that he stood too close to people when he spoke to them. This person's behavior would most likely be judged abnormal on the basis of the ______________ criterion for abnormality.

is at its lowest during REM sleep

During sleep, voluntary muscle activity

uncontrollably violent

During the 1940s and 1950s, lobotomies were most likely to be performed on psychologically disordered patients who were:

erogenous zones

During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on:

exciting; boring

Ed participated in a psychology experiment in which he turned pegs on a board for one hour. Although the task was very boring, the experimenter said, "I will pay you $1 if you tell the next participant that this experiment is the most exciting experiment that you have ever been in." Julie also participated in the same experiment; however, the experimenter offered to pay her $20 to lie to the next participant. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Ed will later report that experiment was ______________, and Julie will report that it was ______________.

lithium

Edith, a 45-year-old journalist, alternates between extreme sadness and lethargy and extreme euphoria and overactivity. The drug most likely to prove beneficial to her is:

classical conditioning

Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and when she would hug him or hold him close he could smell that scent. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. The learning process that could best account for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume is

reality principle; pleasure principle

Ego is to id as ________ is to ________

an internal lotus of control

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates:

psychosocial crises

Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called

apparent cause of a condition

Etiology refers to the

physical attractiveness

Evolutionary theory predicts that women should place more emphasis than men on all but which of the following partner characteristics?

door-in-the-face

Ezekiel asks, "Mom, may I eat a hot fudge sundae with extra whipped cream?" When his mother replies that he may not, Ezekiel then asks if he may eat one cookie. Ezekiel is using the ______________ strategy for gaining compliance.

personality traits

Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basic:

one's perception of the environment

In class, the psychological definition of personality is one's reaction to the environment as determined by

reaction formation

Felix has always been attracted to his best friend's girlfriend Rita. From all outward appearances though, Felix seems to really dislike Rita. Felix is likely employing what defense mechanism?

approach-approach

Fernando is deciding where to go for spring break. He can go home and see his family, or go to Florida with his friends. He thinks that both options are desirable and is having a difficult time deciding. Fernando is experiencing a(n) ______________ conflict.

schizophrenia

Flat affect and catatonia are symptoms most closely associated with:

altruism

Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates:

need; drive

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.

belongingness

Foolish conformity to peer pressure is most likely to be motivated by ________ needs.

a drive

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce:

polygraph

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n):

major depressive disorder

For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from:

an aptitude test

Francis has applied for admission to a computer science program, and one of the requirements for admission is the completion of a test that measures sequencing skills and abstract reasoning skills. Her score on this test will be a major factor in the decision about whether to admit her to the program. In this case, the test that Francis is scheduled to take would be classified as

moderate

Frankie, a good basketball player, is extremely competitive and has a high need for achievement. In a psychology experiment, he was asked to throw a ball from anywhere on the court and try to make a basket. Frankie would probably shoot the ball from a ______ distance from the basket.

psychoanalysis

Free association is central to the process of:

something blocks out plans or hinders your progress towards a goal

Frustration is usually felt in situations where

concilation

GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through:

bipolar disorder

George Fredric Handel composed his Messiah during three weeks of intense, creative energy. Many believe Handel suffered a mild form of:

a psychiatrist

Gilbert just graduated from medical school and has entered a four-year residency at a local hospital. He plans to specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. Gilbert would MOST likely be classified as

panic disorder

Grace was sitting in class when, without warning, her heart began to pound, her chest felt tight, and a feeling of dizziness came over her. She felt extremely fearful. Over the next few weeks, the same thing happened several times. Her doctor did not find anything wrong with her heart. Grace was probably suffering from

mirror-image perceptions

Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates:

relative deprivation principle

Haley's parents bought her a used bicycle for her birthday. She was thrilled until she learned that her best friend received a brand new bicycle on her birthday. Haley's declining satisfaction illustrates the:

the collective unconscious

Hayden is at Subway, and he overhears a group of friends at a table talking about why people are innately afraid of snakes. One guy says it is because we inherit memories from our ancestors but that we are not consciously aware of these memories. Everyone laughs at him. Hayden turns to their table and says, "I've heard of that theory. It's known as

the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as:

exploring how machines can be optimally designed to fit human abilities

Human factors psychologists are most likely to be involved in:

the chamelelon effect

If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise. This best illustrates:

color

If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the wavelength of light, we would not be able to perceive differences in

understanding behavior and mental processes

If you wanted to choose a book that best described the whole scientific field of psychology, what book title would be most appropriate?

I saw a red square

Imagine that a picture of a blue circle is briefly flashed in the left visual field of an individual with a severed corpus callosum. At the same time, a picture of a red square is briefly flashed in the right visual field. Based on Roger Sperry's work with split-brain patients, you could predict that this individual will say

instinct

Imagine you are a male three-spined stickleback (a fish). You come across a nest of unfertilized three-spined stickleback eggs and you can't help but do a particular dance and then go ahead and fertilize the eggs. Which theory of motivation accounts for your behavior?

avoidance-avoidance

In Marsha's history class, the students are given a choice of either writing a 12-page paper or giving a 20-minute oral presentation in front of the class. Marsha is having a difficult time making the decision because both are a lot of work. She is experiencing a(n) ______________ conflict situation.

the learner would receive a shock

In Milgram's research on obedience, what was the teacher's perception of what would happen when the learner made a mistake?

the subject's baseline emotional level

In a polygraph, control questions determine

James' peripheral

In a research study, participants were asked to rate the funniness of a cartoon while either just looking at it or holding a pencil with their teeth. Those who rated the cartoon while holding a pencil with their teeth rated the cartoon as funnier. Since the facial muscles for a smile are similar to those required to hold a pencil in one's mouth, the results of this experiment support ______ theory of emotion.

social loafing

In a tug-of-war competition, Teniel pulled much harder on the rope when competing as an individual than when she competed as a member of a team. This phenomenon is known as

wheel type

In the local group to which Tom belongs, he finds that he is only able to talk with the leader of the group. Later, he finds that everyone in the group can only talk with the leader and no one else in the group. What type of communication pattern best describes the type of group Tom is in?

gender

In the most recent studies on factors affecting conformity, which of the following was found to have the least influence on whether or not a person will conform?

much; little

In the study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959), subjects who were paid $1 for "lying" exhibited ____ attitude change; subjects who were paid $20 for "lying" exhibited ____ attitude change.

china

In which of the following countries are IQ tests LEAST likely to be used?

decreasing blood glucose levels

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to:

sexual orientation

Isaac, a 25-year-old law student, is heterosexual; his brother Chaim, a 21-year-old college senior, is homosexual. The brothers obviously differ in their:

we cannot easily distinguish between figure and ground

It is difficult to see a chameleon that has blended in with its background because

generalized anxiety disorder

Ivan has been worried for months, but he really cannot pinpoint the source of his concerns. He is always jumpy, irritable, and has difficulty sleeping. Ivan is probably experiencing

a somatic symptom and related disorder

Jack always complains of being sick. He is convinced he is dying. His physicians have all told him that there is nothing wrong with him and he should live well into his 80s. Jack does not believe the physicians and continues to search for a doctor who will confirm that he is sick. Jack's behavior is MOST consistent with the symptoms of

major depressive disorder

Jamie's sleep patterns have been erratic over the course of the past few months, and she lacks the energy to do anything except lay on her couch. Jamie also feels completely hopeless, and she wonders if life is worth living anymore. Jamie is most likely suffering from

narcissistic

Jan's roommate, Thelma, is always bragging about how well she is doing in her classes, about how much her professors admire and respect her, and that she is destined to be a great criminal defense attorney. When Jan points out Thelma's poor writing skills, Thelma cries because Jan doesn't appreciate her immense talents. Jan and her friends get irritated with Thelma because she expects to be given special treatment by her professors and fellow students. If Thelma has a psychological disorder, it would most likely be ______________ personality disorder.

foot-in-the-door

Jared found that after he got people to sign a petition to help beautify the neighborhood, he was able to collect quite a lot of money when he later went around asking for donations to buy trees and flowers. Jared may not realize it, but he used the _________ approach to obtain compliance to his donation request.

Is my world predictable and supportive?

Jerry is 8 months old. Based on Erikson's theory of personality development, the fundamental question that Jerry is dealing with at this point in his life is

read a book to satisfy her curiosity of how diamonds are formed

Jessi, a college freshman, is engaged in the following activities. Which activity cannot be explained by the drive reduction theory of motivation?

doctoral degree in clinical psychology

Jilli, who appeared on a talk show, claimed to be a psychologist treating patients. When asked about credentials Jilli said she had a bachelor's degree in psychology. An audience member pointed out that in order for Jilli to be a psychologist, she would need a

groupthink

Jury members have been sequestered in a hotel for two weeks, deciding the appropriate sentence for a convicted murderer. They have many sentencing options. Because they have been under increasing pressure to come to a decision, they begin to agree with the jury foreperson who strongly advocated for the death penalty from the beginning. Which phenomenon best explains this situation?

incentive

Karl wants to get straight A's in school because his parents have promised to buy him a new car if he does so. This is an illustration of the ______ theory of motivation.

defensive self-esteem

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly demonstrates:

evolutionary

Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he is also unemployed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Danielle chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The __________ theory of motivation would best predict Danielle's choice.

Everyone is born with an id, and the ego and then the superego develop as the person interacts with the world around them

Kierston and Missy are studying together for their psychology final. Kierston asks Missy, "Okay, now tell me Freud's components of personality and how they develop." Missy correctly responds,

neustress

Kitty is watching the nightly news and hears a report about an earthquake thousands of miles from where Kitty lives. This would be an example of:

achievement

Kris is taking the TAT test. She looks at a picture and says, "The woman in the picture is trying to solve a problem at work. She is thinking hard. She knows if she thinks about it long enough, she'll be able to figure it out." This response reflects ______________ motivation.

variable-ratio

Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it hard to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a ________ schedule.

Lani has created a new person to act out her taboo impulses.

Lani's parents never let her stay out late or date. At school, her friends tell her all about their boyfriends and about all the fun they have. If Lani were to develop dissociative identity disorder, sometimes sneaking out to parties and behaving promiscuously, how would psychodynamic theorists explain it?

adhd

Larry has difficulty organizing his daily schedule of work responsibilities. He often makes careless mistakes or fails to complete his work because he is easily distracted. Larry's behavior is most characteristic of:

pessimism

Learned helplessness is most likely to promote:

an external lotus of control

Learned helplessness is most likely to result from:

spillover effect

Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car, Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the:

nothing

Leon is intrinsically motivated to wash his neighbor's car. Accordingly, he expects his neighbor to give him

word salad

Leonard suffers from schizophrenia and lives in an institution. One day he walked up to one of the staff members and said, "Humble ports on the window overlook flying dunk myriad nevertheless honcho overload." Leonard's speech is an example of

lying is emotionally arousing

Lie detector tests make what assumption in order to detect liars?

depression

Light exposure therapy was developed to relieve symptoms of:

authoritative; authoritarian

Linda and Stu are the parents of two teenagers. Stu likes to reason with the children and discuss the limits he is setting. Linda likes to lay down the law and take no arguments from the children. According to the textbook, Stu displays a(n) __________ pattern of parenting, and Linda displays a(n) __________ pattern.

schizophrenia

Low birth weight is a known risk factor for:

confirmation bias

Luis is on the jury for a highly publicized murder case. After hearing the prosecution's evidence, he has decided that the defendant is guilty. The defense provides several witnesses that place the defendant at a party during the time of the murder. However, Luis ignores this evidence and continues to believe that the defendant is guilty. Which of the following obstacles to problem solving is operating?

learning

Luke suffers from acrophobia, a fear of high places. Luke's therapist suggests that his reaction to heights is a generalization of the fear triggered by a childhood playground accident in which he fell off a sliding board. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ________ perspective.

Alfred Adler

Many of Freud's contemporaries disagreed with his ideas. Who placed more emphasis on the innate desire for self-fulfillment and a striving for superiority?

mentally incompetent to stand trial

Marcel was recently arrested for the murder of a mime. Marcel suffers from a mental disorder, and at the time of his trial Marcel didn't even know his own name. He was incapable of understanding the proceedings and the charges against him. Marcel will most likely be declared

fluid; crystallized

Mark is asked to use his reasoning skills to solve a problem. Jean is asked a specific knowledge question. According to Cattell, Mark will most likely use ______________ intelligence, while Jean will most likely use ______________ intelligence.

Jan; diathesis-stress

Marsha and Jan are identical twins whose mother and aunt suffer from depression. Marsha falls in love with and marries a wonderful guy, gets her dream job, and wins the lottery. Jan is lonely because she is constantly rejected by guys, hates her job, and despises living next to an airport. ______ is more likely to develop depressive symptoms according to the ______ model.

Maxine has normal body weight

Maxine has bulimia nervosa but not anorexia nervosa. Which of the following is most likely to describe her?

anger

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of:

severe intellectual disability (mental retardation)

Megan has an IQ score of 30, and she is able to perform simple tasks in highly structured environments. According to the system traditionally used to categorize various levels of intellectual disabilities (mental retardation), Megan would MOST likely be classified as having

self-concept

Meghan completes her chores on time and minds her manners because she likes to be helpful. Whenever her parents thank her for what she does, Meghan feels good about herself. Her parents' praises have become part of her

antipsychotic

Melissa suffers from auditory hallucinations and falsely believes that her former high school teachers are trying to kill her. Melissa's symptoms are most likely to be relieved by ________ drugs.

conceptual hierarchies

Meredith is trying to memorize the various eras and periods in the geologic table. She begins by memorizing the Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic as three eras. She then memorizes the three periods from the Cenozoic, the three periods from the Mesozoic and the six periods from the Paleozoic. Meredith's method of organizing the material she is trying to remember illustrates the concept of

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies

Meta-analysis refers to:

Galvanic skin response

Michelle has a sensor attached to the index finger of both hands. A low electric current is passed to one finger. Michelle is going through a:

Monica's IQ score would be 100

Monica recently completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and was told that her deviation IQ score fell at the 50th percentile. This means that

the scapegoat theory

Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of:

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal

Motivation is defined by psychologists as:

psychoanalysis

Mr. Choi's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of love and hate for his parents. The therapist's goal best reflects a primary aim of:

TAT

Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the:

the placebo effect

Mr. Gotanda mistakenly believed that a single intake interview in which he simply described his numerous symptoms to a therapist was a treatment for his distress. His immediate relief from many of his symptoms following this session best illustrates:

delusions

Mr. Hunt believes that he is the president of the United States and that he will soon become the "King of the Universe." Mr. Hunt is most clearly suffering from:

the interviewer illusion

Mr. Walters has many years of experience as a personnel officer for a large corporation. He does not review most job applicants' reference files because he is confident of his ability to predict their future work performance based on his direct face-to-face conversations with them. Mr. Walters' confidence best illustrates:

self-disclosure

Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:

positively; drives

Needs are ________ correlated with ________.

new or past Freud

Neo-Freudian means

feel dizzy and sick the first time they smoke a cigarette

Nicotine tolerance occurs most quickly among smokers who:

NREM sleep

Night terrors are most closely associated with which of the following?

cyclothymic

Nirin is trying to come up with a diagnosis for her patient who seems to have some symptoms of depression and mania, which do not seem to be very intense or severe. Her patient is probably suffering from ______ disorder.

an expressive crowd

People at a prom, a wedding reception, or a Walk for the Arts would be considered what type of crowd?

destroying

Psychosurgery attempts to alleviate psychological disorders by ______________ brain tissue

gain social approval

Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to:

increase; decrease

Obsessive thoughts typically ________ anxiety and compulsive behaviors typically ________ anxiety.

assimilation

Often new situations and experiences have characteristics in common with situations or events that people have encountered in the past. In these types of situations, people can often respond appropriately by using the process Piaget referred to as

hippocampus

Oliver was in an auto accident and now has difficulty remembering anything new. He can remember everything prior to his accident, but nothing since it. His doctors suspect that his ______________ has been damaged.

incentives

On some college football teams, players are rewarded for outstanding performance with a gold star on their helmets. This practice best illustrates the use of:

thirst; intervening

On some days when Shane sees a vending machine, he buys a soft drink, but on other days he passes it by. In this example, the ______________ motive may be acting as an ______________ variable.

the double-blind technique

One group of ocean voyagers is given a new but untested pill for seasickness and a second group is given an inactive pill. Neither the voyagers nor the experimental researchers know which group has received the new pill. In this experiment, the investigators are making use of:

physical abuse as a child

One of the major factors in the development of dissociative identity disorder appears to be

an expressionless face

One of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is:

the placebo effect

One study of migraine headache patients found that the majority of those who received "sham acupuncture" enjoyed relief. The patients' pain relief is most likely attributable to:

social scripts

Our mental tapes of culturally prescribed ways of interacting with others in specific situations are called:

amygdala

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the thalamus directly to the:

decreasing; increasing

Over the past 50 years, American women have expressed ________ satisfaction with their physical appearance and have experienced a(n) ________ incidence of serious eating disorders.

the spotlight effect

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called:

stereotypes

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called:

reaction formation

Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of:

unconditional positive regard

Part of client-centered therapy consists of the therapist treating the client as a valued person, regardless of what they say or do. Approval is not necessary, but acceptance without judgment is. Which of the following therapist attitudes does this describe?

does not yet understand conservation

Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia's piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has "more" cake. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she

social

People sometimes choose a certain career because they want to please their parents. This is an example of a(n) ______________ factor as a motivational source.

underestimate; overestimate

People tend to ________ their daily caloric intake and ________ their daily physical activity.

similar to; different from

People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the members of an ingroup as ________ each other.

free association

Phani's therapist asks her to report everything that comes to mind no matter how trivial or bizarre it may seem. Phani's therapist is using

role-playing on attitudes

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:

ingroup bias

Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates:

social inequalities

Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying:

fetal stage

Premature babies who survive were typically born during the

factors influencing a person to behave in a specific way

Pressure is defined as

satisfy biological needs; depend on learning

Primary reinforcers ____, while secondary reinforcers ____.

the other community members are unanimous in their opinon

Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Professor Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if:

psychoanalytic

Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.

personality

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring, and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called ________ disorders.

behavior therapy

Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of:

drugs affect mind and behavior

Psychopharmacology involves the study of how:

thalamus

Rajesh smells the perfume of his ex-girlfriend and this causes him to feel sad. All of the following structures are involved in Rajesh's experience except his

facilitation

Randolph is playing badminton, a task he is particularly good at. Soon, a crowd gathers to watch him play. Randolph ends up having one of the best badminton games of his life. His improved performance is a result of social

bipolar

Raul often vascillates between days of unbridled exuberance and a feeling that he can "take on the world" to days when he cannot drag himself from bed to go to class. According to the DSM, Raul most likely has a(n) ________ disorder.

hallucinogen

Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processes. Additionally, she is exhibiting paranoia, nausea, and "jumbled" thought processes. Renee is MOST likely under the influence of a

depression

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation shows greatest promise for the treatment of:

there is a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia

Research on the causes of schizophrenia strongly suggests that:

enlarged brain ventricles

Research with CT scans and MRI scans suggests that there is an association between chronic schizophrenic disturbance and

mass media standards of appearance

Researchers use biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis to understand eating disorders. The social-cultural level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize that eating disorders are influenced by:

James's peripheral

Rhonda is feeling sad. She read in her psychology textbook last Friday night that if one voluntarily smiles, one could create the emotion of happiness. This best supports ______ theory of emotion.

overextension

Robert knows how to say "red," but when his cousin asks him to name the colors of the cars that drive past their house, he says red for the red cars, the blue cars, the green cars, and the black cars. Robert's use of this word illustrates

id; pleasure

Roland was hungry, so he went to McFood Place. But when he got in line, he realized he didn't have any money. He saw a woman set her french fries down on a table, then walk away. Roland quickly grabbed the fries and left. According to Freud, Roland's actions were driven by his __________, which operates on the __________ principle.

operant conditioning

Roslyn always used to shop at Penney's because for every purchase over $20, she would get a 10-percent discount. But since Penney's stopped offering this promotion, Roslyn has stopped shopping there. Her shopping behavior is best explained by

incentive

Rowena expects to be rewarded by her parents with a major present, such as a new car, if she graduates from college with honors. Her resulting hard work in college best illustrates the ______________ theory of motivation.

a high need for affiliation

Royce is telling a story about a character on a TAT card. In his story, Royce focuses on the character's anxiety as she prepares a speech that will be presented in front of her classmates. He indicates that the character has spent a great deal of time worrying whether the speech may alienate some of her friends. Royce's response to this TAT card suggests that he most likely has

agoraphobia

Sadie is so fearful of being overwhelmed by anxiety that she rarely steps outside her apartment. The thought of going shopping and getting lost in a crowd terrifies her, so she has her groceries delivered. Because of her fear, she earns her living as a freelance writer, working at home. Sadie's behavior is most characteristic of:

psychodynamic

Sally goes to Lucy for psychotherapy. In Lucy's office, Sally relaxes and says whatever comes to her mind. She also describes her dreams, and Lucy offers interpretations. Lucy claims that these methods help Sally become more aware of her unconscious mind. Lucy is most likely a ______ psychotherapist.

a social anxiety disorder

Samuel avoids speaking in public. He's extremely afraid of appearing stupid and can't stand the thought of being embarrassed. Samuel suffers

drive reduction

Santa Claus stops by your house to drop off presents and is feeling very hungry. He sees two cookies on the mantle and quickly devours them. Afterward, he no longer feels a need to eat. What theory of motivation best describes this situation?

a double-blind research study

Scarlett is a graduate student who is observing children playing together after watching a film. She knows that some children saw a film that contained graphic scenes of violence and some children saw a non-violent film, but she doesn't know which film each child she is observing watched. In this case, Scarlett is recording data for

dopamine

Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for:

body-kinesthetic

Scott thinks that general intelligence tests are unfair because they do not assess the coordination that he has developed while playing on his Nintendo Game Boy. He thinks that Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is a good theory because he would most likely score high on a test of ______ intelligence.

Fromm

Searching for identity by fulfilling needs is basic to the theory of

depression

Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of:

rational-emotive behavior

Shemp feels sad because people don't think he is as good a comedian as Moe. In talking to his therapist, Shemp discovers that his belief that everyone should adore him is self-defeating. Therapy that identifies and replaces such thoughts is most likely ______________ therapy.

exposing the groups to tasks their joint cooperation

Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by:

depressant

Shy Sherman is drinking some punch that has been spiked with alcohol. Within an hour, Sherman is talking loudly, acting silly, and telling people what he really thinks about them. Shy Sherman is acting this way because alcohol is a(n)

NREM-2 sleep

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

ocd

Sophia has always been preoccupied with schedules, lists, and trivial details. She plans everything down to the last detail, and becomes very upset if things don't work out the way she has planned. Last week Sophia went in for a psychological assessment, and based on that assessment, she was told that she might have a personality disorder. Based on her behavior, it is MOST likely that Sophia has

conversion

Spencer is about to be evaluated at his job, when he wakes up Monday morning and finds he is paralyzed and cannot go to work. On Friday evening, Spencer is miraculously able to walk again, yet the following Monday he is once again paralyzed. Spencer is most likely suffering from ______ disorder.

depression

St. John's wort is an herbal remedy. It appears that its active substance, hypericin, enhances serotonin activity and acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). If studies show that St. John's wort is effective in treating disorders, it will most likely be used to combat symptoms of

assume personal responsibility for helping the victim

The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:

an electroencephalograph

Standing outside a football stadium and judging the excitement of the game by the crowd's screams is analogous to "eavesdropping" on the brain using which of the following?

interaction and inclusive group

Steve belongs to an organization set up by the recreation department in his community, which attempts to bring together people of the community for a variety of social events. The group puts on a number of activities and dances during the year for anyone who want to join the group. The group is basically made up of young singles in the community, but anyone is free to join. Which of the following terms describe Steve's group?

higher; higher

Suicide rates in the United States are ________ among Whites than Blacks and ________ among men than women.

50

Suppose the SAT were revised so that a score of 500 corresponded to a score of 100 on the WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). A score of 500 or more would therefore be achieved by at least _________ percent of the examinees.

multiple personalities

Sylvester suffers from schizophrenia. He has negative symptoms, such as never feeling pleasure; he also has positive symptoms, which could include all of the following except

relaxation

Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that ________ facilitates the elimination of fear.

dopamine

Tardive dyskinesia is often associated with long-term use of drugs that occupy certain ________ receptor sites.

Caroll Izard

Ten distinct and basic emotions were identified by:

best; moderate

Thaddeus will play a violin solo at his school tomorrow. His musical performance is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it

The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon refers to

performance on IQ tests seems to rise steadily and consistently over time

The Flynn effect is the finding that

a general measure of autonomic arousal

The GSR is usually considered to be

tendency for standards of judgement to be heavily influenced by previous experiences

The adaptation level phenomenon refers to the:

compaionate love

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as:

behaviorism

The approach of the study of personality which relies on explaining personality through the use of learning theory is called

psychological problems can have physical causes

The basic assumption underlying biological therapies is that

expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience

The basic components of emotion are:

reinforced intermittenly

The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be one that was

fundamental attribution error

The checker at your grocery store is in a really crabby mood. You assume it is because he is just a grouchy, mean person. Actually, he is very nice but just was upset because his boss had told him he had to stay late that night. Because you assumed his mood was due to his personality, you displayed a(n)

the simulation will cause Wonderdog to hear a noise

The evil scientist, Simon B. Sinister has captured our hero, Wonderdog. Simon attaches electrodes to the receptors in Wonderdog's cochlea. When Simon electrically stimulates the receptors, what will be the effect on Wonderdog?

James-Lange theory

The fact that facial expressions of emotion tend to intensify the experience of emotion serves to support the:

are more willing to help others

The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they:

an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked

The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when:

situational influences; personal dispositions

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of ________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of others

body's response to prolonged stress

The general adaptation syndrome describes stages in the:

motor

The group of neurons in the nervous system that control how muscles and other organs to respond to the environment are known as a(n) ________ system.

assess a suspect's response to details of a crime

The guilty knowledge test is typically used to:

self-determination

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of:

Cannon-Bard theory

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the:

Darwin's facial expression theory

The idea that muscles of the face send information to the brain and that this affects the emotion we feel is known as

`a projective test

The instrument or test of personality which requires the scores being interpreted by a theorist or psychologist is

has yet to be tested experimentally

The linguistic relativity hypothesis

social circumstances and psychological factors

The medical model of psychologically disordered behavior is most likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of:

perceive the moon to be larger on the horizon than overhead

The moon illusion occurs when you

food and drink

The most basic or lowest-level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for:

ego

The part of the personality that takes the desires of the id and finds a realistic and effective outlet of satisfaction is the

Jung

The person who developed the concepts of introversion and extroversion was

improves; hinders

The presence of others ________ a person's performance on well-learned tasks and ________ a person's performance on unmastered tasks.

the time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm

The refractory period is:

others' attainments

The relative deprivation principle refers to the tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by:

overweight men

The relative risk of death among healthy nonsmokers is highest for:

begin to rebound from their depression

The risk of suicide is greatest when people:

incentives

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of:

self-blaming attributions

The social-cognitive perspective has emphasized that depression is perpetuated by:

health psychology

The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as:

the Barnum effect

The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as:

humanists

The term "self actualization" is used by the

release

The term catharsis refers to emotional:

the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

The text defines stress as:

cannon-bard

The theory of emotions that believes bodily changes and emotions occur simultaneously is

the great person theory

The theory which believes that certain leaders were destined to become great leaders, regardless of what period in history they were born in is called:

intensity and timing differences at the ears

The two major cues we use to localize sound sources in space are

actor-observer bias

Tim believes he did poorly on an exam because he was too busy with other responsibilities to study. However, he believes the other low scorers in the class did poorly because they are stupid. Tim's reasoning demonstrates the

conflict

To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of:

larger than; the same size as

Tom is looking at two friends who are both 6 feet 2 inches tall. Sam is 20 feet away and Bert is 200 feet away. The retinal image that Sam projects is ______________ Bert's; Tom perceives that Sam is ______________ Bert.

describing; explaining

Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it

motive

Turkey Lurkey corners Henny Penny and demands, "Tell me exactly what purpose you have for running around here and telling us all the sky is falling. Why are you doing this?" Turkey Lurkey is asking Henny Penny to reveal her

presentl; past

Unlike psychoanalytic therapists, humanistic therapists tend to focus on the ________ more than the ________.

hearing voices

Vigorous activity in the thalamus of schizophrenia patients has been found to be associated with:

running

Viktor has just been rudely pushed by a stranger. Consistent with Schachter-Singer's cognitive labeling theory, Viktor should be most angered by the stranger if he had recently finished

the bystander effect

When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:

id

When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his:

8 decibels, twice as much as it was at 40 decibels

When Celeste was playing her stereo at 40 decibels and she turned it up to 44 decibels, she could notice that it was louder. Based on this information you could predict that if Celeste has her stereo playing at 80 decibels, her just noticeable difference for loudness would be

stimulus discrimination

When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor's chihuahua bit her on the ankle. Today Lindsay is still terrified of chihuahuas, but she likes almost all other types of dogs. Lindsay's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of

cognitive therapy

When Rubin received a well-deserved job promotion, he told his therapist it was just a lucky break. The therapist responded, "Let's work together, Rubin, on helping you see that you deserve some credit for your successes." The approach taken by the therapist is most representative of:

lateral; orexin

When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone ________.

increase; decrease

When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ in hunger and a(n) ________ in its metabolic rate.

slowing of digestion

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by:

a specific phobia

Whenever Martin sees a cat, he runs away in fear. In fact, Martin can't even look at pictures of cats without experiencing intense feelings of anxiety. Martin appears to be suffering from

parasympathetic

Which division of the nervous system calms the body after an emergency has passed?

antipsychotic drugs

Which drugs appear to produce therapeutic effects by blocking receptor sites for dopamine?

family therapy

Which form of therapy is most likely to emphasize the importance of examining a person's role within a social system?

Jung

Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the influence of the collective unconscious in personality development?

adding and removing clothes so as to maintain a comfortable body temperature

Which of the following best illustrates a behavior that is motivated by biological factors?

theta

Which of the following does NOT belong with the other four?

systematic desensitization

Which of the following exemplifies exposure therapy?

Shannon, who feels helpless and apathetic and thinks her life is meaningless and worthless

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from Prozac?

body mass index

Which of the following is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height and is increasingly used in research on obesity?

Milos learns to relax by being provided with information on changes in his heart rate

Which of the following is an example of biofeedback?

dehydration

Which of the following is clearly not an example of an incentive?

drugs

Which of the following is most likely to be used in the modern biological treatment of a mental disorder?

dissociative disorder

Which of the following is not considered to be an anxiety disorder?

shivering to generate body heat when you are cold

Which of the following is the best example of an action that maintains homeostasis?

Yoon drops out of school because she doubts her academic ability

Which of the following is the best example of behavior that is motivated by cognitive factors?

being accepted by others

Which of the following needs is NOT generally considered a component of the achievement motive?

electroconvulsive therapy

Which of the following procedures is most likely to result in a loss of memory?

virtual reality exposure therapy

Which of the following techniques have behavior therapists used to help people overcome a fear of flying?

eustress

Which of the following would a typical person prefer or most likely search out?

industrial-organizational psychology

Which profession is most directly involved in the application of psychology's principles to the workplace?

james, lange, and schachter

Which theorists agree that autonomic arousal precedes the conscious experience of emotion?

instinct theory

Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetic predispositions?

instinct theory

Which theory of motivation pays least attention to individual differences in behavior?

arousal theory

Which theory would be most helpful for explaining why people are motivated to watch horror movies?

cognitive therapy

Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often disturbed because of their negative interpretations of events?

prejudicial; discriminatory

While looking through a pile of applications, Rosa decided to interview only the applicants who had a college degree, even though the job did not require one. Rosa is demonstrating her ______________ attitude toward college graduates, and her refusal to read the noncollege graduate applications could be considered ______________

Phillip, a competitive hot-tempered corporation president

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

jerome overcome feelings of nervous apprehension and inability to relax

Xanax would most likely be prescribed in order to help:

7

You give your friend instructions about what to buy for a party by quickly rattling off 15 unrelated grocery store items. Then to check whether your friend got all the information, you ask him to repeat the grocery list back to you. You should expect that your friend will recall about _________ items.

a self-report personality inventory

You have just taken a test that involved answering pages of questions about your characteristic behavior. You probably responded to

present both sides of the arguement

You were presenting a talk to a group of people considered experts in the field you were talking about. Which of the following would be the best to do in convincing them of your argument?

approach-approach conflict

You've received job offers from two companies. Both positions offer excellent starting salaries and benefits. Both are with stable companies that have room for you to advance. You are making an important and difficult decision and are facing a(n)

gain social acceptance

Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to:

decreases; dopamine

Yvette has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. To treat her symptoms, she may take a drug that ______________ the activity of the neurotransmitter ______________ in her brain.

eliminate reinforcement of the misbehavior

Zelda is a junior high school teacher. When a student acts up, she prefers to modify the student's behavior with the use of extinction. Therefore, Zelda is most likely going to